REGIONAL PROJECT FOR INLAND FISHERIES PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN EA-STERN/CENTRAL/SOUTHERN AFRICA (I.F.I.P.)
IFIP PROJET
RAF/87/099-TD/08/90 (En) December 1990
EVALUATION OF THE ZAIRIAN FISHERIES OF LAKES EDWARD AND MOBUTU
Ethiopia Zambia Kenya Zaire Tanzania Burundi Mozambique Rwanda Zimbabwe Uganda Malawi
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
UNDP/FAO Regional Project RAF/87/099-TD/08/90 (En) for Inland Fisheries Planning Development and Management in Eastern/Central/Southern Africa
RAF/87/099-TD/08/90 (En) December 1990
EVALUATION OF THE ZAIRIAN FISHERIES OF LAKES EDWARD AND MOBUTU
by
F. Corsi
Fisheries Socio-economist IF/P Consultant
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Bujumbura, December 1990
The conclusions and recommendations given in this and other reports inthe 'Fir). project seriesare those considered appropriate at the time of preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the Project. The designations employedand the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of FAO or UNDP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or concerning the determination of its frontiers or boundaries. ii
PREFACE
The IFIP project started in January 1989 with the main objective of promoting a more effective and rational exploitation of thefisheries resources of major water bodies of Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. The project is executed by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), and funded by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for a duration of four years.
There are eleven countries and three intergovernmental organisations participating in the project: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zaire, Zimbabwe, The Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL), The Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States (PTA) and the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC).
The immediate objectives of the project are: (i) to strengthen regional collaboration for the rational development and management of inland fisheries, particularly with respect to shared water bodies;(ii) to provide advisory services and assist Governments in sectoral and project planning; (iii) to strengthen technical capabilities through training; and (iv) to establish a regional information base.
This document is a report on a mission carried out by IFIP project at the request of the Department of Land, Environment and Nature Conservation of Zaire. The missionlgoals were (i) to review and analyze the situation in the Zairian fisheries of lakes Idi Amin/Edward and Mobutu Sese Seko; (ii) to analyze the management requirements of both the fisheries and their associated institutions, especially forLakeIdi Amin, and (iii) to evaluate the opportunities, the strategy and the means needed to relaunch semi-industrial fishing on Lake Mobutu and also to evaluate the impact of such a strategy on small-scale fisheries.
his document includes the mission's conclusions and recommendations as wellas three project profilesintended for use inimplementing these recommendations.
Mr. F. Corsi is a fisheries Socio-economist recruited by the IFIP project as a consultant.
IFIP PROJECT FAO B.P 1250 BUJUMBURA BURUNDI
Telex : FOODAGRI BDI 5092 Tel. 2.4328 iii
IFIP PUBLICATIONS
Publications of the IFIP project are issued in two series:
A series of technical documents (RAF/87/099-TD) related to meetings, missions and research organized by the project.
A series of working papers (RAF/87/099-WP) related to more specific field and thematic investigations conducted in the framework of the project.
For both series, reference is further made to the document number (08), the year of publication (90) and the language in which the document is issued: English (En) or French (Fr).
For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows:
Corsi F. Evaluation of the Zairian Fisheries of lakes Idi Amin and Mobutu 1990 Sese Seko. FAO/UNDP Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD108190 (En): 60p. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1. Lake Idi Amin 1 2.2. Lake Mobutu Sese Seko 3
ANALYSIS OF THE FISHERIES OF LAKE IDI AMIN
3.1. Geographical and hydrobiological data; estimates of potential yield 3
3.1.1. Geographical and administrative factors 3 3.1.2. Principal fish species 4 3.1.3. Potential yield 4 3.1.4. Fishing in hatcheries 4 3.1.5. Exploitation level 5
3.2. The Fisheries of Lake Idi Amin and the Virunga Park ...... 5
3.2.1. Introduction 5 3.2.2. Brief history of Zairian fisheries within the Park 5 3.2.3. Monopoly of a single company oN.Ter fishery activity and the Parks' existence 5 3.2.4. The IZCN-COPEVI Convention 6 3.2.5. COPEVI's role in the development of the fisheries of the lake 6 3.2.6. Restructuring COPEVI 7
3.3. Fishing craft and gears 9
3.3.1 Craft 9 3.3.2. Fishing zones 9 3.3.3. Fishing techniques 9 3.3.4. Equipment suppliers 9
3.4. Marketing and processing 10
3.4.1. Marketing fresh fish 10 3.4.2. Salted/dried fish 10 3.4.3. Fish in brine 10 3.4.4 Smoked fish 10
3.5. Institutions responsible for Lake Idi Amin fisheries 10
3.5.1. DAFECN 10 3.5.2. IZCN 11 3.5.3. COPEVI 12
3.6. Regional considerations arising from the sharing of the Lake Idi Amin by Zaire and Uganda 12
3.6.1. Geographical and administrative aspects in brief 12 3.6.2. Homogenous characteristics of the two fisheries 12 3.6.3. Fisheries agreement between Zaire and Uganda concerning Lake Idi Amin 12
CONCLUSIONS AND DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LAKE IDI AMIN
4.1. Collaboration between Zaire and Uganda on the fisheries of Lake Idi Amin 13
4.2. Reorganization of COPEVI 14
4.3. Protection of hatcheries 16
4.4. DAFECN and statistics service agents 16
4.5. Institutional considerations 16
4.6. The Role of the UNDP/FAO project ZAI1881002 in Lake Idi Amin fishery management 17
4.7. Recommendations for Lake Idi Amin 17
4.8. Project document N° 1 18
ANALYSIS OF THE LAKE MOBUTU SESE SEKO FISHERIES
5.1. Geographical and hydrobiological'data; estimate of potential yield 18
5.1.1. Geographical and administrative aspects 18 5.1.2. Principal commercial species 18 5.1.3. Estimate of potential yield 18
5.2. Fishermen 19
5.2.1. Number of fishermen 19 5.2.2. Organization of fishermen 19
5.3. Small-scale and semi-industrial fishing 19
5.3.1. Small-scale fishing boats 19 5.3.2. Motorization 20 5.3.3. Fishing techniques 20
5.3.4. Evaluation of exploitation by the small-scale fishing fleet . 20 5.3.5. Semi-industrial fishing 21
5.4. Fish catches 21
5.5. Fish processing and preserving 21
5.5.1. Road conddtions and fish processing 21 5.5.2. Processing techniques 22
5.6. Marketing 22
5.7. Fisheries administration 23 vi
5.8. Regional aspects of sharing the lake between Zaire and Uganda . . 23
5.8.1. Summary of the geographical and administrative situation . . 23 5.8.2. Differences between the two national fisheries 23
6. CONCLUSIONS AND DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LAKE MOBUTU SESE SEKO
6.1. Collaboration between Zaire and Uganda on Lake Mobutu fisheries . 24
6.2. Re-activating semi-industrial fishing on Lake Mobutu 25
6.3. Fish processing 26
6.4. Fishermen's association and the Lake Mobutu project 27
6.5. DAFECN and statistics service agents 27
6.6. The Role of UNDP/FAO project ZAI/88/002 in the development of Lake Mobutu fisheries 28
6.7. Recommendations for Lake Mobutu fisheries 28
6.8. Project document N° 2 29
6.9. Project document N° 3 29
Appendix 1: Project document N° 1: Institutional strengthening at Lake Idi Amin/Edward 30
Appendix 2: Project document N° 2: Development of deep-water semi- industrial fishing and improving of processing at Lake Mobutu 36
Appendix 3: Project document N° 3: Regional study project of the fishery of Lakes Idi Amin and Mobutu Sese Seko 48
Appendix 4: List of persons interviewed 55
Appendix 5: Itinerary 56
Appendix 6: Bibliography 57
List of IFIP reports 58 1. INTRODUCTION
The FAO, at the request of the Department of Environment and Nature Conservation of Zaire(DAFECN), organized a mission for the purpose of evaluating the opportunitiesfor and constraints to development ofthe fisheries of Lakes Idi Amin and Mobutu, within the scope of Regional Project RAF/87/099. The mission's purpose was the following:
to review and analyze the present condition of Zairian fisheries on Lakes Idi Amin and Mobutu;
to analyze the management requirements of both the fisheries and their associated institutions, especially for Lake Idi Amin;
to evaluate the opportunities and the strategies and means necessary to rehabilitate the semi-industrial *fisheries of Lake Mobutu and assess the impact such a strategy would have upon small-scale fisheries.
The conclusions and generalfindings ofthe project papers were discussed and accepted by the Department of Fisheries (DAFECN) and those responsible for Regional Project RAF/87/099.
The mission team was composed of Mr. Corsi, a consultant and fishery socio-economist, and Mr. Dampha, a United NationsVolunteerandfish processing technologist.
A list of people interviewed is found in Appendix 4 and the mission itinerary in Appendix 5.
2. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1. Lake Idi Amin
The basic characteristics of Lake Idi Amin are the following:
The waters of Lake Idi Amin are shared by Zaire and Uganda with a surface area of 1,630 km2, or 73% of the total area, belonging to Zaire. It should be noted here that the Ugandan portion of the lake has a maximum depth of only 40 metres, while the deeper and consequently less productive water is found in the portion belonging to Zaire;
Thelake lies within two nationalparks: The Virunga National Park on the Zaire side and the Queen Elizabeth National Park on the Ugandan side;
Total potential production for Lake Idi Amin is estimated between 15,000 and 16,000tons per year.Two separate 2
studies carried put in 1989 by Zaire and Ugandal reached the same conclusions: that the lake's fishery resources are being exploited at maximum capacity, with the possibility of only a slight increase in yield, under certain conditions, by exploiting the deep water resources of Zaire.
In the light of these three characteristics of Lake Idi Amin, management measures are required in order to achieve rational exploitation of the lake and harmony between the development policies of the fisheries and those of the national parks.
The mission's recommendations are as follows:
Bilateral cooperation between Uganda and Zaire should be strengthened by creating a permanent committee, organizing periodic meetings and data exchange and carrying out bio-economic studies as a basis for the adoption of common management measures:
hatcheries and protected areas should be monitored;
beach seine fishing should be made impracticable by sinking heavy obstacles in protected zones;
monitoring of fishing activity should be made efficient;
the fine for illegal fishing should be increased;
DAFECN agents should be trained in statistics, extension services and processing at the Kinkolé Center;
DAFECN agents should be adequately equipped;
a COPEVI surveillance team should be created, composed of the IZCN,and representatives of the fisheries and the Department of the Environment;
with the reservations expressed in the conclusions, the COPEVIshould begivenadvice andsupervision as it undertakes its fishing activities;
financing should be found for the COPEVI, so that it can provide services to fishermen again; and
this financing should be made available on the condition that the financiers have direct control over the management of these services;
1"Etude du potentiel halieutique du lac Idi Amin" by J.M. Vakily; CEE, 1989 and "Fishery Management Study in the Queen Elizabeth National Park Uganda" by I. Dunn; CEE, 1989. 3
2.2. Lake Mobutu Sese Seko
The mission's recommendations for the fisheries of Lake Mobutu are the following:
the track linking Bunia to Kasenyi should be repaired in order to open access to lake fisheries;
bilateral cooperation should be strengthened by creating a convention on full exploitation of the lake, carrying out a joint study of fishery resources, instituting periodic meetings as well as a permanent committee, and in general by adopting joint fishery management measures;
development projects should be created which deal with both parts of the lake, achieving technical homogeneity on both sides and thereby facilitating agreement on management;
semi-industrial deep-water fishing should be reactivated using "baleinières" to increaseyield and strengthen fishermen's associations;
the quality of processed fish should be improved, increasing the value of local products;
production ofsmoked Lates should be launched at the artisanal level by using improved ovens, and the feasibility of semi-industrial production should be tested;
women should be brought into the "prop6che" .groups;
the Lake Mobutu fishery project should be re-oriented in relation to which ever project is retained;
the number of DAFECN agents should be increased and they should be adequately equipped; and
these agents should be trained in the operation of a cooperative, statistics and processing attheKinkolé Center.
3. ANALYSIS OF THE FISHERIES OF LAKE IDI AMIN
3.1. Geographical and hydrobiological data; estimates of potential yield
3.1.1. Geographical and administrative factors
Lake Idi Amin has a surface area of 2,240 km 2. It is 90 km long and 40 km wide. Maximum depth is 117 m whith an average depth of 33 m.
The Zaire-Uganda border crosses the lake.73% of the total area, including those deep waters considered less productive, belong to Zaire. 4
3.1.2. Principal fish species
Lake Idi Amin is quite poor in relation to species of fish; all the species found there are also found in Lake Mobutu. However, fossilized remains of the species Lates, Synodontis, and Hydrocynus have been found in the lake bed, leading Hulotl to hypothesize that at one time, the fauna of the Nile and Congo basins were similar. The first separation of the two basins did in fact take place when Lake Kivu flowed into Lake Idi Amin and Lake Idi Amin flowed into Lake Mobutu.
At a later time, total or partialsterilization of Lakes Kivu and Idi Amin occurred. Subsequently, either volcanic activity or drought caused these lakes to be recolonized by fish especially resistant to poor conditions of oxygenation (Protopterus); fish whose of limological characteristics favour protection of their progeny (Cichlidae); and river fish (Barbus, Labeo).
The most important commercial species are:
"tilapias" (70% of catch);
Bagrus (15% of catch);
Protopterus (9% of catch);
Barbus (2% of catch);
Clarias (1% of catch).
3.1.3. Potential yield
In 1988, Mr. Vakily made an estimate of the potential yield of Lake Idi Amin on the basis of two models.
According to the morpho-edaphic index created by Henderson and Welcomme, potential annual yield for all of Lake Idi Amin would be 15,000 tons.
The second model (derived by Schlesinger and Regier) used, included a variable representing the average annual air temperature. Potential yield in this case would be 16,000 t.
3.1.4. Fishing in hatcheries
There was intensive beach seine fishing in the hatcheries until April 1989, the deadlineset by the Departmentof the Environmentfor the destruction of this type of seine. It appears, however, that seining still continues but at a reduced level.
Illegal fishing activities such as these threaten to greatly reduce the potential yield estimated by the two models mentioned, and place the fishery resources themselves in jeopardy.
1 "Apergu sur la question de la pêche industrielle aux lacs Kivu, Edouard et Albert" by A. Hulot; Bulletin agricole du Congo belge, 1956. 5
3.1.5. Exploitation level
In 1988, yield for Lake Idi Amin was estimated at 10,700 t/year. In view of the lack of reliable statistics, annual catches could prove to be higher than these estimates.
In 1989, two studies carried out separately by Zaire andUgandal reached the same conclusion, which was that the lake's fish resources were being exploited at maximum capacity, and that only under specific conditions could a small increase be made, by exploiting the deep waters belonging to Zaire.
Becauseresourceconservation is imperative, a policy aimed at maintaining the current catch level has become necessary. The development of semi-industrial fishing should be considered only after an in depth study of lake resources has been completed.
3.2. The Fisheries of Lake Idi Amin and the Virunqa Park
3.2.1. Introduction
Lake Idi Amin is located within the national parks: the Virunga National Park on the Zairian side and Queen Elizabeth National Park on the Ugandan side. In Zaire, the lake waters are considered an integral part of the park, while in Uganda, they are separate entities.
3.2.2. Brief history of Zairian fisher es within the Park
When the Albert National Park was created in 1925, Zairians residing along the shore were evacuated to the interior, while Ugandan fishermen continued to fish on their side of the lake. In 1943 however, in light of a shortage of fish in Zaire, it was decided that the fisheries on the Zairian side should be re-opened.
Shortly thereafter these fishermen formed a single cooperative organization, theCOPILE, and its fishing"ceiling"was setat 3,000 tons/year. COPILE's mandate was for 30 years. In 1979, when the period ended, a newconventionwas producedand the company'sname becameCOPEVI (Cooperative of the Fishermen of Vitshumbi). COPEVI fishermen are therefore sub-contractors rather than COPEVI members. The terms of this convention gave the COlDEVI a monopoly over fishing on the lake. Although COPEVI's mandate has no pre-set expiry date, the IZCN/COPEVI convention states that it may be revoked by presidential decree.
3.2.3. Monopoly of a single company over fishery activity and the Park's existence
The Virunga NationalPark and thelakefisheriesforma single homogenous entity for the following reasons:
1 "Etude du potentiel halieutique du lac Idi Amin" by J.M. Vakily; CEE, 1989 and "Fishery management study in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda" by I. Dunn; CEE, 1989. 6
inter-relationships of environmental elements: the flora and fauna of the park are closely linked to the fish population; imbalance of one element automatically affects the others; and
integration of fishermen's communities in the park: the existence of a national park provides special stability for the fishing villages, which are perfectly integrated with the park environment.
As a result, life in these communities within the park must be carefully regulated in order to avoid problems and situations incompatible with the existence of a national park. In keeping with this premise, it is obvious that there should be only one company responsible for fishery related activities (supplies and sale of equipment, processing materials and equipment, fuel, marketing). In this way, competition between numerous private enterprises and disruption of the order and regulation necessary in a national park, can be avoided. This company has the right to manage all fishery activities and the obligation to manage them well. It should also maintain harmony between the various institutions present in the park: IZCN (the Zairian Institute for Nature Conservation); DAFECN and the fishermen.
3.2.4. The IZCN-COPEVI Convention
The Convention signed in 1979 by IZCN and COPEVI reflects the principles advanced in the preceding paragraph. By awarding the monopoly of fishing activity to COPEVI (Art. 13-A "No other'company, no public or private service, shall be established in this enclave") this Convention assigns a series of responsibilities to COPEVI: Statistics (Art. 8), security and surveillance (Art. 13-C), infractions (Art. 9 "The management of COPEVI will be held responsiblefor any infraction committed, includingthose committed by fishermen, etc) and services to fishermen, responsibilities which arise from COPEVI's monopoly over all the fishery and collateral activities.
One serious oversight of this Convention is the absence of a Committee to oversee the activities ofthe COPEVI.In our opinion,a monitoring Committee should have been created, composed of IZCN, DAFECN, and fishermen's representatives. The Committee would examine the management of COPEVI and impose sanctions in the event that COPEVI failed to meet its institutional responsibilities.
3.2.5. COPEVI's role in the development of the fisheries of the lake
COPEVI functioned as intended until 1970, when its economic decline and eventual paralysis in 1984 led to the liberalization of fishing activities on the lake.
At first, this liberalization was the cause of considerable development ofthesector, increased yields,more fishermen and boats and greater efficiency in the marketing sector.
This situation, nonetheless, degenerated into a sort of anarchy which seriously affected the park:
the number of fishery-related institutions increased from three to five: COPEVI, independent fishermen (non-COPEVI 7
fishermen), the Fishery Committee(created by the MPR Party), IZCN and DAFECN;
there were conflicts among these institutions;
the number of illegal fishermen increased;
the number of people residing within the park increased, unchecked;
new markets were created and those residing just outside the park gained unlimited access to the park interior;
illegal fishing sites were established;
use of fishing gears harmful to the ecosystem increased (beach seines were used in hatcheries, and many belonged to the COPEVI,which was responsiblefor monitoring such illegal fishing activity);
certain fish species probably became overexploited.
In March 1989, the Department of the Environment intervened and adopted a series of management measures:
the maximum number of canoes authorized to fish on the lake was set at 700;
entry into the park was regulated;
illegal residents were expelled;
the status of "resident" was defined;
beach seines were destroyed;
hatcheries were marked off and fishing units found within them were expelled;
mesh size (surface gill nets:6 cm knot-to-knot; bottom- set gillnets: 7 cm knot-to-knot) was increased by 2 cm.
These measures were necessary to re-establish order within the park and eliminate the primary causes of mismanagement of fishery resources. They may be considered thefirststep toward effective management of the lake fisheries. However, reorganization of COPEVI remains the principal problem. It is vital that it reassumes its role, which is to provide and guarantee services for the welfare of the fishermen.
3.2.6. Restructuring COPEVI
COPEVIalready possessestheinfrastructure necessaryto provide fishermen's services:
a storage warehouse for equipment and supplies; 8
carpentry and metal-working shops;
fuel pumps and tanks (25,000 litres cap.);
36 cement brine tanks for salting and preserving;
racks for drying salted fish and storage space;
refrigeration capacity;
a refrigeration truck for transporting fresh fish.
Infrastructures and equipment are generally in good condition. COPEVI has, however, failed for many years to provide any services to fishermen because of its financial crisis. This failure is the main reason for (the problems currently observed) constraints now found in the Lake Idi Amin fisheries which are:
lack of standardization of equipment;
sale of nets by several different merchants and availability of nets of prohibited mesh size;
scarcity of spare parts for outboard engines;
scarcity of fuel; and
exploitation of fishermen by private businessmen (merchants).
This situation has created much conflict between COPEVI andthe fishermen, seriously hindering development of the lakes' fisheries. In 1988, the following changes were made within COPEVI:
new management was established;
the status and structure of the company was revised;
control of COPEVI management was given to respected local authorities (the Dioceses of Butembo-Beni and Goma);
CEBEMO (a Dutch Catholic NGO)provided fundsfor two projects which should help COPEVIto recover somewhat financially. The first funds were used in a way which even COPEVI has defined as wasteful. The rest (20,000,000 Belgian francs) were used for the following:
purchase ofthree purse seines and diesel engines for demersal fishing; the profitability of whichremains uncertain; moreover, purse-seining is an unfamiliar technique on the lake and purse-seines fishermen will had to be trained and receive technical supervision; and
purchase of equipment for marketing fresh fish. 9
In the present conflict, fishermen are reluctant to sell their catch to COPEVI. The profitability of COPEVI activities therefore depends upon purse- seining; the success of which is doubtful.
It seems unlikely that COPEVI will make enough profit to provide services to fishermen. The DAFECN should therefore quickly take measures necessary to solve this problem,and improve the current situation, so detrimental to fishery development on Lake Idi Amin.
3.3. Fishing craft and gears
3.3.1. Craft
The plank canoe is the only type of boat used for fishing. Out of 780 canoes surveyed, about 200 are equipped with outboard engines (6-8 hp). Most have only primitive sails.
3.3.2. Fishing zones
Fishing activities are conducted in waters up to 40 metres deep, with the highest concentration in waters of less than 20 meters deep.
Fishing effort is poorly distributed; fishermen tend to operate in the same zones.
3.3.3. Fishing techniques
Gillnets (both surface and demersal) are the fishing gearmost frequently used. Each boat uses an average of 100 nets. The nets are mounted sideways, with cords top and bottom. Pieces of cork are used as floats and rocks as sinkers. Because corks and rocks must be removed before the nets are cleaned and stored, they are reattached to the cords before each use. The positioning of gillnets depends upon the spot chosen by fishermen. In shallow water the nets float on the surface. In offshore areas, in water deeper than 20 metres, nets are often anchored to the bottom. These may remain in position for up to one weekl.
Beach seines have been prohibited by the Department of the Environment. We were informed by the EDF project staff, however, that they are still being used'inhatcheries. All beach seines have a mesh size of less than 4.5 cm knot to knot and should consequently be considered illegal.
Longlines used on the lake are 500to 700 meters long,each with approximately 1,000 hooks.
3.3.4. Equipment suppliers
Fishermen buy most of their equipment from fish merchants. The nets and twine come from Korea (Asia). Quality is generally poor and a net lasts for a period of 6 months to 12 months.
Vakily, work cited, Pg 7. 10
3.4. Marketing and processing
3.4.1. Marketing fresh fish
Most "tilapia" is sold fresh to merchants from Goma, Lubero and Butembo. These merchants arrive at the lake in the morning with rented vans, carrying ice blocks to keep the tilapia cold during transport. Protopterus and Clarias are often transported live to market.
3.4.2. Salted/dried fish
Salting and drying is the most common processing method. Salting is done by hand and fish are spread on the ground on straw mats or concrete. Fish is then stored in poorly ventilated areas. There is much room for improvement of this technique overall.
3.4.3. Fish in brine
COPEVI has 36 brine tanks which are not being used. At Kyavinyonge, however, the COPEVI does process fish (mainly "tilapia") using brine. The fish are kept in the tanks for 24 hours and then dried for 48 hours.
3.4.4. Smoked fish
Fish is smoked over an open fire...Clarias and Protopterus are especially appreciated by people who live near the park and smoking is reduced (to about 2 hours) to obtain "moto moko" fish (Smoked only once). The introduction of "Chorkor" ovens would reduce the amount of wood used for smoking.
There is a great demand for processed fish, most of which is sold on the markets near Lake Idi Amin: a relatively prosperous zone. A considerable part of the lake's production of salted fish is marketed at Kisangani and Kinshasa.
3.5 Institutions responsible for Lake Idi Amin fisheries
There are three institutions involved in these activities: DAFECN, IZCN and COPEVI.
3.5.1. DAFECN
DAFECN has 7 agents working at the lake, whose duties are as follows:
providing extension services to fishermen;
gathering statistics;
In practice, these agents are not providing these extension services and have received no specific training to enable them to do so.
Mr. Vakilyl has described the limitations of the present system for gathering statistics:
Work cited pp 10 and 11. 11
"As it is now organized, data collection presents several disadvantages:
catches are recorded by number of fish rather than by weight, although all types of fishery resource management require that information on catch be recorded by weight. While conversion can if correctly chosen be used for "tilapias" and Bagrus species, they are not appropriate for other species which are caught in very different sizes;
statisticians are unable to verify the declarations made by fishermen;
at the end of the fishing trip, a certain quantity of fish is taken by crew members for their personal consumption (ration). This quantity, as well as the fish given to the Fishery Committee, members of the navy, police and other authorities, never appears in the statistics;
catch statistics and these "contributions" in kind are often collected by the same personnel,inciting fishermen to declare a catch lower than it actually was;
at Vitshumbi, the problems which exist between DAFECN and the Fishery Committee have created a situation in which data is no longer exchanged,but compiledin separate and therefore incompleta reports."
In order to calculate the degree of error in fishery statistics, several catches were weighed at Vitshumbi. Data thus obtained was compared with the estimate of the weight of the catch based on DAFECN figures and a conversion factor for each species. On average, the conversion of number of fish to weight showed that catches had been underestimated by approximately 30%.
It should however be mentioned that agents have none of the equipment necessary tocollect statistics.They need to receivetrainingin an appropriate method of statistics (data)collection and also the use of equipment required for such a task.
control of fishery activities.
This job is incompatible with providing extension services. These two tasks should be separate, with IZCN agents responsible for regulation while Department of the Environment agents take charge of statistics and extension services to fishermen.
3.5.2. IZCN
Although the IZCN's institutional role is to control (regulate) the hatcheries, IZCN agents appear to beindifferent tothe fate offish resources. IZCN should control fishing activity and sanction illegal acts, but instead they seem to be totally unaware of the problems facing the fishery. 12
3.5.3. COPEVI
According to the contract concluded with the IZCN, COPEVI is responsible for statistics (Art. 8), security and surveillance (Art. 13) and infringment of the regulation. It is, however, noticeably absent from all aspects of management.
3.6. Regional considerations arising from the sharing of the Lake by Zaire and Uganda
3.6.1. Geographical and administrdtive aspects in brief
The waters of Lake Idi Amin are shared by Zaire and Uganda. Zaire possesses a surface area of 1,630 km2, or 73% of the lake's total area.
3.6.2. Homogenous characteristics of the two fisheries
Because in both countries fish are caught and processed in the same way, in lake waters lying within national parks, the basic characteristics of the fisheries are the same. Both fisheries must deal with the same problem: the probable over exploitation of its fishery resources. Reducing fishing effort in only one country would have only a limited effect.
Moreover, overexploitation makes reorganization of the fishery necessary and on a shared lake this can only be adcomplished through bilateral agreement upon the management measures to be undertaken.
3.6.3. Fisheries agreement between Zaire and Uganda concerning Lake Idi Amin
To date, the only fisheries agreement between the two countries is the one signed in 1978.It provides for free exploitation of the lake by the fishermen of both countries.
This first cooperative measure should be followed by others in the interest of both countries. Regional Project RAF/87/099 is the ideal point of reference for coordinated management of these fisheries resources.
4. CONCLUSIONS AND DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LAKE IDI AMIN
The basic characteristics of Lake Idi Amin are the following:
the waters of the lake are shared by Zaire and Uganda. Zaire possesses 1,630 km2; or 73% of the total area. It is important to note that the Ugandan part of the lake is no deeper than 40 meters, while the deeper and productive waters are found in that part belonging to Zaire.
the lake lies within two national parks: Zaire's Virunga National Park and Uganda's Queen Elizabeth National Park;
overall potential yield for Lake Idi Amin is estimated at 15,000-16,000 tons. per year. In 1989 both a Zairian and 13
Uganda study reached the same conclusion: that the lakes fishery resources are being exploited to maximum capacity with only a slightly increased yield possible, under specific conditions, i.e. if the deep waters belonging to Zaire could be exploited.
The characteristics call for the adoption of specific management measures for Lake Idi Amin in order to achieve national resource exploitation and harmony between the development of the fisheries and the development of the national parks.
4.1. Collaboration between Zaire and Uganda on the fisheries of Lake Idi Amin
Similarity of conditions in the fisheries of the two countries bordering the lake (level of resource exploitation, fishing and processing techniques andespecially, inclusion within a national park) should facilitate development of collaboration between Zaire and Uganda and the adoption of joint management measures. A1978 Convention authorises fishermen from the two countries to fish the entire lake. This initial collaboration should gradually be reinforced by the following steps:
instigation of periodic meetings within the framework of Regional Fisheries Project RAF/87/099, regular meetings can be arranged between national authorities responsible for the development of the fisheries and the national parks in order to discuss problems 'common to both countries;
creation of a permanent committee composed of the above mentioned authorities;
adoption of a standardized method of data collection and exchange of information making it easier to follow the global evolution of the lake fisheries accurately. This is very important when we consider that fisheries resources are probably over exploited at the present time;
a scientific research program could be carried out by a joint study of the lake as a whole. The conclusions of such a study would serve asthe scientific basis for true development and management planning for Lake IdiAmin fisheries. The need for such research was underlined by the two studies previously mentioned and it should be assigned high priority(a project for realizing this research is proposed in Appendix 3 of this report);
management measuresand limitingfishingeffort: the resource study can be of use in the adoption of balanced fishery management measures. The most important of these would be the coordinated limitation of fishing effort, because itis obvious that a policy to reduce effort, adopted unilaterally, would prove ineffective; and
adoption of joint regulations: the long-term objective must be a joint regulation of all fishing activity on the lake. This is possible if we consider that the two fisheries are 14
similar and that the two countries have a mutual interest in the lake.
4.2. Reorganization of COPEVI
In 1979, the COPEVI (Virunga Fishermen's Co-operative) signed a new convention with the IZCN which gave it a monopoly, for an undetermined time, over fishing on lake Idi Amin. The COPEVI mandate can however be revoked by presidential order.
There remains a fundamental ambiguity however, in the name COPEVI. The COPEVI is in fact not a cooperative but a private company obliged under the terms of the convention with IZCN to provide certain services to its fishermen (who are not members but rather, sub-contractors and consequently pay fees rather than dues to COPEVI).
The core of the problem is the services COPEVI is expected to provide to fishermen. The necessary infrastructures are there: equipment and supply storagedepot, wood-metalworkshop, fuel pump, salting andmarketing equipment. Most of these are in good condition. For many years, however, COPEVI has provided none of these services to the fishermen due to its financial crisis.
As a result of COPEVI's paralysis,the situation deteriorated and development of the fisheries came to a halt. There was no standardization of equipment. Fuel and spare parts for'outboard motors are in short supply. Illegal mesh sizes are being used and, most seriously, fishermen are being exploited by private merchants, (at Vitshumbi, a litre of gasoline currently sells for 620 Zaire/litre, although the official rate for the region is 305 Zaire/litre). Given this situation, most fishermen are very hostile to COPEVI, and this conflict jeopardizes development of the lake fisheries.
In 1988, some changes were made within COPEVI. This mission's comments about the new management are the following:
the decision to test the profitability of deep-water fishing is admirable, with the intention to begin to exploit new resources; but the ultimate profitability of this activity is doubtful. Moreover, the new COPEVI management apparently does not have the technical experience necessary toundertakesemi-industrial fishing, involving the use of sophisticated gear, little known on the lake, and which would require new training for fishermen in its use and maintenance;
the dioceses intend to supervise management a posteriori, but COPEVI management needs continual, day-to-day assistance with management; and
it_is bad that all the funds received have been completely, spent on fish production and marketing, while services to fishermen have been completely neglected.
COPEVI management explained to the mission that priority had been given to production and marketing because the amount of the funds were small, and that other activities will receive attention once the company shows a profit. 15
It would therefore seem that it will be several years at best before the company will be able to provide fishermen with the services they so urgently need. Consequently, the mission's opinion is the following:
given the location of these fisheries within a national park, it is necessary that there be a single company able to provide all fishery-related activities;
when the new convention was signed in 1979, a Committee to oversee COPEVI should have been created which included IZCN, representatives of the fishermenand especially, fromthe Department of the Environment. Such a Committee should have met periodically to evaluate COPEVI management.
COPEVI's monopoly is a "fait accompli", which must be accepted; and
the Department of the Environment can deal with the present situation by adopting one of the following three solutions:
passively await a new financial crisis at COPEVI.The mission does not recommend this alternative: bankruptcy is still only a distant possibility and the reorganization of fishermen's services is an immediate, critical need.
rescind the convention with COPEVI. The Department of the Environment would oblige COPEVI to meet once more its commitments towards the fishermen and set a deadline for these activities to begin. If COPEVI failed to meet this deadline,the convention would be rescinded by presidential decree; and
provide technical and financial support to COPEVI:
at the technical level: "CEBEMO" should provide the services of a purse seine technician (technologist). In the present situation, liaison should be established between COPEVI and the FAO project at Kinshasa. The project's technologist should advice and supervise COPEVI and, if possible, organize the initial phase to implement purse seine fishing.
at the financial level: the minimum amount deemed necessary for renewing services to fishermen is estimated at US $ 200,000. The Department of theEnvironmentcouldsolicit a backer (perhaps from the Zairian Development Bank) or an international organization (trough a project) to obtain a loan on behalf of COPEVI. In this case, the backer should make direct periodic examination of COPEVI management a condition of financing.
Choosing one of these options is a political decision. The mission believes however, that it would be extremely difficult for COPEVI to solve its financial problems with income from its production, and marketing activities alone. Moreover, the hostility which now exists between the company and the fishermen will be difficult to overcome. 16
4.3. Protection of hatcheries
Although fishing in the hatcheries has been less intensive since the Department of the Environment destroyed many beach seines, it continues to occur and is a seriousthreat to fisheryresource conservation. The indifference of IZCN agents to this destruction of resources is tragic. Our views, however, are the following:
even if IZCN agents were to monitor and enforce regulations, this illegal fishing would continue;
the fine levied for fishing in hatcheries (25,000 Z maximum) is too low to curb poaching.
The adoption of the following measures is therefore necessary:
make fishing in protected zones impossible. As proposed by Mr. Vakily in the study previously mentioned, large heavy obstacles should be sunk in the hatcheries, making at least beach seining impossible; and
fines should be substantially increased.
4.4. DAFECN and statistics service agents
DAFECN has 7 agents working at the lake. Their duties are:
to gather statistical data;
to provide extension services to fishermen;
to control fishery activities.
These agents completely lack the logistic means to accomplish these tasks. They should at least be given the equipment they need to collect statistics. The practice of compiling statistics based on the number of fish caught should be abandoned in favour of a system based on catch weight. Agents should receive training in statistics.
4.5. Institutional considerations
COPEVI's paralysis,IZCN's inertia and the DAFECN's agents lack of equipment have created an institutional vacuum in the lake's fisheries. On the other hand, the need to deal with over-exploitation of stocks and fishing in hatcheriesand toimplementthe management measures prescribed bythe Department of Fisheries and to reorganize the statistics data collection system requires strong institutions able to devise and execute a viable lake fishery management program.
Apart from the "COPEVI problem", the mission considers this institutional reinforcement to be the most urgent and important need of the Lake Idi Amin fisheries. 17
4.6. The Role of UNDP/FAO proiect ZAI/88/002 in Lake Idi Amin fishery management.
This project could give substantial support to management of the lake fisheries. At the present time, its role may be defined as follows:
provide advice and supervision for COPEVI fishing activities;
if possible, to organize a mission by the project technologist to help initiate deep-water fishing operations;
to introduce the Chorkor oven in order to reduce the quantity of wood needed for smoking and improve the quality of smoked products;
to provide training for agents working in statistics, extension work and processing at Lake Idi Amin.
4.7. Recommendations for Lake Idi Amin
The mission's recommendations are the following:
to strengthen bilateral cooperation with Uganda by creating a permanent Committee, organizingperiodic meetings, exchanging information and carrying out a bio-economic study to determine which common management measures should be adopted;
to monitor no-fishing zones and hatcheries;
to make beach seining impossible by sinking heavy objects in protected zones;
to make surveillance of fishing activities efficient;
to raise the fines for illegal fishing;
to train DAFECN agents in statistics, extension work and processing at the Kinkolé Center;
to provide adequate equipment for DAFECN agents;
to create a Committee to oversee COPEVI to be composed of representations of IZCN, the fishermen and the Department of the Environment;
with the reservations expressed in the conclusion, to advise and supervise the initiation of COPEVI fishing activities;
to try to obtain the financing COPEVI needs in order to provide services to fishermen again; and
(xi) to make direct control of the management of these services by the financing institution the condition of financing. 18
4.8. Project document N° 1
A draft of a project document on "institutional reinforcement" intended to carry out the preceding recommendations is found in Appendix 1.
5. ANALYSIS OF THE LAKE MOBUTU SESE SEKO FISHERIES
5.1. Geographical and hydrobiological data; estimate of potential yield
5.1.1. Geographical and administrative aspects
The area of Lake Mobutu is 5,270 km2. It is shared by Zaire (2,420 km2) and Uganda (2,850 km2). The lake is situated at an average altitude of 618 m; it is about 160 km long and no more than 35 km wide. Maximum depth is 58 m; average depth is 25 m. In the south, the wide delta, which stretches across both Zairian and Ugandan waters, is generally quite shallow (1 to 20 meters). In the north, there is a similar shallow zone. Between those zones on the Zairian side there is a coastal band of shallow water which drops abruptly into a great basin with a maximum depth of 58 m.
The water itself is green, probably due to an abundance of plankton. The ph is 8.5, the water is rich in salts and oxygen at all depths.
5.1.2. Principal commercial species
The principal commercial species exploited are:
Scientific name Common (local) name
Alestes grandisguamis/ sardine Alestes baremose
Hydrocynus goliath and nigassia Hydrocynus forskalii
Lates niloticus capitaine
tilapiine species ndakala
Synodontis spp. fodo fodo
On average, Characidae represent 40% of the catch and Lates 26%.
5.1.3. Estimate of potential yield
Several previous studies estimated yield at 40 to 55 kg/hectare. On this basis, potential yield would be: 19
Production Zaire Uganda Total (tons) (tons) (tons)
40 kg/hectare 9,680 11,400 21,080
55 kg/hectare 13,310 15,675 29,985
According to these estimates, there is an enormous difference between the maximum and minimum yields (about 9,000 tons).
5.2. Fishermen
5.2.1. Number of fishermen
A census carried out by the Lake Mobutu Project in 1988 counted 8,500 fishermen. It is generally acknowledged that this number is rising rapidly. About 1,500 people work in on-shore activities and 500 in marketing. It is therefore undeniable that the fishermen of Lake Mobutu form a veritable small- scale (artisanal) industry.
5.2.2. Organization of fishermen
The fishermen of Lake Mobutu belong to different ethnic groups, with relatively few links among them.
There have been several attempts to create fishermen's associations. The most recent effort was that of the Lake Mobutu Project, which organized fishermen into 5 pre-cooperative associations called "propêche".
These "propêche" groups still exist at Mahaga north and south (2), Djuga (2) and Irumu (1).
The purpose of the "propêche" was to resell Lake Mobutu Project equipment, earning a 10% commission. Once the project ended, the "propêche" organization stagnated.
During the course of the mission it became obvious that these fishermen lack training and need to become familiar with the nature and operation of a cooperative. Most have no idea of what a cooperative is and probably joined only to derive benefit from the project.
5.3. Small-scale and semi-industrial fishing boats
5.3.1. Small-scale fishing boats
The most common boat on the lake is the wooden plank canoe modelled upon the traditional Ugandan "pirogue", with a capacity of several tons. There are from 2,000 to 2,500 of these boats. There are also 800 to 1,000 traditional canoes. These boats are not very stable and limit the fishermen to rear shore areas. 20
5.3.2. Motorization
Most of the boats are manually rowed and are operated by 1to 3 men. The extend of their fishing ground is therefore limited. There are very few numbers of motorized boats. These are operated using between 6 and 15 hp outboard engines.
The major obstacles to the distribution of outboard motors, which are necessary if the entire area of the lake is to be fished, are high fuel prices, fuel shortages and the scarcity of spare parts.
5.3.3. Fishing techniques
The gear most frequently used are gill nets,long lines and beach seines.
Gill nets:
These have a mesh size between 4 to 8 cm, when they are placed on the surface, they catch "n'gassia" and on the bottom they catch "capitaine". They are constructed of poor quality materials imported from Korea and even the wooden floats and stone sinkers used are inadequate. The lifespan of these nets is short, most must be replaced after only 6 months to 12 months.
The Lake Mobutu Project tried to introduce better quality materials but after a 3-year trial period it was obvious that fishermen preferred to invest as little as possible in equipment like fishing nets which are frequently stolen (Some distant lake zones are underexploited because fishermen are reluctant to go too far, leaving their camps unprotected).
Beach Seines:
This gear is still widely used despite the harmful effects upon the ecosystem. It is suggested that they be progressively eliminated by setting a deadline for their prohibition.
5.3.4. Evaluation of exploitation by the small-scale fishing fleet
Because there are few motorized units, fuelis expensive and the exisang canoes are inappropriate for outings far off-shore, small-scale fishing is concentrated in zones very close to villages and market centres.
The result is that:
some coastal areas are under-exploited;
the distant zones(particularly the large basin at the center of the lake), are un-exploited;
few large-size species are caught.
In conclusion, Lake Mobutu fisheries should be managed in such a way as to achieve rational, balanced exploitation of resources of the entire lake. 21
5.3.5. Semi-industrial fishing
In 1989 there was only one semi-industrial (purse-seine)company operating on the lake. The other companies simply owned a few canoes and marketed the fish caught by small-scale fishermen.
5.4. Fish catches
Because official statistics are unreliable, it is difficult to provide exact figures for current yield. These, however, are the existing estimates:
In 1987 and 1988 yield for Lake Mobutu was:
Species 1987 weight (tons)
Alestes 42 Hydrocynus 4,014 Lates 1,663 Oreochromis niloticus 1,646 Bagrus 696 Synodontis 30 Labeo 7 Other species 311
TOTAL 8,409
Species 1988 weight (tons)
Hydrocynus / Alestes sPP. 3,533 Lates 2,613 Tilapia / Orechromis sPP. 4,265 Other species 1,590
TOTAL 12,001
The spectacular increase in yield in 1988 can only be due to faulty data.
5.5. Fish processing and preserving
5.5.1. Road conditions and fish processing
The progressive deterioration over the past 15 years of the only road from Kasenyi to Bunia (55 km, 3 hours drive) and from the port of Mahagi (155 km) has practically isolated the Lake Mobutu fisheries.
There is a general consensus of opinion that the poor condition of this road is the most serious constraint to development of the lake fisheries.
If the catch could be transported fresh, its market value would be much higher; the fishermen would have less work and the fish would be of greater nutritional value. Repairs of the track from Kasenyi to Bunia should therefore be considered a priority for lake fishery development. 22
5.5.2. Processing techniques
Processing techniques used at Lake Mobutu are the following:
Salting/drying
We estimate that 80%ofthe catch issalted/dried. Most ofthe salted/dried fish we saw was poorly prepared. The fish were piled in storage overnight and then simply spread onto dryers or even onto the ground in the morning and seldom turned over.
The product was not completely dried and was sometimes even slightly fermented, although this may be intended, to satisfy local taste. Once stored and packaged, it would not have had a very long "shelf life".
Salting/drying is a business operated by women who resell their products to merchants/transporters. This is truly a small-scale industry, employing from 1,000 to 1,500 people. The market value of this product is lowered by rudimentary processing methods.
Salting in brine
Semi-industrial enterprises place eviscerated fish in large cement tanks of brine for a period of 3 days. Thistechnique is also used at the small- scale level, but for large species only.
Smoking
In thepast, large quantities of fishwere hot-smoked. Due to indiscriminate cutting of trees, however, the type of wood required became rare and prohibitively expensive. Very little smoked fish is now produced.
Freezing
As road conditions worsened and old equipment was not replaced, the quantity of frozen fish dropped to the current level of only about 10% of the catch.
5.6. 'Marketing
At Kasenyi, there are three sales points and about 10 wholesalers who regularly transport salted/dried fish. This fish is sent to Bukavu, Beni, Goma, Kisengani and Isiro, with certain markets having a marked preference for certain species. At Bukavu, for instance, only Hydrocynus and "tilapias" are sold.
Ambulatory vendors sell from 0.2 to 3 tonnes of fish at these centres. Because few of them own their own trucks they join forces to rent them.
The port of Mahagi has five permanent merchants, of whom four own trucks. 23
Most fresh sales are made by fishermen at landing points. There are also salesmen on bicycles called "soupes rouges" (red soups) who buy fish early in the morning at Kasenyi and resell it later the same day in Bunia.
5.7. Fisheries administration
The DAFECN (Department of Land, Environment and Conservation of Nature) has one officer, three junior officers and four agents at Lake Mobutu. The officer and junior officers are responsible for control and enforcement of legislation. The agents collect statistics and (theoretically) supervise and provide extension services to fishermen. It is tought that:
The number of agents are not enough, and there are now several landing points at which no statistics are collected.
These DAFECN agents have none of the equipment which their job requires.
Both officers and agents should be trained in distribution, processing and statistics at the FAO Project at Kinkole.
5.8. Regional aspects of sharing the lake between Zaire and Uganda
5.8.1. Summary of the geographical and administrative situation
Lake Mobutu is 5,270 km2 and is shared by Zaire (2,420 km2) and Uganda (2,850 km2). Zaire therefore possesses 55% of the lake. The administrative situation is therefore the reverse of that of Lake Idi Amin, where Zaire possesses a much larger percentage of the total area.
5.8.2. Differences between the two national fisheries
According to data received there are substantial differences in the degree of development of the two national fisheries. These are:
although fishing and processing techniques are the same, Zaire has a higher number of fishermen and boats, especially motorized units; and
the primary reason for this is the difference in buying power between Zairian and Ugandan consumers. Because people pay more for fish in Zaire than in Uganda, Uganda fishermen tend to fish in zones close to the border and export their catch to Zaire.
Remuneration prices permitted the development of a genuine small-scale fishing industry in Zaire. Consequently, despite the difference in potential. There is higher level of production in Zaire than in Uganda; 13,000 tons in Zaire compared to 6,000 tons in Uganda.
Normalization of the political situation should bring development to Uganda's fisheries. This process should be accelerated by creating development projects in Uganda, bringing fisheries there to a level of development equal to those of Zaire and thereby making it easier to reach fishery agreements of 24
interest to both countries. The pilot project for reviving semi-industrial fishing in particular, should be carried out in both parts of the lake.
6. CONCLUSIONS AND DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LAKE MOBUTU SESE SEKO
With yields estimated at 40 to 50 kg/hectare/year, the lake's estimated potential yield is 21,000 to 30,000 tons/year with 9,700 to 13,000 of this total comingfromthe part belongingtoZaire. According to official statistics, the 1988 catch level for the Zairian part of the lake was approximately 12,000 tons.
These figures usually represent fish marketed and do not include fish traded or eaten by the fishermen themselves. It is estimated that at least 1,000 tons of fish are consumed by the fishermen.
We can therefore conclude that fishery resources on Zaire's side of the lake are already overexploited.
It can however besaid that,with the exception of somelocal overfishing due to poorly distributed fishing effort, most fish catches are composed of adult-sized fish.
This may be explained by Ugandes low level of production: The most recent statistics cite Ugandan catches at about 6,000 tons although the potential of the Ugandan side is estimated at 15,000 tons. It might be that Zairian production statistics include lake fish imported from Uganda.
It is nonetheless important to devise a policy of prudent resource exploitation and to begin to adopt certain management measures: beach seines should progressively be eliminated by setting a deadline now for their future prohibition so that fishermen do not replace them as they wear out.
6.1. Collaboration between Zaire and Uganda on Lake Mobutu fisheries
Now, before the expected increase in Uganda production which will make joint management imperative, everything should be done to prepare for joint planning of fishery development on both sides of the lake.
The measures recommended are the same as those proposed for Lake Idi Amin:
institution of regular bilateral meetings;
creation of a permanent Committee for the coordination of measures to be undertaken for the lake fisheries;
adOption of the same method for collecting statistics and sharing data;
execution of a scientific research program on resource potential. This bilateral project is fundamentally important for Lake Mobutu. 25
The existing difference between minimum potential (21,000 tons) and the maximum (30,000 tons)is considerable. Consequently, as the lake's yield increases it will become increasingly important to possess reliable statistics. This study of Lake Mobutu's potential is therefore thought to be of even greater importance than the one for Lake Idi Amin.
management measures and limitation of fishing effort;
establishment of joint regulations; and
free access to all of Lake Mobutu waters.
The existence of a convention assuring free access to the waters of Lake Idi Amin should facilitate reaching a similar agreement for Lake Mobutu. According to available information, the two lakes fisheries are exploited in a similar way but in Zaire, the coastal resources are fully exploited whereas in Uganda catches are well below potential.
In order to achieve joint management, conditions for similar, parallel development must exist in both nation's fisheries. It is therefore suggested that the pilot project to reactivate semi-industrial fishing at the regional level be established. A fact finding mission covering both sides of the lake should be organised by project RAF/87/099.
6.2. Re-activating semi-industrial fishing on Lake Mobutu
Of the fifteen industrial fishing companies operating purse seines in 1960, only one is still active today. Other enterprises on the lake usually operate only a few canoes, buying the rest of the fish they sell from small- scale fishermen. They are now primarily involved in processing and marketing.
Under these conditions, virtually the entire catch is produced by fishermen with canoes and other small craft,using traditional fishing techniques which represent a much smaller investment than that required for industrial fishing (large mesh nets). Operating is near shore zones, close to villages and market centres, resulting in the following:
certain coastal zones being under-exploited;
more distant zones (particularly the large deep basin at the center of the lake), are unexploited; and
large-size species are seldom caught.
The best development strategy for Lake Mobutu is revealed by this analysis. It is necessary to distribute fishing effort better throughout the lake, using selective gears with mesh sizes suitable for the larges species found in the deep water whose resources are not exploited by small-scale fishermen.
For this reason we suggest that semi-industrial fishing be re-launched, using "baleinières" towing 6 to 10 boats.
The advantages of this technique are: 26
it is a technique formerly used, successfully, by Greek companies;
the gear used would be gill nets and long lines: techniques well-known to small-scale fishermen;
the large mesh gill net is a selective gear able to target species little fished to date;
fishing activities will take place far out on the lake in zones which are not exploited at present; and
use of this technique will reduce fishing costs (e.g. fuel).
Plans have therefore been madefor a pilot projectto testthe profitability of this technique. If the results are positive, more units may be added. This number should be limited so as not to offset the profitability of small-scale fishing. The regional study of potential (project document N° 3) should be able to establish the appropriate number of semi-industrial units.
While awaiting the results of the study, the number of "baleinières" should be set at no more than ten, as large Lates should be considered a "fragile" resource.
6.3. Fish processing
The deterioration, over the past 15 years, of the only access roads from Kasenyi to Bunia and from Mahagi Port to Mahagi has almost totally isolated Lake Mobutu. Road conditions appear to be the most serious constraint to the development of these fisheries. If fish could be transported to market fresh, its market value as well as its nutritional value would be much higher and the fishermen's work would be lessened. Repairing the road from Kasenyi to Bunia should therefore receive top priority in fishery development. The Zairian authorities must find a solution to this problem as well as international donors who are informed of their needs and willing to assist. Because of road conditions, fresh fish marketing is negligible and production of frozen fish has dropped from 50% to 10%.
Most of the fish is salted/dried; the remainder is smoked. Much of the salted/dried fish we saw was poorly prepared. Fish are piled in storage overnight and then simply spread on drying racks or directly on the ground and then rarely turned.
The product is not completely dried and may even be slightly fermented. Once packed it cannot stay fresh for a long time.
The problem in processing smoked fish is that the wood needed has been indiscriminately, cut, making it scarce and very expensive. Better methods should be introduced in order to save fuel and improve quality.
Given the length of time it will take to repair the roads; improving the quality of processed fish is extremely important to the lake fisheries. 27
6.4. Fishermen's association and the Lake Mobutu project
Several attempts to provide extension services for the fishermen of Lake Mobutu have been made, the more recent involving the "Coopération Frangaise" project which ended in 1989.
This project main goal was to provide the fishermen with equipment. It imported supplies which were then distributed by five pre-cooperative groups called "propêche".
During the three years it existed, the project imported French equipment of good quality. French nets were much more expensive than nets imported from Asia, even with a substantial subsidy from another cooperative agency. Despite the difference in quality, fishermen preferred to use Asian nets to minimize their investment in equipment which is frequently stolen.
In 1987, nets sold by the project amounted to only 1.5% of the total market for nets on Lake Mobutu. We can conclude from this experience that there is adequate and effective private sector distribution of equipment on Lake Mobutu. The project should be re-oriented, and the 5 "propêche" groups should be re-established, as well.
The semi-industrial fishing pilot project provides a good opportunity for re-establishing the "propêche" groups,as "baleinière fishing is a collective activity. If the pilot project proves successful, the new units can be used by the 5 "propêche" which willin this way become producing cooperatives. The project will provide technical support and supervise the extension services to be provided by DAFECN agents.
Fishermen must be taught what a cooperative is and how it functions. During our visit we received the impression that most of them had no idea how a cooperatives works and had joined only to take advantage of extension services. Large ovens appropriate for use by the cooperative will be installed in lipropêche" villages.
Women who play an important role in processing, should be involved in the "propêche" groups.
Funding: The regional project for hydrobiological research on lake poteritial should be annexed to the Lake Mobutu Project, which will serve as its logistical base.
6.5. DAFECN and statistics service agents
DAFECN has 4 officers, three junior officers and 2 agents working at Lake Mobutu. The officer and junior officers are responsible for monitoring and enforcing regulations. The agents are involved in data collection, and extension services for fishermen only.
In order to carry out the study of potential better (Appendix 3) the number of agents should be doubled: they are currently unable to cover all landing points.
DAFECN personnel do not have the equipment they need for their work. 28
Agents should receive training in extension services, statistics and processing at the FAO Project in Kinkolé.
6.6. The Role of UNDP/FAO proiect ZAI/88/002 in the development of Lake Mobutu fisheries
The Project's role at Lake Mobutu can be defined as follows:
providing agents withtraining in extension services, statistics and processing and also in how to form and operate cooperatives; and
collaborating with the technologist of the pilot project proposed for Lake Mobutu in perfecting fishing techniques as well as in research and experimentation with techniques to improve processing.
6.7. Recommendations for Lake Mobutu fisheries
The mission's recommendations concerning the Lake Mobutu fisheries are the following:
rebuild the road between Bunia and Kasenyi to open access to the lake fisheries;
strengthen bilateral cooperation by reaching an agreement on free exploitation of the lake, carrying out a joint study of fishery resources, instigating periodic meetings as well as a permanent committee and, in general, by adopting joint fishery management measures;
establish development projects in both parts of the lake in order to achieve technical homogeneity on both sides which will facilitate realization of management agreement;
reactivate deep-water semi-industrial fishing, using "baleinières" to increase production and strengthen fishermen's associations;
improve the quality of processed fish to increase the value of local production;
launch production of smoked Lates at the small scale level using better ovens and testthe possibility ofsemi- industrial production;
involve women in the "propêche" groups;
reorient the Lake Mobutu Fishery Project within the project to be retained; 29
increase the number of DAFECN agents and provide them with adequate equipment; and
- give agents training in the nature of cooperative
operations, statistics and processing at the Kinko16 Center..
6.8. Project document N° 2
The draft ofa project document on "Re-activating Semi-industrial Fishing", intended to implement the preceding recommendations is found in Appendix 2.
6.9. Project document N° 3
The draft of a project document on the regional study of fishery resources on lakes Idi Amin and Mobutu Sese Seko is found in Appendix 3. 30
APPENDIX 1
Project document N° 1
A. PROJECT TITLE
Institutional strengthening at Lake Idi Amin/Edward
B. OBJECTIVES
B1. Development objectives
to ensure the continuity of the rational exploitation of resources through management of Lake Idi Amin fisheries.
B2. Immediate objectives
to elaborate a management program;
to train staff and field agents;
to organize a system-of statistical data collection;
to strengthen the envolvement of the various organisations with the fishery; and
to create two monitoring control and surveillance stations at Vitshumbi and Kvaninyonge.
C. JUSTIFICATION
Two studies one Ugandan and one Zairian - carried out in 1989 came to the same conclusion: that the fishery resources of Lake Idi Amin were being exploited at maximum capacity.Given the necessity of conserving these resources, the situation requires a policy of maintaining catches at the current level and a precise management program, carried out by well-equipped, well etined staff and field agents.
Of the various institutions responsible for lake fisheries, only the Department of Fisheries (SENADED) has tried to enact management measures.
These initiatives, however, have had very little impact upon the lake fisheries because SENADED agents completely lacked the means to follow it through.As for the other two institutions,agents of the IZCN appear uninterested in fishery problems and COPEVI is itself contributing to the destruction of the hatcheries.
This institutional vacuum has led to the following:
illegal fishing in hatcheries; 31
lack of reliable statistics;
use of fishing gears harmful to the ecosystem; and
creation of illegal fishing sites.
It is possible that these fishery resources in the near future will be seriously placed at risk.
D. STRATEGY AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Though, analytical management of Lake Idi Amin fisheries cannot be accomplished without the regional hydrobiological study proposed in Appendix 3 of this report. The results of the study will probably not be available for 5 to 6 years.
Meanwhile, the current condition of the lake fisheries requires the immediate adoption of a program of monitoring, control and surveillance. Establishing such a program would be the first step towards the management of these fisheries. The experience and training acquired by staff and field agents in this program will prove extremely useful for the hydrobiological study of the lake.
Moreover, the equipment and infrastructures provided for the project on institutional reinforcement can also-be used by the lake study project. Consequently, by establishing the monitoring control and surveillance program, it will be possible to intervene rapidly to protect resources while at the same time providing the personnel and logistical basis for the regional hydrobiological study. Institutional reinforcement will be accomplished with technical support(fishery management experts and consultants), training (provided by the expert and completed at the Kinkolé Center) and adequate equipment for DAFECN staff and agents.
The first 6 months of the project will be used to achieve the following objectives:
study the situation of lake fishermen;
prepare the monitoring control and surveillance program;
organize the statistics collection system;
give intermediate-level staff and field agents practical training; and
order equipment.
Thereafter,the management expert will execute his program,using consultants as necessary for specific problems. The expert will be responsible for on-the-job training of agents and project organization for a period of 12 months.
After the initial 18-month phase, the expert will only make periodic missions to supervise project execution. 32
E. EXPECTED RESULTS
The principal results expected are the following:
maintenance of catch at the present level;
control of hatcheries;
strengthening of the intervention capacities of Department of the Environment agents;
supervision of illegal fishing activities;
elimination of illegal fishing contracts;
installation of a system for collecting reliable statistics;
training of Environmental Department agents and mid-level staff;
review of the competence of the institutions involved in fisheries;
creation of two management and surveillance stations at Vitshumbi and Kvavinyonge;
creation of a small hydrobiological laboratory at Vitshumbi; and
revision of fisheries regulations.
F. PROJECT FUNDING
Fi. Government Institutions
one senior staff member, specialist in biology, counterpart of the Project CTA;
a technical coordinator;
eight field agents, responsible for statistics;
two secretaries;
two drivers; and
sites for infrastructures. 33
F2. Outside Contributions
Personnel and training
One inland fishery management expert, Project CTA. Necessary qualifications: several years experience in the area of fishery management and experience in training. The expert's primary task will be to organize a program of monitoring, control and management and supervise its execution. Length of the mission: 24 months.
Consultants:for specific problems which may arise as the project develops.
Training:most training will take place "on the job" and will be completed at Kinkolé.
Equipment (US $)
2 Toyota type 4-wheel drive vehicles Land Cruiser and spare parts 50,000 2 9-meter plastic canoes 20,000 2 60-hp outboard engines + spare parts 15,000 8 125 cc motorcycles + spare parts 30,000 10 canoes 4,000 10 outboard engines 10,000 15 life jackets 2,500 15 life preservers 1,500 3 tents 1,000 6 cots/camp beds 300 8 scales 6,400 1 generator 20,000 1 electric pump 5,000 2 typewriters 700
1 photocopier 1,500 1 microcomputer 3,000 2 portable radios 2,000 4 motorola portable radios 1,000 Furnishing for houses + stations 40,000 Office furniture and supplies 10,000 2 ai? conditioners 1,500 Equipment for small laboratory 20,000
Infrastructures (US $)
1 office/laboratory (120 m2 at US $ 100/m2) 12,000 2 stations (Vitshumbi + Kvavinyonge)(2x100m2 at US $ 100/m2) 20,000 3 houses, (300 m2 at US $ 100/m2) 30,000
Consumable inputs (US $)
Demonstration net 20,000 Fuel, oil, gas 150,000 Budget for Government Contribution (in Zaires) M/H Total M/H 1990 Z M/H 1991 Z M/H 1992 8National 1fisheries director agents mid-level staff 288 36 2 043 360 469698 260940 9612 681156232 420120980 9612 232681156 980 420120 9612 681156232 120420980 2 secretariesdriversgeneraladministrative office assistants 72 324368411471 720280840240 24 108122137157 240760280080 24 108122137157 240760280080 24 137157108122 280080 240760 SUB-TOTAL 648 4 787 640 216 1 595 880 216 1 595 880 216 1 595 880 Costs of interior missions 7 200 000 2 400 000 ' 2 400 000 2 400 000 OperationsUNIT TOTAL 11 987 640 3 995 880 3 995 880 3 995 880
Medical expenses 330 000 110 000 110 000 110 000 FuelSalaries and fees 3 1000 000 350 000 1 000450 000 1 000450 000 1 000450 000 000 OVERALLUNIT TOTAL TOTAL 16 667 6404 680 000 5 1555 880 560 000 5 1555 880 560 000 5 1555 880 560 000 Personnel 4/H Total Budget for International ContributionUS $(in M/H 1990 US $ M/H 1991 US $)US $ M/H 1992 US $ SUB-TOTALConsultantsFisheries Management Expert 24 8 179 340 96 000 12 2 2489 000670 46 4844 000 835 835 26 24 00044 TrainingTravelAdministrative support 32 275 340 2540 000 000 9 000 14 113 670 15 000 9 0003 000 10 1592 0008358 0003 000 8 6810 835 000 83 000 ConsumableDurableUNITInfrastructures TOTAL equipment inputs 245349170 400340 00062 000 245140 400 6706062 000 118 83555 000 5589 000835 OVERALLMiscellaneousUNIT TOTAL TOTAL (10% of total) 908477 740 400 82 000 550367 070400 42 000 193 8352055 000 164 8352055 000 000 _ 36
APPENDIX 2
Project document N° 2
PROJECT TITLE
Development of deep-water semi-industrial fishing and improvement of fish processing at Lake Mobutu.
PROJECT LOCATION
The project will be located on the Zairian side of Lake Mobutu.
PROJECT HEADQUARTERS
The project headquarters will be at Kasenyi.
DURATION
The project will operate for two years.
OBJECTIVES
El. Long-term objectives
controlled increase in production; and
increased supply of fish to the population.
E2. Immediate objectives
to improve fishing techniques;
to relaunch semi-industrial fishing;
to exploit new fish stocks;
to improve processing and storage techniques;
to help fishermen to organize; and
to strengthen the institutions involved.
F. JUSTIFICATION
Fishing on Lake Mobutu is now concentrated near inshore zones and market centres. The result is that:
some inshore zones are under-exploited; 37
distant zones (especially the large deep-water basin in the center of the lake) are unexploited although there are large stocks of Lates niloticus there; and
less large size species are caught.
Progressive deterioration of roads giving access to Lake Mobutu has isolated the lake fisheries and,most of the catch must be processed. Processing techniques are rudimentary,lowering both the market and the nutritional value of the product.
G. STRATEGY AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
As regards increasing production the projects' strategy is to achieve better distribution of fishing effort lake wide by using selective gear with mesh size appropriate to the large size species found in deep water. These resources are not exploited by small-scale fishermen because of the high cost of fuel and because their boats are unsuitable for deep water fishing. It is therefore necessary to reactivate the semi-industrial fleet, using 12 to 15 meter boats called "baleinières" with 6 to 10 barges in tow.
The advantages of this technique are:
the technique was used Greek companies in the past and proved profitable. It was abandoned following "zairization";
the gear used is the gillnet, which is well known to lake fishermen;
the large mesh gillnet is a selective gear able to target fish stocks under-exploited at the present time; and
the use of this technique will reduce the exploitation costs.
The improvement of the processing technique will be accomplished by the introduction of brine salting and of "Chorkor" and "Altona" type ovens.
The latter in particular is an ideal oven for smoking large-size species caught:by the product. It produces high quality processed fish thatcan be sold at high price.
"Baleinières" and large ovens are gear which lend themselves easily to collective use and can therefore be used to reactivate the "propêche", or pre- cooperative groups, created by the French Cooperations' Lake Mobutu Project. The pilot project proposed here should complete the infrastructure created by the French program for the study of fishery potential planned for the whole lake.
Training for DAFECN agents is another necessity in the strengthening of Lake Mobutu institutions. Details of this program are given in Appendix 1, 2, 3 and 4. 38
H. EXPECTED RESULTS
The principal results expected are:
controlled increase in production;
re-activation of semi-industrial fishing;
mid-term creation of a fleet of 10 baleinières and 70 boats;
improved quality of processed fish and reduced losses;
training forfishermenin engine maintenance, fishing techniques and fish processing;
warehouses for storing fish produced by the project;
installation of improved smokers and brine-salting tanks;
equipment for a mechanics workshop;
equipment for DAFECN agents; and
training of these agents in processing, statistics, semi- industrial fishing techniques and extension services for fishermen.
I. PROJECT ACTIVITIES
The project will provide fishermen with the following services:
harvesting service: providing "propêche" fishermen with the project's "baleinières" and tow-barges;
f ish processing service: diffusion of the project ' s improved processing and storage techniques; and
miscellaneous services: repairs for outboard motors, maintenance and minor repairs for diesel engines; management training for a limited number of fishermen from the five "propêche" groups.
J. PROJECT RESOURCES
J1. Government Resources
a seniorstaffmember, trained infisheries (biology specialist), counter-part of the Project CTP;
a intermediate-level staff member fisheries technologist;
a intermediate-level staff member processing technologist; counter-part of the project expert; 39
a intermediate-level staff member, socio-economist, counter- part of the expert;
8 field agents responsible for statistics and extension work; and
sites for infrastructures.
J2. External Resources
Personnel
A small-scale inland fishery techniques expert, the Project CTP. He/she should have the following profile: several years experience in fishery techniques and good experience in training and diffusion. His/her principal task will be to organize semi-industrial fishing activities and perfect the necessary techniques, while training fishermen. In particular, fishermen should be trained to repair diesel engines. Length of stay: 2 years
A processing expert with several year's experience in small- scale fish processing in Africa. Length of stay: 8 months
Consultants: the project will bring in consultants for specific problems as they arise.
Equipment (US $)
A locally built lbaleinièrel of 4 m sheet-metal, 15 m long, with a 100 hp diesel engine and spare parts, Estimated cost 35,000 8 locally built barges 20,000 4 Altona ovens 10,000
1 rubber canoe with engines 10,000 2 vehicles 4x4 (pick-ups) and spare parts 50,000 2 vehicles (Renault-4 type) and spare parts 30,000 8 125tc motor cycles and spare parts 30,000 10 canoes for the monitors/field agents 4,000 10 outboard engines 10,000 10 scales - 50 kg capacity 8,000 30 life vests 5,000 30 ring type life preservers 3,000 2 generators 40,000 2 electric pumps 10,000 3 typewriters 1,000
1 photocopy machine 1,500
1 micro-computer 3,000 other office furniture and equipment 10,000 2 radios 2,000 2 portable motorola radios 1,000 4 air conditioners 3,000 2 vacuum packaging machines 16,000 40
2 slicing machines 6,000 3 slicing tables (formica) 2,000
1 refrigerator (350 litre capacity) 1,000
1 freezer (500 litre capacity) 4,000 miscellaneous processing materials 5,000
1 cold storage truck (500 kg capacity) 40,000 furnishings for houses 30,000 equipment needed for training 15,000
Materials to re-equip the mechanic's workshop
2 complete sets of wrenches including:
1 set mixed wrenches
1 set of socket wrenches (N° 10 to 36)
1 set of both flat and Philips screwdrivers metal scrapers and brushes 2 jacks files of various shapes (flat, square, triangular and round) 4 soldering irons
1 battery charger
1 air compressor 2 air pumps
1 solid soldering machines soldering sticks equipment for outboard motor repairs size 16 inner tyres metal saws batteries size 16 tyres size 16 inner tubes grease pumps a 5 kg hammer a 3.5 kg hammer
1 service boat
1 portable drill
1 pressure gauge
1 welding touche
TOTAL US $ 12,000
'Infrastructure (US $)
1 office, measuring (100 m2 at US $ 100 per M2;) 10,000 3 houses, (300 m2 at US $ 100 per m2) 30,000
1 fuel-oil station with 20,000 litre reservoir 20,000
1 storehouse for fishing equipment (120 m2 at US $ 60 per m2) 7,200
Consumable inputs (USs)
Nets and accessories 50,000 plastic bags (20,000) 30,000 materials for building ovens and tanks 20,000 fuel, oil, gasoline 200,000 BUDGET FOR GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION (in Zaires) Personnel M/H Total Z M/H 1990 Z M/H 1991 Z
3National director mid-level staff 24 465 960 12 232 980 12 232 940 238 driversadministrativesecretariesfisheries agents assistants 192 4872 1 274471362938 240560520 243696 137235681469 280120260620 243696 235681469 620120260 SUB-TOTAL4 1 general office assistant 528 2496 4 111 800 491108 040 240 264 1248 2 055 900 245 520 54 120 264 1248 2 055 900 245137 280520 54 120 CostOperatingUNIT of TOTAL interior costs missions 84 800911 000800 42 455400 900poo 2 4004 455 000 900 ..p-.
Medical fees FuelSalaries and fees 2 000 000 900220 000000 1 000450110 000 1 000450110 000 OVERALLUNIT TOTAL TOTAL 12 031 8003 120 000 61 015 560 000 900 61 015 560 000 900 BUDGET FOR INTERNATIONAL CONTRIBUTION (in US $) Personnel M/H 24 8 Total US$ 84 179 34059 776
59 776 MIL-1 48 000 12 44 1990 US$ 2
89 670 29 888 29 888 M/H 24 000 12 4 4 1991 US $ 2 89 670 29 888 29 888 Master fisherman 24 000 .L-- Processing expert N) Socio-economist SUB-TOTALConsultants
Administrative support Travel Training
UNIT TOTAL
Durable equipment Infrastructures Consumable inputs
MiscellaneousUNIT TOTAL (10% of total) 44 346 10 872 GRAND TOTAL 2040 000 000000 22 173 20 5 10 436 000 000 000 22 173 20 5 10 436 000 000 416 000
273422 74 872 500 400 000 208
422163 74 436 500 208 436 769 900 659 900 000400 110 000 000 1 306120 772000 948 336 80 000 358 40 000 436 _ 43
Appendix 2-A: Experimental Activities
The following are areas of experimentation:
fishing using a "baleinière" towing 8 to 10 barges;
testing large-mesh gill nets (7-10-13 cm knot to knot);
test of planned improvements in traditional fishing methods;
tests and comparisons of different types of smoking ovens suggested by the project;
brine-salting tests;
adopting the most efficient processing methods to local conditions; and
determining which type of storage unit is most appropriate for the levels of production ofa "propêche" group in fishing village.
Appendix 2-B: Improved Fishing Techniques
Improvements of fishing techniques will be based on the following principles:
A. RE-LAUNCHING SEMI-INDUSTRIAL FISHING USING "BALEINIERES" PULLING BARGES
The "baleinière's" specifications are:
length: 15 meters; sheet-metal hull (4mm); and
100/120 horsepower diesel motor.
There will be 8 to 10 tow-barges, of sheet metal, 5-6 meters long. Both "baleinières" and barges will be built on-site by a Greek craftsman under the supervision of the fisheries technologist. The fishing gears used will be demersal gill nets (mesh size 7-10-13 cm knot to knot) and long lines. There will be 10 nets-length: 1 km/per net/per barge. These gears will be used by the members of the 5 "propêche" groups.
Catches will be sold (with first option given to the "propêches", for improved processing and the proceeds will be used to build new units (or to recondition old "baleinières"). It can therefore be expected that at the end of the project there will be several semi-industrial fishing units operating on the lake.
The fisheries technologist will see that "propêche" members are trained in engine maintenance and basic management. 44
IMPROVING EXISTING METHODS
Most effort will be concentrated on improving net construction. Agents responsible for distribution should concentrate on the most common nets: surface and bottom gillnets.
IMPROVING METHODS OF NET MAINTENANCE
The project should encourage adherence to the following principles of net maintenance:
protect synthetic materials from exposure to the sun;
hang nets up to dry rather than laying them flat; and
repair holes continuously, as required.
Appendix 2-C: Improved Processing Techniques
AT THE SMALL-SCALE FISHING LEVEL,THE PROJECT WILL PROMOTE THE FOLLOWING METHODS
Brine salting:
There is some brine processing at Lake Mobutu now but it is a method used for large species only. Tanks must be built in shapes appropriate for small species as well.
Chorkor oven:
This is a cement or "adobe" oven. Its advantages over the ovens now in use are that it reduces smoking time by 2/3, concentrates heat and smoke, burns 10 times less wood, reduces the work load and improves the quality of the product.
FOR THE "PROPECHE" GROUPS, PRODUCTION OF SMOKED LATES IS PLANNED
Although production is limited, it will serve as a test to see if small- scale semi-industrial production of smoked Lates is feasible. Basically, the project will cede a part of its production to the "prop'eche" groups. The Lates willbe stored in the freezer for 12 hours and then cut into slices.
The slices will be smoked in the Altona oven and in the ovens designed by B. Raugel (FAO Project technologist at Kinshasa) which are described in Part C. The Altona is a metal oven with a smoking capacity of 70 kg/day. It produces high quality processed fish. Its disadvantage is its relatively high price.
The oven designed by Mr. Raugel has a smaller processing capacity but it costs almost nothing. It also produces a high quality product. The finished 45
product will be vacuum-packed in plastic bags and sent by freezer-truck to Bunia, and from Bunia by air to Kinshasa.
The advantages of this system are the reduction of costs and of volume to be transported. Based on the results obtained, a second phase of this activity could be undertaken. The large quantities of Lates already produced by the small-scale fisheries (2,600 t) and the expected success of the semi- industrial fleet promise to make further development of this Lake Mobutu product possible.
C. IMPROVED SMOKING OVEN WITH TUNNEL (by M.B. Raugel) (see drawing page 48)
The smoking oven consists of 4 walls of "poto poto", latente or parpen stone/bricks. There is a tunnel (chimney pipe) on one side of the oven, ending in a larger area which is the firebox. The tunnel is turned towards the prevailing wind,and a second tunnel can be installed for use if the prevailing wind direction should change during the year.
The upper part of the smoker is covered with a moveable roof of corrugated iron attached to two brackets (chimneys). The upper part of the roof brace (support) is slightly inclined to allow rain water to run off.
Inside the smoker there are three moveable racks resting on four rods of reinforced iron which cross the width of the oven. The racks consist of a wooden frame to which a reinforced mesh screening strengthened by three concrete rods is attached.
At the bottom of the oven there is a pocket made of screening and attached to two concrete rods. This pocket is used to store fish not yet completely smoked freeing the racks for the next load of fish.
This type of "coté sur le plat" smoking oven can smoke 45 kg of fish every 12 hrs, (depending on the intensity of the fire), using about 30 to 40% less wood than other models. The product is smoke-dried at low temperature with less breakage. 46
0,25 m FIRE PIT
1m 0,40 m 1,50 m
1,90 ni 13OTTOM: VIEW
MOVABLE RACKS ROOF
'6! 1,10 in
POCKET FOR STORAGE 0,20 m
SIDE VIEW
FRONTVIEW
IMPROVED OVEN WITH A TUNNEL B. Raugel 47
Appendix 2-D: Proposals for a Second Phase of the Lake Mobutu Project
The mission's report emphasizes that the most serious constraint to the development of Lake Mobutu fisheries is the appalling condition of the road which links Kasenyi to Buni (55 km). In the absence of a passable road the fisheries are virtually isolated. We would inform the government and backers interested in improving the country's transportation (road network) system that yield at Lake Mobutu is high (13,000 t). If it could marketed fresh, its commercial value could be doubled.
The potential socio-economic benefits are important. The number of people who earn their living directly or indirectly (production and marketing) from lake fisheries is estimated at 100,000. If the road was repaired, a second phase of the project could follow, based on fresh fish marketing (ice machine, cold storage, refrigerated trucks) and on the creation of infrastructure essential to a fishery (gas pumps and tanks/reservoirs).
If the semi-industrial processing of Lates becomes a reality,this second phase of the project may serve as a test of whether the abundant quantities of Lates caught in the lake can form the basis of a permanent industry providing many new jobs. 48
APPENDIX 3
Project Document N° 3
PROJECT TITLE
Regional study project of the fishery resources of Lakes Idi Amin and Mobutu Sese Seko.
LENGTH OF PROJECT: 5 years
HEADQUARTERS
The project's main stations will be at Kasenyi for Lake Mobutu and at a site in Uganda still to be chosen for Lake Idi Amin. Support stations will be Vitshumbi for Lake Idi Amin (Zaire) and a site still to be chosen in Uganda.
OBJECTIVES
Dl. Development objectives
management of Lake Mobutu and Lake Idi Amin resources;
to guarantee the continuation (durability, survival) of these resources; and
to achieve anincrease in national fishery research capabilities.
D2. Immediate objectives
to establish a program of researchon lake fishery resources; to establish an analytical program of surveillance (follow up), managerial and control based on the results of the resource study;
to train staff members competent in these areas; and
to achieve optimal exploitation of Lake resources.
E. JUSTIFICATION OF THE REGIONAL PROJECT
It is believed that the fishery resources of Lake Idi Amin are already being exploited at maximum level and that a danger of overexploitation of stocks exists.
Although overexploitation has not yet been observed on Lake Mobutu, fisheries there are expanding rapidly, creating an urgent need for precise 49
data on potential yield. The difference between the maximum (21,000 t/year) and the maximum (33,000 t/year) estimates is so great that this data is inadequate as a basis for a rational program of resource management. A scientific research project would be of great value to both lakes. The results would provide guidelines for future decisions concerning the development and organization of fishing activities.
F. STRATEGY AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
A project whose objective is to define water conditions as well as evaluate fish stocks and their movements cannot confine its activities to one part of the lake only. This study must be extended to both lakes in their entirety including their tributaries and shores.
Consequently, scientific research must be conducted in close collaboration with regional agencies. There must be permanent contact and teamwork collaboration as a group among all the institutions involved in this study.
For Lake Idi Amin, the institutions are the following
Zaire: the Department of Land, Environment and Nature Conservation (DAFECN), the Zairian Institute for the Conservation of Nature (IZCN) and the Fisheries Service (SENADEP); and
Uganda: Uganda Institute of Ecology (UIE), Uganda National Parks (UNP), Queen Elizabeth National Park Authorities (QUEENP), Uganda Fisheries Department of the Ministry of Animal Resources (UFD), Uganda Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization (UFFRO).
For Lake Mobutu, the same institutions are concerned, with the exception of IZCN (Zaire) and the UNP and QUEENP (Uganda).
Periodic meetings of these national authorities for the purpose of discussing the organization and management of this study should be arranged within the framework of Regional Fisheries Project RAF/87/099.
Organizing the research outlined in this document should simply be considered a proposal; addressed to the Committee to be formed by the FAO project, for the reason that the mission is familiar with existing conditions in Zaire but not with those in Uganda.
The mission's proposals are the following:
There should be a single project covering both lakes. This would reduce costs (the research boat alone represents a heavy investment) and has the advantage of creating a homogeneous team of experts and staff accustomed to working together. At the end of the first phase, the research boat and other mobile equipment can be transported to the second lake to be studied.
It is our opinion that the project should be executed in two phases, the first at Lake Mobutu where the necessary infrastructures, offices, mechanics workshop, equipment storehouses, etc, created for the Lake Mobutu Project already exist, and the project can begin its activities immediately. The 50
infrastructures and equipment mentioned will probably be integrated with other proposed for the fishery development project (if this project is funded).
The project is expected to operate for 5 years. The first phase will last 3 years, the second, 2 years. The first six months of the first phase will be used for placing orders and fitting out the main project station at Kasenyi and the support station in Uganda. Taking the extensive area of the lake into account, research should be completed within 30 months. Six months before the end of the first phase, the equipment needed for the second phase at Lake Idi Amin should be ordered.
The Lake Idi Amin study should be completed within two years. The headquarters for this second phase of the project will be located in Uganda, and the support station will be established in Vitshumbi
Scientific research will center around the followingl:
4.1. Limnoloqv
detailed bathymetric analysis;
realization of a map of the shoreline banks;
description of seasonal changes in stratification and interior currents;
description of surface and deep currents as well as of upwellings;
analysis of the balance of nutritional elements in the aquatic mass; and
identification of zones of high productivity and description of their biota.
4.2. Study of the principal commercial species
This research will include:
analysis of the size of the principal commercial species;
identification ofthe migratory movements of the principal commercial species;
setting catch levels for the Zairian and Uganda fisheries; and
preparation of common regulations and a joint management programme for the two lakeside countries.
1 "Fishery Management Study in the Queen Elizabeth National Park" by I. Dunn; April 1989, p.17 51
G. PROJECT RESOURCES
G1. Government resources
two senior staff members, one Zairian and one Ugandan, specialists in biology, co-directors of the project;
4 intermediate-level staff members, 2 Zairian and 2 Ugandan, with degrees in biology;
other personnel to be specified when the project is defined in the context of the Regional FAO project; and
sites for the infrastructures and buildings planned for the project.
G2. External resources
Personnel and training
a biologist, specialist in fish stock evaluation and project direction. He/she should have the following profile: high level fishery expert with many years experience in inland fishery stock evaluation. He/she will manage the project, orient and supervise the work of the experts and their national counterparts, prepare the research program and provide training for national(host staff) personnel. He/she must be fluent in French and English. Duration: 5 years.
biologist, specialist in biostatistics. He/she should have the following profile: a high level limnologist with several year's experience in limnology. He/she will assist the director (specialist) to evaluate stocks and to prepare and execute the research programme. He/she will lay the foundations for a resource management programme and provide training for counterpart staff members. He/she must speak both French-and English fluently.
Consultants: The project will call upon consultants for specific problems which may arise, as needed.
Training:Four intermediate-level staff members will receive training for a two-year period at a foreigninstitute or university specializing in hydrobiology. In addition, the project will be equipped to provide on-the-job training.
Administrative support personnel
Four secretarial positions are planned for the duration of the project.
Equipment
Regarding equipment, it should be taken into account that the mission is unfamiliar with the situation existing in Uganda. It is therefore possible that actual costs may be lower than those estimated here: 52
these estimates must be revised by another study covering both sides of the lake;
the hydrobiology project is considered autonomous. However, its costs may be significantly reduced if the project for institutional strengthening (Lake Idi Amin) and fishery
development (Lake Mobutu) are executed (Project Documents 1 and 2). A program integrating all three projects might be considered;
in our calculations we have assumed that most moveable equipment would be transported for use in the second phase of the project; and
we suggest that moveable equipment be divided between the two countries at end of the project.
Durable equipment (US $)
1 Cheverton type research boat completely equipped, 100 hp diesel motor, sonar, radar, radiotelephone 400,000 4 aluminium boats (for 2 main stations and 2 secondary stations) 25,000 2 40 hp outboard motors 10,000 4 25 hp outboard motors 15,000 1 sonar 6,000 1 sonograph 5,000 1 soldering machine 2,000
2 generators (1 for main station, 1 for secondary station) 40,000
2 electric pumps (1for main station, 1 for secondary station 10,000 4 typewriters 1,300 other supplies and equipment for both offices 10,000 12 radio-telephones 6,000 6 airconditioners (4 for main station, 2 for secondary station) 4,000
2 freezers (500 litre capacity) 1 for main station, 1 for secondary station 8,000 6 scales (4 for main station, 2 for secondary station) 5,000 1 hydraulic winch 10,000 2 vehicles 4x4 (pick-ups) and spare parts 50,000 2 Renault4 type vehicles and spare parts 30,000 meteorology equipment 3,000 3 computers (2 for main station, 1 for secondary station) 5,000
equipment for limnological analysis (1 main station, 1 secondary station) 8,000
laboratory equipment (1 main station, 1 secondary station) 8,000 fishing equipment 20,000 furnishings/equipment for 5 lodgings 50,000 equipment for mechanical workshop and for minor boat repairs 30,000 53
Infrastructures (US $)
4 offices, dimension: 400 m2 at US $ 100 per m2 40,000 10 lodgings (4 headquarters X 2 headquarters; and 1at each of 2 stations) 1,000 m2 at US $ 100 per m2 100,000 2 fuel stations with 20,000 litre reservoirs headquarters 40,000 2 fuel stations with 10,000 litre reservoirs (stations) 25,000 2 equipment storehouses (headquarters) 200 m2 at US $ 80 per m2 16,000 2 equipment storehouses (stations) 140 m2 at US $ 80 per m2 11,000 2 mechanical workshops (1 per headquarters) 160 m2 atUS $ 80 per m2 13,000 consumable inputs: fuel, oil, gasoline 370,000 Total 1990BUDGET FOR INTERNATIONAL CONTRIBUTION (in 1991 1992 US $) 1993 1994 tionStockPersonnel expert evalua- M/H US $ M/H US $ M/H US $ M/H US $ M/H US $ M/H US $ Biostatistics 60 448 350 12 89 670 12 89 670 12 89 670 12 89 670 12 Consultantsexpert 60 8 448 350 12 89 670 12 3 89 670 12 1 89 670 12 89 670 12 1 89 670 OfficialSUB-TOTAL travel 992 700 96 000 179 340 215 340 36 000 191 340 12 000 3 215 340 36 000 191 3408912 670 000 .... ConsumablesupportAdministrative inputs 114 000 34 000 20 000 25 000 22 000 25 000 22 000 InfrastructuresDurable equipment 245767370 000300 4460 000 667122 300 0001050 000 6 000 80 00015 00087 006000 80 00030 0007 000 123100 80000 00015 0007 000 80 000 7 000 MiscellaneousSUB-TOTAL(10% of total) 1 634 300 875 300 135 000 147 000 8 000 360 000 10 000 117 000 8 000 GRAND TOTAL 2 887 000 260 000 1 100 000154 640 380 34030 000 358 34020 000 675100 000340 318 340 10 000 55
APPENDIX 4
List of persons interviewed
Sabuni Kasereka: Director of Fisheries, Zaire (SENADEP).
Konaré: Principal technical adviser of the Project ZAI/88/022.
Raugel: Expert/technologist at the Project ZAI/88/022.
M.P. Biabatantou: FAO Representative in Burundi.
D. Gréboval: Coordinator FAO Regional Project, Bujumbura.
Kirahamu Isengoma: Director, COPEVI.
Kabengele Kabamba: Supervisor/ECN-Rutshuru.
Koskulu Kanduki Zamky: Assistant in charge of administration and Finance, COPE VI
Doctor Bete: Director of fishery project at Kasenyi-Tchoova (Lake Mobutu).
Abio Akati na Malekani Waya: Commissaire for zone of Bunia.
Citizen Kahwa Muzora: President of the "propêche" at Irumu.
G. Vlaenderenen: CTP of the FAO Livestock Project, Goma.
Lobo Ndjalo Mbonga: President of fishermen of Kasenyi (Lake Mobutu). 56
APPENDIX 5
Itinerary
Arrival Departure
Rome 15/11/89 18/11/89
Kinshasa 19/11 21/11
Bujumbura 21/11 25/11
Kigali 25/11 26/11
Goma 26/11 29/11
Vitshumbi 29/11 30/11
Lubero 30/11 1/12
Bunia 1/12 2/12
Kasenyi 2/12 5/12
Lubero 5/12 6/12
Butare 7/12 8/12
Bujumbura 8/12 10/12
Kinshasa 10/12 15/12
Rome 15/12 57
APPENDIX 6
Bibliography
Dunn, I. Fisheries management study in the Queen Elizabeth National 1989 Park. FED, Brussels.
Hulot, A. Apergu sur la question de la pêche industrielle aux lacs Kivu, 1956 Edouard et Albert. Bulletin agricole du congo Belge, 47 (4):68p.
Proude, P.D., Développement et aménagement des pêches du lac Mobutu Sese 1984 Seko. FAO, Rome.
Plan Directeur des pêches au Zaire. FAO, Rome. 1986.
Vakily, J.M., Etude du potential halieutique du lac Idi Amin. FED, 1989 Bruxelles.
Woitellier E., Evaluation du Projet "lac Mobutu". FAC., France. 58
LIST OF IFIP REPORTS - LISTE DES RAPPORTS PPEC
I. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS / DOCUMENTS TECHNIOUES
Gréboval D., A. Bonzon, M. Giudicelli and E. Chondoma, Baseline Survey Report 1989 (1987) on inland fisheries planning, development and management in Eastern/Central/Southern Africa. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/01/89 (En): 104p.
Gréboval D., A. Bonzon, M. Giudicelli and E. Chondoma, Rapport sur l'étude de 1989 base (1987) sur la planification, le développement et l'aménagement des pêches continentales en Afrique Orientale/ Centrale/Australe. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Pêches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/01/89 (Fr): 110p.
Gréboval D., and B. Horemans (eds), Selected Papers presented at the SADCC/FAO 1989 Training Workshop on Fisheries Planning, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 15-24 Novembre 1988. UNDP/FAO Regional Project forInland Fisheries Planning (IFIP). RAF/87/099-TD/02/89 (En): 138p.
Horemans B , et Maes M. (éds), Rapport de la consultation technique sur les 1989 lacs Cohoha et Rweru partag6s entre le Burundi et le Rwanda (Bujumbura, 13 et 14 Décembte 1989). Projet Regional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Pêches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099- TD/03/89 (Fr): 94p.
Gréboval D., Management of the New Fisheries of Lake Victoria: Major socio- 1989 economic issues. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/04/89 (En): 25p.
Gréboval D. (ed), Principles of fisheries management and legislation of 1990 relevance to the Great Lakes of East Africa: Introduction and case studies. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/05/90 (En): 41p.
Gréboval D. (éd), Principes d'aménagement et de legislation des pêcheries des 1990 grands lacs de l'Afrique de l'Est: Introduction et etudes de cas. Projet RegionalPNUD/FAOpour la PlanificationdesPêches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/05/90 (Fr): en preparation.
Bean C.E.,Introductory guide to the economics of fisheries management. 1990 UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/06/90 (En): in preparation.
Report of the IFIP/SWIOP Workshop on Economic Aspects of Fisheries Development 1990 and Management. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries
Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/07/90 (En): 22p .
Cbrsi F., Evaluation des pêcheries zairoises des lacs Idi Amin/Edouard et 1990 Mobutu Sese Seko. Projet Regional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Péches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/08/90 (Fr): 64p. 59
Corsi F., Evaluation of the Zairian Fisheries of Lakes Edward and Mobutu. 1990 UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/08/90 (En): 60p.
Rapport de la première réunion du Comité consultatif du projet régional pour 1990 laplanification des pêchescontinentales. ProjetRégional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Pêches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/09/90 (Fr): 24p.
Report of the First Meeting of the Advisory Committee of the Regional Project 1990 for Inland Fisheries Planning. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/09/90 (En): 22p.
Report of the Symposium on Socio-economic aspects of Lake Victoria Fisheries. 1990 A Symposium organized by the IFIP Project under the framework of the CIFA Sub-comittee for Lake Victoria, 24-27 April, Kisumu, Kenya, UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/10/90 (En): 24p.
Maes M., Report on the Technical Consultation on Lake Mweru shared by Zaire 1990 and Zambia, 08-10 August, Lusaka, Zambia, UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/11/90 (En): 44p.
Maes M., Rapport de la Consultation technique sur le lac Mweru partagé par le 1990 Zaire et la Zambie, 08-10.août, Lusaka, Zambie, Projet Régional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Pêches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/12/90 (Fr): 45p.
Papers presented at the IFIP/SWIOP Workshop on Economic Aspects of Fisheries 1990 Development and Management. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/12/90 (En): 122p.
Case studies presented at the IFIP/SWIOP Workshop on Economic Aspects of 1990 Fisheries Development and Management. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/13/90 (En): 115p.
Report of the Workshop on Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems for 1990 Lake Victoria, 26-29 June 1990, Kampala, Uganda, UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/14/90 (En): in preparation
Rapport de la consultation Technique sur l'aménagement des pêcheries des lacs 1990 Edouard et Mobutu, 17-21 septembre 1990, Kampala, Ouganda, Projet Régional PNUD/FAO pour la Planification des Pêches Continentales (PPEC). RAF/87/099-TD/15/90 (Fr): 30p.
Report of Technical Consultation on Management of the Fisheries of Lakes 1990 Edward and Mobutu, 17-21 September 1990, Kampala, Uganda, UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099- TD/15/90 (En): in preparation 60
Report of the National Workshop on Fishery Statistics and Information Systems, 1990 22-26 October 1990,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-TD/16/90 (En): 33p.
II. WORKING PAPERS / DOCUMENTS DE TRAVAIL
Bean C.E., Selected abstracts of basic references and current literature in 1989 fisheries economics. UNDP/FAORegional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/01/89 (En): 51p.
Ssentongo G. W., Fish and fisheries of shared lakes of Eastern/Central/ 1989 Southern Africa. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/02/89 (En): 19p.
Nfamara J.D., Recent observations on the fisheries of lake Tanganyika. UNDP/ 1990 FAO Regional Project forInland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/03/90 (En): 16p.
Horemans B., Socio-economic surveys of the artisanal fisheries on Lake Malawi: 1990 a case study. UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/04/90 (En): in preparation.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Socio-economic aspects of Lake Victoria
1990 Fisheries. Volume 1 (unedited papers 1-6).UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/05/90 (En): in preparation.
Nfamara J.D., Improved method for smoking fish in the Kigoma region of Lake 1990 Tanganyika, Tanzania. UNDP/FAORegionalProject for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/06/90 (En): 23p.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Socio-economic aspects of Lake Victoria 1990 Fisheries. Volume 2(unedited papers 7-11). UNDP/FAO Regional Project for Inland Fisheries Planning (IFIP), RAF/87/099-WP/07/90 (En): in preparation.