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MARSHALING CITIZEN POWER . TO .. MODERNIZE . ,
',. : \,I ! t! 'I: . THE PRESIDENTIAL CALL FOR ACTION TO MODERNIZE CORRECTIONS
"At long last, this nation is coming to realize that the process of justice can,lot end with the slam ming shut of prison gates. "Ninety-eight out of every hundred criminals who are sent to prison come back out into society. t' That means that American concerned with every l stopping crime must ask this question: Are we " doing all we can to make certain that many more I men and women who come out of prison will become law abiding citizens? "The answer to that question today, after centuries r of neglect, is no. We have made important strides in the past two years, but let us not deceive our I selves: Our prisons are still colleges of crime, and not what they should be-the beginning of a way f back to a productive life within the law. "To turn back the wave of crime, we must have more effective police work, and we must have I court reform to ensure trials that are speedy and I fair. But let us also remember that the protection of society depends largely on the correction of the crimiral." President Richard M. Nixon First National Conference nn Corrections December 6, 1971
Order from: Chamber of Commerce of the United States 1615 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006
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Make chec~s payable to Chamber of Commerce of the United States Library of '::ongres$ Ca'rd alta log Number 79·190493 Copyright C> 1972 by Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America FOREWORD
Of the three components of the criminal justicE:! system (police, courts and corrections), corrections is perhaps the most critical. Yet it is often the least vis ible and least understood part of the system. Among other things, corrections involves detention, proba tion, prisons, jails, juvenile centers, and parole pro grams for adults and juveniles, both male and female. The correctional process is a massive operation, re ceiving more than 2.5 million new offenders a year at a cost of more than $1 billion dollars. It is burdened with a performance record which would plunge any business into bankruptcy. Corrections today is plagued by an overlapping of jurisdictions, contradicting philosophies, and a hodge-podge of organizational structures. It has grown piecemeal-sometimes out of experience, sometimes out of necessity. Lacking consistent guide lines and the means to test program effectiveness, legislators continue to pass laws, officials make poli cies, and both cause large sums of money to be spent on ineffective corrective methods. As is ~rue with many problems that face our nation today, businessmen can playa significant role in up grading the correctional system. This role includes counseling, employment of ex-offenders, supporting the changes that are needed in the correctional sys tem, and leadership in gaining the support of other citizens for these vital programs. Some of the success ful programs involving these and other areas are out lined on the following pages. Marshaling Citizen Power to Modernize Correc tions is the most recent in a series of National Cham ber publications designed to stimulate business and other citizen action to improve the components of our criminal justice system. It is intended not only to inform, but to show what we can all do to facilitate correctional programs that really correct. In developing this publication, the National Cham ber received the excellent cooperation of the Ameri can Correctional Association.
Arch N. Booth Executive Vice President Chamber of Commerce of the United States TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRESIDENTIAL CAll TO ACTION FOREWORD CORRECTIONS TODAY: AN OVERViEW...... 1 Legacy of Neglect...... 2 Juvenile Offenders ...... , ...... 2 Probation and Parole-Unfulfilled Promises.. 2 The Jail Mess ...... 3 Correctional Planning: By Guess and By Golly 4 Correctional Personnel: Manpower Development and Training Problems...... 4 Contradictory Goals and Public Uncertainty.. 5 COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS: A CHEAPER AND MORE HUMANE APPROACH 5 Community Corrections Reduce the Need for Expensive Facilities...... 7 Community Corrections is More Humane. . .. 8 Examples of Successful Community-Based Correctional Programs ...... 9 I The Saginaw Project...... 9 !I The California Probation Subsidy Program. .. 9 (I The Sacramento and Stockton Community Treatment Project ...... 10 Pre-trial Intervention ...... 11 EX-OFFENDERS AND EMPLOYMENT: THE HIGH COST OF THE REVOLVING DOOR .. 13 Bars to Employment ...... 13 Bonding Assistance Program ...... 14 HOW THE PUBLIC CAN HElP OR HINDER .... 15 BUSINESS lEADERSHIP ESSENTIAL ...... 16 Training and Employment ...... 16 Advice and Guidance in Employee- Management Relations ...... , ...... 17 Developing Positive Public Attitudes ...... 17 IN CONCLUSION ...... 19 Panel on Crime Prevention and Control ..... 20 References ...... 22 CORRECTIONS TODAY: AN OVERVIEW
Although the nation has neglected its criminal jus tice system as a whole, there is growing evidence of a new interest on the part of the public to improve the entire system, especially corrections. For example, the Congress has begun to allocate additional monies for corrections through the law Enforcement Assist ance Administration of the Department of Justice. The President has indicated a direct interest in the improvement of corrections and demonstrated this interest by convening the recent National Correction al Conference in Williamsb~rg, Virginia. Attorney General John Mitchell announced at that correctional conference that a federal program is being initiated to assist state and local governments in modernizing their correctional systems. The program calls for a National Corrections Academy to train federal, 'state and local corrections personnel, a National Clearing house for Criminal Justice Architecture ,lnd Design, and a National Clearinghouse for Correctional Edu cation. The Attorney General, Secretary of labor, and Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare recently communicated with the 50 governors, emphasizing that the highest priority be placed on the importance of correctional reform and the key role to be played by the individual states. All these efforts indicate that we can look forward to a better correctional system in the future. How ever, we must realize that much more needs to be done now for the following reasons:
1\1 Beyond any rational dispute, the Nation's correc tional system is ineffective. It In reality it is a "non-system"-a potpourri of fa cilities and programs which handles about 1.3 mil lion offenders on an average day. til Correctional operations are administratively frag mented among federal, state, county and local governments . .. By any standard, correctional facilities, programs and personnel are badly overburdened.
1 I \ i !, I..of)~my{;)f NO~lloct 111.lin Oil Hood lwhnviol' .HId thtilllO hu piil(;(!d unclor 11'I Cfll'rN tlUIl,)1 impmv(lnWl)l l,jlO! t~ Mil mirt'd in two 'i}lllrjal ~uJlnrvii.ion. Such II IWI'~()n Is Htlld to bo on I. "prob.lti()J)", II ~{1ntllrl\~~ of I1(lRI(I{ t and, too Oft{ll1, IMP Opt'll 11m" .I Illily by tilt' pl\bliv ilnd k'Kihl,\t(H~, A Iwrwn who hIlS ~nrv(1(1 p ..lI'l of \\ g\w'll s<.'ntolH.:c i ()vNI\l,\(!t,c!, ,I"Uqll,II('d, lIndl'rfund('d CtJl'I('lt\on,I\ in pri~tm m.w tlt' 1'{'\t',M'd IIn(/('I' ('ml,lin conditions, .1 .\ II)slltul.llln', IMY!' ([(',\It'd probh'llls of )WM d(l~ip(ll\)' ilHllidinH h)wd,ll SII)wl'vlHI()I1, Such .l)wrSOIl j,o; Il)f'))wd i 11011 I'm tll(, ,\dlllil1bll',\tor~ ,\lid IWf!iOlllwl who m.Hl 10 1)('011 "p,\I'olol/. llwm. rlw dl'HI'('(' of llli!. d~'~p'(lI\\lilll' h,lS bt'('11 inl('I)" I /toll!{h tlw (,(fncliVt'm'~h of IHolwl'iy impi!,'l1wnt('1 :! ,I( It)'.... .,tr,ll{'d many timw" liH'lr full COKlIlw)wfil pOI(mll 4 5 or near it where his ties with family and friends can signed to ease the transition from total confine be used to advantage in his rehabilitation. ment to freedom by involving people from the There are many types of community and transi community who come to the prison to provide in tional release programs that have demonstrated value formation in areas of vital interest to the inmate who is about to be released. Subjects covered in in rehabilitating the offender and reducing the social clude such topics as employment, finances, family costs of recidivism. Among these are: life, community services and legal resources.* Pre-trial intervention-a program designed to pro Parole-a procedure by which prisoners are se vide a rapid rehabilitation response for young lected for release and a service by which they are first-offenders following arrest, but prior to trial, provided with the controls, assistance, and guid conviction and sentencing. The court suspends ance they need as they serve the remainder of their prosecution for a 90-day period and places young sentences within the free community. offenders into a program of counseling, training, and employment assistance. Successful participa The report of the President's Task Force on Prisoner tion results in dismissal of charges and thus avoids Rehabilitation concluded that "perhaps the greatest the stigma of a criminal record. obstacle to improvement in the correctional system always has been the tendency of much of the public Probation - il court action which permits the convicted offender to retain his freedom in the to regard it and treat it as a rug under which to sweep community, subject to court control and the super difficult and disagreeable people and problems ... vision and guidance of a probation officer. Proba after all, the overwhelming majority of offenders do tion sustains the offender's ability to continue not stay under the correctional rug .... As a matter working and to protect his family's welfare, while of fact, the two-thirds of the correctional popUlation avoiding the stigma and possible damaging effects ... on probation or parole are in the community of imprisonment. right now .... 'Community based corrections' is no Halfway houses-small, homelike residential facil· visionary slogan, but a hard contemporary fact." ities located in the community for offenders who With increasing funding available-about a quar need more control than probation or other types ter of a billion dollars for Hscal 1972-the Law En of community supervision can provide. Halfway forcement Assistance Administration has set a num houses are used also for gradual readjustment to ber of goals for its expanded corrections program. community life for those who have come out of They include: Community-based programs, with institutions. Half-way house programs usually offer supervised living, counseling services, and draw emphasis on youthful ofMnders; improvement of upon the community for education, training, jobs probation and parole; marshaling resources of the and recreation to aid in the rehabilitation process.* private sector; expanded use of halfway houses; replacement of outmoded jails with regional cor Work-release-under thiG alternative, the offender rections facilities; new training centers for correc is confined in an institution only at night or on weekends, but is permitted to pursue his 'normal tions personnel i more effective research. life the remainder of the time. Such a program Community Corrections Reduce the makes possible a greater degree of control than is Need for Expensive Facilities possible under probation or other types of com The shift to community-based corrections will even munity supervision, but avoids total disruption of tually reduce the need for maximum security institu family life and employment. tions. Experts agree that only 20-30% of present in Pre-release Centers-supervised programs de- mates represent a danger to society and must be securely confined. If the remaining 70% can be re 'A comprehenslvc directory of half-way house facilities operated habilitated in less restrictive local institutions, or undcr the au,pices of various public and private agencies, both in _~~~er supervision in the community, few facilities the United .States and abroad, is compiled annually by the Inter national Halfway House Association, 2316 Auburncrest, Cincinnati, 'A good example of a pre-release center program is that operated Ohio 45219. by {he Texas Department of Corrections, Huntsville, Texas. 6 7 will be needed for those considered dangerous and tions were transferred to probation along with their least responsive to correctional treatment. share of the correctional budget, they could be The cost of keeping an adult offender in a state placed in caseloads of 10 or less. This would provide institution is about six (6) times as great as that to the opportunity for more individual attention and keep him under parole supervision, and fourteen (14) enhance chances for probation to succeed. Under times as great as that required to supervise him on present circumstances, however, judges face the di probation. Based on current per capita cost, it is esti lemma of having to choose between the worst of two mated that it takes $11,000 a year to keep a married worlds; whether to utilize already overburdened man in prison. This figure includes the inmate's loss probation services, or whether to commit the offend of earnings, the cost to taxpayers if his family has to er to an institution which is ill-equipped to rehabili go on relief, and the loss of taxes he would pay. Com tate at all. pare this to the national average cost of 38 cents and 88 cents per day for probation .and parole super Examples of Successful Community-Based Correctional Programs vision respectively, or an average of less than $365 The Saginaw Project, the C'llifornia Probation Sub a year, as reported by the President's Commission sidy Program, the Sacramento and Stockton Commu on Law Enforcement and the' Administration of nity Treatment Project, and the Pre-trial Intervention Justice. Program have demonstl'ated that community correc In its 1967 Task ,corce Report: Corrections, the tions is a more effective way to use public funds than Commission projected that construction of institu imprisonment. tions planned for completion by 1975 would cost more than a billion dollars, with construction esti The Saginaw Project mated conservatively at $10,000 per bed. More recent A three-year experiment conducted between 1957 data gathered by the Law Enforcement Assistance and 1960 in Michigan's Saginaw County illustrates Administration indicate that institutional building the benefits which can accrue from a well-planned costs currently average $15,000 to $20,000 per bed. and adequately funded community corrections pro When completed, the cost of the new space, based gram. In this experiment, probation was the method on 1969 estimates, would add over $200 million of correction used. Probation staffs and facilities annually to the operating cost of the institutions. This were strengthened to provide an adequate level of amount would be considerably increased in the light services through small caseloads and intensive super of current costs. vision. The proportion of convicted felons (those Community Corrections Is More Humane convicted of a major offense) put on probation was Experience has shown that, as opposed to isolation raised from 59.5% to 67.1 %. As a result of this type and punishment, community-based corrections of intensive and highly individualized treatment, the which permits a person to live ih his own community proportion of probation failures experienced a de and maintain normal social relationships, while pro cline from 32.2% during the three prior years, to viding control, guidance, and access to rehabilitative 17.4% during the three experimental years. Estimated resources and services, is a more efficient, economic, savings to taxpayers over the period was'almost half a and more humane approach to the treatment of the million dollars, because of reductions in costs of in , offender. A considerable and impressive body of evi stitutional care, costs of welfare for prisoners' fam dence has been accumulated indicating that correc ilies and parole expenditures. tions in the community is more effective in reducing :~ The California Probation Subsidy Program recidivism than severe forms of punishment. } The California subsidy program proVides an out Because the community-oriented approach is al standing example of how corrections can be made most always more economical, it enjoys a substantial less costly and more effective. Under this program, cost/benefit advantage. Experience has revealed that California gives a grant to a county for every convict if one-third of the offenders currently held in institu- ed offender who, by being placed in a community- 8 9 based correctional program, helps to reduce the resulted from budgetary squeezes. The state was average number of people from that county who looking for alternatives to building more and more were formerly placed in state prisons. institutions for growing numbers of juveniles com . For example, if a coullty that, over the years, aver mitted to its Youth Authority, which runs correctional aged 25 inmates in state prisons for every 100,000 facilities for serious offenders up to age 21. population cuts this down to 15 by using community All thOSE: involved in the experiment were con based programs, it can receive up to $4,000 for each firmed delinquents with histories of car theft, grand of the 10 offenders nnt sent to state institutions, or a larceny, burglary and robbery. All had served terms maximum of $40,000. These funds are to be used to in county institutions for their offenses. improve the local services. The $4,000 state payment Some 56% of those committed to the Youth Au to counties reduces workloads and helps those who thority were deemed suitable for the experiment. are alre.:dy under local supervision, as well as those Youths were assigned on a random basis either to an for whom the money was received. Experience during experimental or control group. Those in the experi the first two years of this program demonstrated that mental group were returned to the community and improved probation services can be given to five or received intensive counseling and supervision under six persons at the local level for each individual grant. specially trained parole agents in caseloads of ten to During the first two years, 3,814 offenders were twelve. Youths in the control group were assigned to supervised 10caPy who might otherwise have entered California's regular institutional treatment program, California's state institutions. This represents a gross and then paroled under the usual parole program. savings of $15.2 million for the state, and a net of As is the case in most experiments in community $9.8 million after subsidy payments to the counties. based corrections, offenders with a record of serious This program has resulted in the indefinite postpone ly assaultive behavior or with attributes that would ment of scheduled construction of several state in cause strong objections by the community were not stitutions. in the experiment. The $9.8 million in state savings does not indicate After the first two years of the experin"'\~;-,(, studies a shift in state institutional costs to the county or city showed that 41 % of the experiment:,; group had their facilities. As has been earlier indicated, costs for pro paroles revoked, as opposed to 61 % of the control bation type programs are considerably less than for group. imprisonment in a state institution. The rate of local The savings in public money for the intensive pa incarceration has also slowed significantly, which has role program is certainly substantial. The cost of the further reduced costs. project per youth is less than half the average cost Most people on probation under this program of putting an offender in an institution. Moreover, have responded positively to supervision and have the program is now now handling a group larger than not violated the rules of probation or committed the population of one of the new juvenile institu other crimes. This finding supports the contention tions. Some $6 to $8 million, therefore, does not have that good probation practices can reduce commit to be spent for a building to house these offenders. ments to state institutions, while offering substantial At the same time, the program offers much more ly increased protection to citizens through improved effective protection to the public than the traditional supervision of probationers. method, because fewer youths commit additional Sacramento, d Stocldon Community crimes. Treatment Project Pre-trial Intervention Another experiment in community-based corrections Another low-cost high-yield program recently de conducted in California has yielded noteworthy re veloped is that of pre-trial intervention, which was :lults. This experiment involves a parole plan with designed primarily through the leadership of the intensive community treatment for the individuals Manpower Administration, U.S. Department of La- involved. Part of the motivation for the experiment 10 11 I~~~C~'_'~'~------______ bar, to help break up the backlog in court processing EX-OFFENDERS AND EMPLOYMENT: and to offer the court yet another alternative to THE HIGH COST OF THE REVOLVING imprisonment. DOOR The pre-trial program explores methods of divert ing young first-offenders (rom prosecution and im· Most authorities agree that the lack of meaningful prisonment. Following successful experiments with employment opporllloili('s 1m bOeln il major contrib· two demonstration programs, it is now being le5led uting c;ause [0 Ihe rising crime rate ilod tho high mtn in Atlanta, Boston, Cleveland, Minneapolis, San An of recidivi~m, 1 12 13 1 J minor offenses) being denied a taxi driver's license, theft or acts of dishonesty. The Department of Labor and of a federal cOUrt upholding a city's refusal to provided bonding assistance to more than 3,400 per hire an ex-convict as a tree trimmer. sons, most of whom were ex-offenders. Included Employer altitudes toward ex-offenders remain the were inmates released after completing skill training most difricult to counter because they are not written programs conducted in correctional institutions un in any formal guidelines, such as those found in der the Manpower Development and Training Act. iJonding, union or license requirements.* Since em Less than 2% have defaulted over a 5-year period, ployment opportunitie~ for the rehabilitated offender and a state official administering this program de are an effective tool in the national effort to prevent clared that nationwide statistics regarding the pro crime, policies governing company employment grams' loss experience indicate that the average practices should be reviewed :tnd revised to encour ex-offender is a better risk than some company em age the hiring of such offenders, especially when ployees. This program has motivated many employ they are qualified by education and training for the ers to review their normal reqUirements for subse jobs available. For example, employers may want to quent hiring, and in some cases drop the bonding consider eliminating qUE':>tions regarding prior crimi requirement. nal records (particularly arrest records as contrasted The program has been so successful that bonding to conviction records) from job applicatiolls. assistance is now available to all institutions where If, upon examining this aspect of the job applica skill training under the Manpower Development and tion, company policy dictates that such questions are Training Act is provided. In 1971, the experimental necessary, confidentiality of the information should effort was expanded nationwide on a pilot basis. be assured in all cases, and the applicant should be Through more than 2,200 local public employment informed that such information does not mean he service offices, special assistance is given to ex will not be considered for the job if he is otherwise offenders and others who apply and who can dem qualified. Probation and parole officers can be ex onstrate that they are barred from a specific job offer trE:mely helpful in discussing the background and solely because of the inability to secure a commercial overall adjustment needs of the ex-offender with the bond. prospective employer. Maximum benefit from the work experiellce can be derived for both the em ployer and the employee when these things are taken HOW THE PUBLIC CAN HELP in to consideration. OR HINDER Chief Justice Warren Burger, speaking befu~c the Bonding Assistance Program National Conference on Corrections, stated: " ... it The experimental Bonding Assistance Program, ad is my deep conviction that when society places a ministered by the U.S. Department of Labor, has done person behind walls, we assume a collective moral much to open new doors for employment and has responsibility to try to change and help that person. also documented the low risk to busines~ in hiring ex-offenders. The law will define legal duties but I confess I have more faith in what a moral commitment of the Amer In this project, fidelity bonds were posted in order ican people can accomplish than I have in what can to protect the prospective employer from loss due to be done by the compulsion of judicial decrees." 'The American Bar Association's Commission on Correctional Facil Concerned citizens can do much to promote and Ities and Services has established a national clearinghouse and edu cational program focusing on disseminating information regarding support correctional programs that really correct. On unreasonable employment restrictions which impair the ability of the other hand, public uncertainty and lack of con the rehabilitated offend~r to obtain suitable job opportunities and measurps tllat have been taken to remove these obstacles. This proj sensus on what constitutes an effective approach will ect. conducted under contract with the Manpower Administration. U.S. Department of Labor. will ultimately attempt to use the re result in weak and inconsistent legislative support for sources and Influence of the legal community to overcome legal correctional programs. Citizen opposition through ,lnd licensing restrictions that discriminate against the ex-offender. lack of understanding can also block implementation 14 15 of desirable programs even with strong legislative teres ted tine! involved in exploring the possibility of backing. sponsoring a "Safer Communities" projeCt. The proj Almost all studies and experts agree on the changes net draws upon existing progrums, such as the Na ! needed: more in-community facilities like halfway tional Alliance of Businessmen and the Jobs in the houses; more ucademic and vocational training in Business Seclor (JOI3S) program. PROJECT TRANSI~ I institutions; more work-release programs whereby T10N representatives, in cooperation with a number 1 local business and industry coOperal(1 by providing of Chamber of Commerce committees, approached job opportunities and follow-up counseling services; 1I business lenders with the idea of employing ex t more separation of offenders not only by type of offenders under established contractual (mange I' offenses but by amenability to rehabilitation; and men IS of the JOBS progrtlm. The proposal has been more pooling of state and local facilities. received with interest and encouragement. Several 1 An informed and active citizenry can do much to contracts have been entered into between PROJECT ! bring these about. TRANSITIONund JOBS [o,hire and train ex-offenders. I In another dimension to the cooperative efforts i BUSINESS LEADERSHIP ESSENTIAL between the South Carolina Department of Correc I, training and Employment tions and t.he Chamber activities, the State Jaycees The importance of employment in the rehabilitation are assisting with the department's job development process puts a tremendous responsibility-and op~ programs by surveying local job markets in many i portunity-in the laps of the business community. cities in the state on a monthly basis for the best Businessmen should take the initiative in opening opportunities available (or placing ex-offenders. doors to jobs for ex-offenders by: A similar forward-looking program Involving col I laboration between the state corrections department ,. ProvidirlfL post- and pre-release employment op businessmen, and chambers of commerce has been portunities in meaningful positions; elevelopeel in [he State of IllinOiS, and is producing e Giving appropriate guidance to correctional ad excellent i<:Jsults. I ministrators regarding job trends and anticipated employment openings; Advice and Guidance in Empll'Jyee·Managemenl RelatJons t • Mobilizing bUSiness and public support for im proved industrial and vocational training programs Unions and employee associations are organizing ! in institutions; growing numbers of people who work in the field of correctior,s. Business leaders experienced in collec~ /If Providing volunteer management expertise to ad tive bargaining negoti:ltions with organized labor can 1 vise on curriculum and equipment needed for realistic training; and provide helpful guidance and direction to correc tional administrators who lack experienc..: and so • Informing the memberships of business associa "I phistication in labor negotiations anel employee tions about the manpower resOUrces available from .l correctional institutions. management relations. An outstanding example of how businessmen can Devefoping POt;itiv~ Public Attitudes assj~\t materially in reducing the chances of an ex~ Citizen groups, with leadership from the business I offender having to return to crime is PROJECTrRAN community, can become a powerful force in pro J SITlON, a program conducted by the South Carolina moting public interest il1, and support for, commu Department of Corrections. nity.based correctional programs for non-dangerous ~ In June of 1971, this project began capitalizing On offenders. I the eXlcellent organizational structure of State and An active and involved citiz.ens group can: local Chambers of Commerce, The State Chamber, • Mobilize public and legislative support for diversi together with several of the local Chambers in Co fied treatment services and alternatives to incar lumbia, Spartanburg aIJd Greenville, was actively in- ceration; 16 17 1:1 Stimulate the development of detoxification cen 2. classification of probationers in differentiated ters to divert alcoholic offenders out of the correc caseloads to meet special offender needs; tional system and into facilities with medical serv ices; 3. use of volunteers, ex-offenders, and low in come persons as probation and parole staff ., Support the establishment of halfway houses and assistants . undertake a program to educate the community to the need for these facilities; 4. redefinition of the role of the probation a~d parole officer as community organizer and • Organize volunteers to participate in tutoring pro advocate for the offender as well as a link to grams for offenders; the community service agencies which satisfy the offenders needs. " Initiate a volunteer probation aid program to pro vide troubled youth with adult guidance and assist It Support improvement and in.npvation in existing Meaningful jobs must be available to the ex-offend local correctional services. Recommendations· of er to assure his rehabilitation, or the correctional the National Institute of Law Enforcement and system will fail. Equal employment opportunities Criminal Justice, (the research and development should be extended to all citizens. branch of the Law Enforcement Assistance Admin Crime prevention and criminal rehabilitation are istration) to improve the quality of treatment and economically advantageous to the businessman who service in local jails and correctional agencies in hires un ex-offender, aS'well as to 1.'he public, which clude the following: does not have to pay the high c!,lst of building and 1. effective screening and diagnosis of inmates operating more prisons, and which benefits from a to determine medical treatment needs, and· reduction in recidivism. the -improvement of medical services to meet Business and community leaders have a responsi those needs; bility to learn about new correctional methods and to endorse and actively support correctional reform at all levels, state and Federal, as well as in their own "The National Research Centc'r of Volunteers in Courts in Boulder Colorado has given national leadership to such programs. ' community. "The American Correctional Assodation has developed a self-evalu All citizens, and particularly business leaders, ation procedure for usc by corrcelional agency pcrsonnel and is in the final stages of implementing an accreditation plan-based should work toward a correctional system that really on the Association's Manual of Correctional Standards-for institu corrects. Such an effort can only serve to help make tions and services. The voluntary accreditation program will be governed by an autonomous accrediting body and will field survey our communities safer and better places in which to teams 10 make outside objective evaluations to see if facilities meet correctional standards. live and work. 18 19 PANEL ON Lucca, Joseph Police Foundation CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL Staff Counsel Washington, D.C. Bristol-Myers Company Sharp, Dr. E. Preston 1971-72 New York, New York General Secretary Taylor, Donald (Chairman) Telegraph Company McFarlane, Harry lo The American Correctional Chairman of the Board San Francisco, California Manager of Security Association Merrill Manufacturing J. c. Penny Company, Inc. College Park, Maryland Corporation Danziger, Martin B. New York, New York Merrill, Wisconsin Administrator Snyder, George M. National Institute of Law McKeon, Thomas J. Vice President Hall, Harry R. (Vice Chairman) Enforcement & Criminal Vice President Insurance Company of President Justice International Intelligence, Inc. North America Michigan State Chamber of Law Enforcement Assistance Washington, D.C. Philadelphia, PennsylVania Commerce Administration Moran, Christopher J. , Lansing, Michigan Washington, D.C Certified Public Accountant Spellman, Warren President Atkinsoll, Milton A., Jr. A. M. Pullen & Company Dunn, William E. Greensboro, North Carolina Holiday Manor, Inc. Executive Vice President Bethpage, New York Chamber of Commerce of Executive Director The Associated General Pomerleau, Donald D. Metropolitan st. Louis Police Commissioner Tucker, Sterling St. Louis, Missouri Contractors of America Washington, D.C City of Baltimore Executive Director Austin, T. lo, Jr. Baltimore, Maryland Washington Urban League, President Hage, Olaf H., Ir. Inc. Post, Mrs. Margaret Moore Washington, D.C. Texas Power & Light Assistant Secretary Coordinator Company F. W. Woolworth Company Indianapolis Anti-Crime Van Der Meer, Paul A. Dallas, Texas New York, New York Crusade Assistant to the Administrative Barnett, Frank liarper, William H., Jr. Indianapolis, Indiana Vice President President Director of Public Affiairs Reidy, Gerald P. The Detroit Edison Company National Strategy Information The East Ohio Gas Company Director of Personnel Detroit, Michigan Center, Inc. Cleveland,. Ohio The Roosevelt Hospital New York, New York New York, New York Beta, George Hillenbrand, Bernard Panel Executive Executive Director Rogers, Jeptha Hopkins, Wayne Director Execu tive Secretary Texas Department of National Association of Senior Associat~ Counties Institute for Police Crime Prevention & Control Corrections Management Huntsville, Texas Washington, D.C Community & Regional International Association of Development Group Boe, Sue Kahn, Aaron M.. Chiefs of Police Chamber of Commerce of the Director of Consumer Managing Director Gaithersburg, Maryland United States Services Metropolitan Crime Commis- Rogavin, Charles .Washington, D.C. Pharmaceutical sion of New Orleans, Inc. President Telephone: (202) 659-6175 Manufacturers Association New Orleans, Louisiana Washington, D.C lee, Otto C. Brann, lester W., Jr. President Executive Vice President Harleysville Insurance tIIinois State Chamber of Harleysville, Pennsylvania Commerce Chicago, Illinois lilley, Ernest R., Jr. Burton, David lo President General Manager Mintmaster Inc. Media, Pennsylvania ITT SJ~curity Services Division Cleveland, Ohio love, Mahlon cahill, Thclmas J. Vice President Chief Special Agent Albuquerque National Bank The Pacific Teiephone & Albuquerque, New Mexico 20 21 REFERENCES Center: Corrections in the Community. Washington, D.C., 1969. 26 p. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. Manpower Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. Correctional Reform. Washington, D.C., 1971. 13 p. I ~ Manpower Development and Training in Correctional American Bar Association. Probation. Chicago, Illinois, Programs: MDTA Experimental and Demonstration Find February, 1970. '110 p. 1 ings No.3., 1969. 199 p. i American Correctional Association. Director}' Correctional Morrison, June. 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