Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Spotlight on Strategies and Approaches
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VOLUME 5 EDITION 9 SPRING 2012 ISSN 1756-7335 TERRORISM AND COUNTER-TERRORISM: SPOTLIGHT ON STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES volume 5 edition 9 spring 2012 arches quarterly 1 Arches Quarterly is published by Westgate House, Level 7, Westgate Road, Ealing, London W5 1YY Tel 020 8991 3372 / Fax 020 8991 3373 [email protected] / www.thecordobafoundation.com Submissions of articles and reports for Arches Quarterly should be made by e-mail, in Word format, to the editors: [email protected] DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in Arches Quarterly are those of the individual authors and should not be taken to represent a corporate view of The Cordoba Foundation. © The Cordoba Foundation UK 2012 THIS ISSUE Volume 5 Edition 9 Spring 2012 ISSN 1756-7335 Available online: thecordobafoundation.com Anas Altikriti Chief Executive Abdullah Faliq Editor Editorial Team: Amjad Mohamed-Saleem Ibrahim Hewitt S. Alam Arzoo Ahmed H.D. Foreman Dr Basia Spalek Kathleen Grant Amina Easat Mehrunisha Suleman A.S. Khan Art Editor LITERATURE PROMOTIONS: 19 European Multiculturalisms: Cultural, Religious & Ethnic Challenges (Anna Triandafyllidou, Tariq Modood & Nasar Meer) 40 Islam and Muslims (Muhammad Ali Chaudry & Robert Dickson Crane) 67 The Missing Martyrs: Why There Are So Few Muslim Terrorists (Charles Kurzman) 72 Contemporary Debates on Terrorism (Richard Jackson & Samuel Justin Sinclair) 105 The British War on Terror: Terrorism and Counterterrorism on the Home Front Since 9-11 (Steve Hewitt) 105 Snitch!: A History of the Modern Intelligence Informer (Steve Hewitt) 130 Counter-Terrorism: Community-Based Approaches to Preventing Terror Crime (Basia Spalek) 130 From Beirut to Jerusalem (Swee Chai Ang) 138 Terrorism: A Critical Introduction (Richard Jackson, Lee Jarvis, Jereon Gunning & Marie B. Smyth) 2 arches quarterly volume 5 edition 9 spring 2012 INTHISISSUE 04 Editorial Abdullah Faliq 08 Foreword Anas Altikriti 10 Complicating ‘Radicalism’ – Counter-Terrorism and Muslim Identity in Britain Nasar Meer Counter-Terrorism: Police and Community Engagement in Britain and the US 20 Basia Spalek & Laura Zahra McDonald 28 A Grand American Strategy of Counter-Terrorism Robert D. Crane The Strength of Local Partnerships: Overcoming Obstacles During the War on Terror 42 Robert Lambert 50 The Use of Secret Evidence is a Threat to Human Rights Jean Lambert MEP 56 The New Prevent: Will it Work? Can it Work? Therese O’Toole, Stephen H. Jones & Daniel Nilsson DeHanas 63 Prevent Agenda and the Doctrine of Fear in the Muslim Community Imran Awan The Causes of Terrorism: Deconstructing the Myths 68 Richard Jackson, Lee Jarvis, Jereon Gunning & Marie B. Smyth 73 The Complexity of Police-Muslim Community Relations in the Shadow of 9/11 P. Daniel Silk 83 Beyond the Rhetoric – Setting a New Perspective for Partnerships Amjad Mohamed-Saleem 90 From Moulin Rouge to 9/11 Zubeda Limbada Informing Continuity: Domestic Surveillance from the Cold War to the War on Terror 100 Steve Hewitt 106 Time for Change After 10 Years of Detention Without Trial Paul Donovan 110 Shifting Paradigms: De-Radicalisation Ahmad Hassan 116 Fundamentalists vs. Moderates: The War Within Judaism Rabbi Mark L. Winer Counter-Terrorism Post 9/11 and the Erosion of Human Rights and Civil Liberties 124 Saalik Haleem 131 ‘From Beirut to Jerusalem’ 2009 - The Wounds of Gaza Swee Chai Ang 139 Youth De-Radicalisation: the Wolverhampton Experience Revd. Mason West 146 Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Young People’s Perspectives Hussain Al-Jabir Developing Community Partnerships - A Practical Solution for Peace, Prosperity and 154 Justice Nick Maurice 162 The Muslim “Demand Curve” for U.S. Foreign Policy Charles Kurzman Behind Closed Doors - Ten Years of Secret Evidence and Human Suff ering 167 Aisha Maniar & Adrienne Burrows 171 Conviction of Thought: How Islamic Concepts are Ruled on in UK Courts Asim Qureshi Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe: Widening the European Discourse on Islam 177 Book review by Małgorzata Wróblewska 179 Picture Gallery volume 5 edition 9 spring 2012 arches quarterly 3 FROM THE EDITOR Welcome to this special edition of • Th e total number of worldwide Arches, which examines the various attacks in 2011 dropped by almost strategies and approaches adopted to deal 12 per cent from 2010 and nearly with terrorism and counter-terrorism. Th e 29 per cent from 2007. editorial team of Arches would like to acknowledge and thank the University of • Attacks by Al-Qa’ida and its Birmingham (UK), in particular Dr Basia affi liates increased by 8 percent Spalek, for sourcing a number of excellent from 2010 to 2011. A signifi cant contributions for this edition from a increase in attacks by Al-Shabaab, conference she convened on “Political from 401 in 2010 to 544 in 2011, Transitions, Policing and Counter- off set a sharp decline in attacks Terrorism: Power, Partnership and by al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI) and a Community”. Th e Cordoba Foundation is smaller decline in attacks by al- grateful for this collaboration. Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula In this issue, experts from various (AQAP), and al-Qa’ida in the disciplines examine the threat posed by Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). terrorists; tracing the origins and source of terrorism they assess the eff ectiveness • In cases where the religious of strategies and approaches employed affi liation of terrorism casualties to respond to and challenge this threat. could be determined, Muslims Importantly, we focus on de-radicalisation suff ered between 82 and 97 per and explore alternative strategies and cent of terrorism-related fatalities approaches that deal with terrorism, which over the past fi ve years. is often exaggerated and confl ated with other issues. Without wishing to make • Of the 978 terrorism-related light of such a serious issue, it is worth kidnappings [in 2010], only three considering that Micah Zenko, writing in hostages were private US citizens, the Atlantic, argues that Americans are as or .003 per cent. A private citizen likely to be killed by their own furniture as is defi ned as ‘any US citizen not by terrorism: acting in an offi cial capacity on Th e number of US citizens who died in behalf of the U.S. government.’ terrorist attacks increased by two between 2010 and 2011; overall, a comparable • Of the 13,288 people killed by number of Americans are crushed to death by terrorist attacks last year, seventeen their televisions or furniture each year.1 were private US citizens, or .001 percent. Citing the 2011 Report on Terrorism 2 published by the National Zenko rightly points out that the CounterTerrorism Centre (which off ers the above is indicative of an irrational fear of best available data and analysis of terrorism terrorism which is both unwarranted and a to the US government), Zenko highlights poor basis on which to base public policies. the following interesting observations: Th e eff ects of this exaggeration of 4 arches quarterly volume 5 edition 9 spring 2012 EDITORIAL the terrorist threat and subsequent at local, national and international levels. disproportionate spotlight have tended Th e Cordoba Foundation maintains to fall on the Muslim community, with that genuine partnerships and a sound innumerable negative implications; it understanding of issues and factors that is, for a start, projected as a “suspect give rise to distrust, tensions and confl ict community”. are essential to help dissuade people from Although Washington framed the War turning to extremism and violence; and on Terror in response to 9/11, US Secretary also better-inform those in authority to of State Hillary Clinton recognised back respond to this dilemma eff ectively. in October 2007 that “you can’t lump all Terrorists will continue to advance terrorists together” and that America has their eschewed and parochial views, been “mistake[n] to paint with such a broad often taking advantage of the freedom of brush, which has not been particularly democracy and misusing religious texts to helpful in understanding what it is we were do so. Th e response to this, however, needs up against”. Whilst accepting the threat to be measured and not disproportionate; and urgency posed by terrorists, the reality for when we limit or abandon hard-won is that the strategy of the War on Terror by freedoms and the due process of law, we the US and endorsed by other countries is are doing the terrorists’ work. Attaining one that is exaggerated, un-nuanced and a proper balance is a delicate but essential laden with grave consequences for civil process. and human rights, as well as freedom of Th ank you. expression. Th ese consequences range from “racial Abdullah Faliq profi ling” by the police; “hate speech” laws EDITOR often extended to stifl e legitimate views; the ARCHES QUARTERLY undermining and limiting of Habeas corpus by extending detention without charge, often indefi nitely; a rise in Islamophobia leading to hate crimes as well as a negative eff ect on community cohesion; “no-fl y- lists” which curtail freedom of movement, including that of peace activists; the practice of “extraordinary rendition”, Abdullah Faliq helped set-up The Cordoba Foundation resulting in suspects being tortured; pre- and edits Arches, amongst other publications, as the emptive wars to repel perceived “terrorist” foundation’s Head of Research. In 2001, he helped launch threats; and strained East-West relations, the “Declarations of European Muslims” by the Grand Mufti of Bosnia Dr Mustafa Ceric. Faliq studied Arabic and namely a hatred of America and other conducted research in Egypt, Jordan, Sudan, Palestine & Western powers in the Muslim world. Th e Bosnia as part of his MA and doctoral studies specialising in Arab political Islam and British Muslims. Active in the British list goes on but all of these factors aff ect Muslim scene since the 1980s, he is currently a trustee of individuals and communities in diff erent the London Muslim Centre and former Deputy General ways.