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Acadian Culture in Maine

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ACADIAN CULTURE IN INE North Atlantic Region National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior ACADIAN CULTURE INMAINE ACADIAN CULTURE INMAINE PREPARED BY North Atlantic Region National Park Service Boston, Massachusetts BASED ON Maine Acadian Cultural Survey A Study by American Folklife Center Library of Congress Washington, D.C C Ray Brassieur, Coordinator SUBMITTED TO Committee on Energy and Natural Resources U.S. Senate and Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C 1992 ~ ~ RESUME Les FranGais de l'Acadieont ete chasses de la Nouvelle-Ecosse par les Anglais, en 1755. Au cours de la decennie de 1780, quelques-uns se sont - installes dans la vallee du haut Saint-Jean, region au nord-est du Maine, aux Etats-Unis, et du nord-ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick, au Canada. Les descendants de ces pionniers s'identifient comme Acadiens, et Ie haut Saint­ Jean est considere comme un centre de culture acadienne au Maine. L'histoire de la vallee du haut Saint-Jean est une des des permettant de comprendrela colonisation de l'Amerique du Nord et l'evolution historique des Etats-Unis. Apport integrant de la culture locale, la langue franGaise y est encore parlee, conferant ainsi un caractere distinctif a la region. L' architecture locale suscite de l'interet: il y a autant de solides constructions en bois dans Ie haut Saint-Jean qu'il y en a ailleurs aux Etats­ Unis. Un heritage materiel des plus varies est temoin d'une culture vivante avec ses traits distinctifs. A partir des granges jusqu'au tissage, on retrouve: chansons, coutumes, expressions orales, danses, mets typiques et valeurs esthetiques contribuant a la diversite culturelle du Maine etdes Etats-Unis. Les traditions d' autres groupes locaux s' allient a leur culture.. Comme beaucoup d'autres cultures traditionnelles, 1'heritage acadien est menace de disparaitre au Maine. Les communautes acadiennes se preoccupent beaucoup de 1'avenir de leur culture. Le Service du Pare National collabore avec les Acadiens du Maine pour son interpretation et sa conservation. Des aspects tangibles ou non de cette culture sont en liens avec les contextes historiques et contemporains. Le present rapport est Ie resultat de la recherche sur la culture acadienne au Maine accomplie sur les lieux pour Ie Service du Pare National pour la Region du Nord de l'Atlantique, par Ie Centre sur la vie traditionnelle americaine de la Bibliotheque du Congres. Cette etude donne suite a la loi sur la Conservation de la culture acadienneau Maine, (Public Law 101-543). Cette loi demande au Secretaire de l'Interieur, par Ie biais du Service du Pare National, de mener une etude detaillee sur la culture acadienne au Maine et de prevoir un programme d'interpretation. La loi etablit une Commission de onze membres, chargee de la Conservation de la culture acadienne au Maine, dont les buts sont: 1 reconnaitre l'importante contribution a la culture et a l'histoire americaine apportee par les immigrants acadiens venus de France en Nouvelle-Ecosse, puis expulses par les Anglais, en 1755, et installes dans les diverses colonies nord-americaines, entre autres, dans Ie territoire qui sera Ie Maine; 2 aider les gouvernements du lieu et de l'etat ainsi que les autres entites publiques et privees du Maine a interpreter 1'histoire des pionniers acadiens et de leurs descendants, et contribuer a la conserva­ tion de leur culture: musique, arts, artisanat et folklore; 3 contribuer a l'identification, au rassemblement et a la conservation de lieux, de donnees historiques, d' objets fabriques et associes aux Acadiens du Maine, afin que Ie public en prenne connaissance et en beneficie. Tel que requis par la legislation, cette etude sur la culture acadienne est presentee au Comite des affaires interieures et insulaires de la Chambre des deputes des Etats-Unis, et au Cornite sur 1'Energie et les Ressources naturelles du Senat des Etats-Unis. SUMMARY ~nch-Speaking Acadians were deported from Nova Scotia by the British in 1755. During the 1780s, some of those displaced Acadians settled in the Upper St. John Valley-now part of the state of Maine in the United States and the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The descendents of those settlers still identify themselves as IIAcadian" and the Upper St. John Valley is regarded as the locus of Acadian culture in Maine. The history of the St. John Valley provides an important key to understanding the settling of North America and the historical develop­ ment of the United States. The local French dialect has remained an impor­ tant part of the culture and is prevalent in the river valley today, making the area distinctive. The architecture of the Upper St. John Valley is significant; there may be as many solid-walled wooden buildings there as anywhere in the United States. A range of other material culture, from barns to weaving, possesses distinctive features and the living culture--songs, customs, figures of speech, dance styles, food ways, aesthetic values-contribute to the cultural diversity of Maine and the United States. And, the context of the traditions of other groups in the region contributes to Acadian culture. Like many traditional cultures, Acadian heritage is endangered in Maine. There is real concern about the future of the culture among the Acadian community. The National Park Service is cooperating with Acadians in Maine to interpret and preserve their culture. Tangible and intangible aspects of the culture are being addressed in both historical and contemporary contexts. This report presents the findings of the Maine Acadian cultural survey, a field research project conducted for the North Atlantic Region, National Park Service by the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. The survey was carried out pursuant to the Maine Acadian Culture Preser­ vation Act (Public Law 101-543). The Act directs the Secretary of the Interior, through the National Park Service, to prepare a comprehensive study of and interpretive program about Acadian culture in Maine and establishes an eleven-member Maine Acadian Culture Preservation Commission. The purposes of the Act are to: 1 recognize an important contribution made to American culture and history by the Acadian immigrants from France who settled in Nova Scotia and, following expulsion by the British in 1755, resettled in various North American colonies, including the territory that eventu­ ally became the State of Maine; 2 assist local and State governments and other public and private entities in the State of Maine in interpreting the story of the State's Acadian settlers and their descendants as well as preserving Acadian music, arts, crafts, and folklore; and 3 assist in identifying, gathering, and preserving sites, historical data, artifacts, and objects associated with the Acadians in Maine for the benefit and education of the public. As required by the legislation, this study of Acadian culture is being transmitted to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the United States House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the United States Senate. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACADIA 1 The First Acadians Le Grand Derangement MAINE ACADIAN CULTURAL SURVEY 7 Preserving a Culture Field Research Methodology The Study Area ACADIAN SETTLEMENT IN THE UPPER ST. JOHN VALLEY 13 THE FRENCH LANGUAGE IN THE UPPER ST. JOHN VALLEY 17 French Language Prominence Some Features of Upper St. John Valley French Language Stigma: Risk to a Valuable Cultural Resource CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MAINE ACADIAN CULTURE 23 Impressions of Upper st. John River Valley Farming Woods Work Mills and Millers Self-Employment and Independence Religion and Identity Water-Related Traditions Foodways Oral Traditions and Belief Among the Acadians Music, Song, and Dance Some Acadian Domestic Features Acadian Houses: A Preliminary Sketch HISTORIC PROPERTIES 45 Nationally Recognized Properties Background of Selected Properties CONCLUSION 61 Recommendations for Further Research What Next? ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 69 GLOSSARY 71 REFERENCES 79 APPENDIX 97 Maine Acadian Culture Preservation Act ACADIA The First X naming of the North American region known as Acadie or Acadia Acadians has been variously attributed. According to one account, it was named by Verrazano, who explored the Atlantic Coast for France during the early sixteenth century. When he visited the region that is now the Middle Atlantic states during one April, "he found the vegetation so luxuriant that he named the country'Arcadie' in remembrance of the region of ancient Greece whose innocence and joie de vivre were cel­ ebrated by the poets" (Daigle 1982b:18). Whatever its provenance, during the early years of the seventeenth century French"Acadie" or "Acadia" referred to the territory now known as New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and eastern Maine. At various times the name also encompassed Isle-Saint Jean (Prince Edward Island), lIe Royale (Cape Breton), Les lIes de la Madeleine (Magdalen Islands), and the southern coast of the Gaspe Peninsula. Beginning in the early eighteenth century, the conflicting claims of France and England embraced "Acadia" and "Nova Scotia" as essentially the same area (Clark 1968:72). 'the date of the first European contact with Acadia is unknown, but contemporary historians seem to agree that French fishermen and fur traders were among the first to land on its shores. Undoubtedly, commercial interest in the region was stimulated when the French monarchy began to grant American fur monopolies in 1588 (Daigle . 1982b:18). Eventually, it was decided that colonization could be financed through these trade monopolies, and, as a result, the merchant Pierre du Gua Sieur de Monts received a trade monopoly over territory between the 40th and 46th parallels with the understanding that he establish a colony. On April 7, 1604, de Monts sailed from Havre-de-Grace in France with an expedition of 120 men and settled on a small island near the mouth of the St.
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