Pogrzebana Poezja. O Recepcji Twórczości Giuseppe Ungarettiego

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Pogrzebana Poezja. O Recepcji Twórczości Giuseppe Ungarettiego Pogrzebana poezja O recepcji twórczości Giuseppe Ungarettiego w Polsce Anita Kłos WYDAWNICTWO UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO RECENZENCI Prof. dr hab. Magdalena Popiel Dr. hab. Jadwiga Miszalska PROJEKT OKŁADKI Tomasz Gawłowski Publikacja dofinansowana przez Uniwersytet Jagielloński ze środków Wydziału Filologicznego oraz Instytutu Filologii Romańskiej © Copyright by Anita Kłos & Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Wydanie I, Kraków 2009 All rights reserved Książka, ani żaden jej fragment, nie może być przedrukowywana bez pisemnej zgo- dy Wydawcy. W sprawie zezwoleń na przedruk należy zwracać się do Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. ISBN 978-83-233-2634-2 www.wuj.pl Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redakcja: ul. Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Kraków tel. 012-631-18-81, 012-631-18-82, fax 012-631-18-83 Dystrybucja: ul. Wrocławska 53, 30-011 Kraków tel. 012-631-01-97, tel./fax 012-631-01-98 tel. kom. 0506-006-674, e-mail: [email protected] Konto: PEKAO SA, nr 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Spis treści Wstęp .....................................................................................................................7 Rozdział 1 Vita d’un uomo – życie i dzieło Giuseppe Ungarettiego ..................17 Rozdział 2 Polski żywot pewnej poezji ..........................................................................41 2.1. Lata trzydzieste – początki ...................................................................45 2.2. Lata pięćdziesiąte – nieporozumienia i kongresy .............................60 2.3. Lata sześćdziesiąte – Ungaretti przywódcą szkoły ...........................62 2.4. Lata siedemdziesiąte – Ungaretti w PIW-ie .......................................67 2.5. Lata osiemdziesiąte – Ungaretti staje się klasykiem .........................72 2.6. Ungaretti chrześcijański ........................................................................75 2.7. Ungaretti śródziemnomorski ................................................................83 2.8. Od lat dziewięćdziesiątych po dzień dzisiejszy – poeci i filolog .........88 Rozdział 3 Polska recepcja krytyczna twórczości Giuseppe Ungarettiego ........ 97 3.1. Problem hermetyzmu ...........................................................................100 3.2. Ungaretti w kontekście komparatystycznym ..................................111 3.3. Ungaretti i Różewicz ............................................................................116 3.4. Problem biografii ..................................................................................123 3.5. Poeta słowa ............................................................................................131 Rozdział 4 O polskich przekładach Ungarettiego ...................................................137 4.1. Kilka uwag o przekładzie poetyckim ...............................................137 4.2. Wersyfikacja ..........................................................................................144 4.3. Jedenastozgłoskowiec ..........................................................................158 4.4. Postać wersyfikacyjna jako kryterium translatorskiego wyboru. Haiku .........................................................168 4.5. Klucze do Ungarettiego .......................................................................182 4.6. Ungaretti w przekładach Zygmunta Ławrynowicza .....................189 Zakończenie ...................................................................................................197 Riassunto..........................................................................................................201 Bibliografia ......................................................................................................205 Indeks osób .....................................................................................................213 Wstęp Poniedziałek Książeczka o Dantem tego Polaka jest haniebna. Bezsensowne, idiotyczne, że ta potwarz ukazała się w druku. Podarłem i wyrzuciłem do diabła tę potworność kretyńską. Ungaretti. Ten telegram wysłał do Dominika de Roux Ungaretti po prze- czytaniu mego francuskiego Danta. Dominik pisze mi, że attaché ambasady włoskiej w Paryżu zapowiedział swoją wizytę1 – tak brzmi ostatni zapis w Dzienniku Witolda Gombrowicza, opubliko- wany po raz pierwszy w paryskiej „Kulturze” latem 1969 roku, prawdo- podobnie już po śmierci pisarza. Jest to zarazem najbardziej brawurowy ślad Giuseppe Ungarettiego w polskiej rzeczywistości kulturalnej i li- terackiej. Gombrowicz „skrzętnie i z chichocikiem”2 odnotował święte oburzenie sędziwego poety, jakie wywołał fragment Dziennika po- święcony Dantemu, wydany we Francji w postaci oddzielnej książki3. Studium o odbiorze osoby i twórczości autora Vita d’un uomo w Polsce warto rozpocząć od tego właśnie epizodu z uwagi na jego malowni- czy, ale i znamienny charakter. To symboliczna próba sił, podszyta swoistą ambiwalencją. Gombrowicz bezlitośnie wykpił zacietrzewienie Ungarettiego, wynikające z nabożnego wręcz szacunku tego ostatniego dla poetyckiej tradycji i bezkompromisowego traktowania literatury jako misji, lecz mimochodem dał wyobrażenie o pozycji Włocha w ówczes- nych kręgach literackich i na światowych salonach. Ungaretti, próbując polską „hańbę” dostępnymi sobie środkami zwalczyć, trafił do jednego 1 W. Gombrowicz, Dziennik 1967–1969, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1992, s. 160. 2 G. Herling-Grudziński, O Witoldzie Gombrowiczu (Odpowiedź na ankietę) [w:] idem, Wyjścia z milczenia. Szkice, Czytelnik, Warszawa 1998, s. 376. 3 W. Gombrowicz, Sur Dante, tłum. A. Kosko, L’Herne, Paris 1968. Pogrzebana poezja z najważniejszych tekstów polskiej literatury4. Zwycięzcą tej rozgrywki, przynajmniej z punktu widzenia polskiego czytelnika, jest jednak Gombrowicz. Zapewnił on wprawdzie włoskiemu poecie nieśmiertel- ność w rodzimym kanonie, ale zadbał dlań o miejsce w perfidny sposób poślednie. Darował sobie trud wyłożenia odbiorcy towarzyskiego i lite- rackiego kontekstu awantury o Dantego. Nie przedstawił Ungarettiego wprost jako jednego z najważniejszych bohaterów europejskiej kultury schyłku lat sześćdziesiątych XX wieku, mistrza pozującego na głównego strażnika lirycznej tradycji, choć to właśnie dodaje pikanterii całemu zajściu. Sprowadził go do roli napuszonego, łatwo popadającego w iry- tację starca, a takich przecież nie sposób traktować serio. O tym, że obecność Ungarettiego w Dzienniku jest w gruncie rze- czy marginesowa i niezmiennie umyka kolejnym pokoleniom licznych Gombrowiczowskich odbiorców, przekonują współczesne reakcje, z ja- kimi spotyka się w naszym kraju miłośnik, badacz, a podejrzewam, że również tłumacz dzieł włoskiego autora. O to, kim jest Ungaretti, dopy- tują się nawet uznani literaturoznawcy i miłośnicy poezji. Ów być może najwybitniejszy poeta dwudziestowiecznych Włoch, jeden z ojców her- metyzmu – poetyki dominującej w artystycznej praktyce w Italii przez kilka dziesięcioleci – autor o ugruntowanej od lat pozycji w kanonie literatury światowej, jest w naszym kraju mało znany i czytywany rzad- ko5. Książka, w całości traktująca o polskim odbiorze jego twórczości, w pierwszym odczuciu może się zatem wydawać nieporozumieniem. Bo w jaki sposób pisać o recepcji, która, jak wszystko wskazuje, jest efeme- ryczna i nijaka? Po co tropić ślady poety, który w świadomości przecięt- nego czytelnika z Polski najwyraźniej nie istnieje? Którego twórczość dociera niemal wyłącznie do grona specjalistów (filologów włoskich i komparatystów) i italofilów, a oni najczęściej znakomicie obywają się bez pośrednictwa polskich przekładów i świadectw krytycznych? Są ku temu przynajmniej trzy powody. Przede wszystkim recepcja Ungarettiego w Polsce nie do końca jest efemeryczna i nijaka. Co więcej, ma stosunkowo długą tradycję i przy- biera wielorakie, niejednokrotnie swoiste formy. Pierwsze wspomnienie o Ungarettim pojawiło się w roku 1934 w artykule Dantego Di Sarra6, 4 O skali irytacji Ungarettiego, wywołanej przez tekst Gombrowicza, przekonuje choćby wspomnienie Zbigniewa Herberta: „Ungaretti chciał mnie zlinczować, gdy się dowiedział, że jestem Polakiem”, J. Trznadel, Hańba domowa, wydanie nowe, roz- szerz., AWM, Warszawa 1997, s. 226. 5 Por. m.in.: E. K[abatc]., O przekładach z literatury włoskiej – z Zofią Ernstową, „Literatura na Świecie”, 1/1974, s. 383–387; H. Kralowa, Włoska literatura w Polsce [w:] Słownik lite- ratury polskiej XX wieku, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław–Warszawa– –Kraków 1992, s. 1199. 6 D. Di Sarra, O Ungarettim, „Kurier Wileński”, 260/1934. Zob. też: T. Kłak, Czasopisma awangardy. Część II: 1931–1939, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław– –Warszawa–Kraków 1979, s. 50. 8 Wstęp opublikowanym w „Kolumnie Literackiej”, dodatku literackim „Kuriera Wileńskiego”, ukazującym się od 1934 do 1938 roku. Artykuł ten był częścią dyskusji o stanie polskiej liryki, przedstawionej na tle literatu- ry europejskiej, którą zainicjował redaktor naczelny „Kolumny” Józef Maśliński (1910–2002)7, poeta związany z „Żagarami”, jeden z najambit- niejszych animatorów awangardy literackiej lat trzydziestych w Polsce. Dwa lata później Maśliński zamieścił w „Kolumnie” trzy wiersze Ungarettiego we własnym przekładzie8. Po nim w roli tłumaczy i propagatorów włoskiego poety spora- dycznie występowali luminarze polskiego życia literackiego: Przyboś, Herbert, Jastrun, Międzyrzecki. A kolejni pisarze – Gombrowicz nie jest tu wyjątkiem – odnotowywali bezpośrednie spotkania z Ungarettim na kongresach literackich, poprzez wydawców i wspólnych znajomych, bądź też lekturę jego poezji9.
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