Structure and Function of Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory Systems
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Memory Part 1: Overview
FUNCTIONAL VIGNETTE Memory Part 1: Overview F.D. Raslau, A.P. Klein, J.L. Ulmer, V. Mathews, and L.P. Mark common layman’s conception of memory is the simple stor- Aage and retrieval of learned information that often evokes comparison to a filing system. Our everyday experience of mem- ory, however, is in fact a complicated multifactorial process that consists of both conscious and unconscious components, and de- pends on the integration of a variety of information from distinct functional systems, each processing different types of information by different areas of the brain (substrates), while working in a concerted fashion.1-4 In other words, memory is not a singular process. It represents an integrated network of neurologic tasks and connections. In this light, memory may evoke comparison with an orchestra composed of many different instruments, each making different sounds and responsible for different parts of the score, but when played together in the proper coordinated fash- ion, making an integrated musical experience that is greater than the simple sum of the individual instruments. Memory consists of 2 broad categories (Fig 1): short- and long-term memory.5 Short-term memory is also called work- ing memory. Long-term memory can be further divided into FIG 1. Classification of memory. declarative and nondeclarative memory. These are also re- ferred to as explicit/conscious and implicit/unconscious mem- heard (priming), and salivating when you see a favorite food ory, respectively. Declarative or explicit memory consists of (conditioning). episodic (events) and semantic (facts) memory. Nondeclara- The process of memory is dynamic with continual change over tive or implicit memory consists of priming, skill learning, and time.5 Memory traces are initially formed as a series of connections conditioning. -
Lesions of Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortex That Spare the Amygdala and Hippocampal Formation Produce Severe Memory Impairment
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1989, 9(12): 4355-4370 Lesions of Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortex That Spare the Amygdala and Hippocampal Formation Produce Severe Memory Impairment Stuart Zola-Morgan,’ Larry Ft. Squire,’ David G. Amaral,2 and Wendy A. Suzuki2J Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California, 92161, and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, The Salk Institute, San Diego, California 92136, and 3Group in Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 In monkeys, bilateral damage to the medial temporal region Moss, 1984). (In this notation, H refers to the hippocampus, A produces severe memory impairment. This lesion, which in- to the amygdala, and the plus superscript (+) to the cortical cludes the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and adjacent tissue adjacent to each structure.) This lesion appears to con- cortex, including the parahippocampal gyrus (the H+A+ le- stitute an animal model of medial temporal lobe amnesia like sion), appears to constitute an animal model of human me- that exhibited by the well-studied patient H.M. (Scoville and dial temporal lobe amnesia. Reexamination of histological Milner, 1957). material from previously studied monkeys with H+A+ lesions The H+A+ lesion produces greater memory impairment than indicated that the perirhinal cortex had also sustained sig- a lesion limited to the hippocampal formation and parahip- nificant damage. Furthermore, recent neuroanatomical stud- pocampal cortex-the H+ lesion (Mishkin, 1978; Mahut et al., ies show that the perirhinal cortex and the closely associated 1982; Zola-Morgan and Squire, 1985, 1986; Zola-Morgan et al., parahippocampal cortex provide the major source of cortical 1989a). -
Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia in Rats with Large Hippocampal Lesions
HIPPOCAMPUS 11:18–26 (2001) Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia in Rats With Large Hippocampal Lesions Gordon Winocur,1–4* Robert M. McDonald,3 and Morris Moscovitch1,5 1Department of Psychology, Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada 3Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 4Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 5Department of Psychology, Erindale College, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ABSTRACT: A test of socially acquired food preferences was used to study durable representation, available for future recall (Mil- the effects of large lesions to the hippocampal formation (HPC) on antero- ner, 1966; Squire, 1992). Two related predictions follow grade and retrograde memory in rats. In the anterograde test, rats with HPC from this position. The first pertains to anterograde lesions normally acquired the food preference but showed a faster rate of forgetting than control groups. When the food preference was acquired memory and asserts that hippocampal damage will result preoperatively, HPC groups exhibited a temporally graded retrograde amne- in impaired memory for events after long delays (long- sia in which memory was impaired when the preference was acquired within term memory, LTM), but not after relatively short delays 2 days of surgery but not at longer delays. The results support the traditional (short-term memory, STM). The rationale is that, in theory that the HPC contributes to the consolidation of newly acquired information into a durable memory trace that is represented in other brain STM, information is held and recalled for a brief period areas. -
Mild Cognitive Impairment Douglas W
Mild Cognitive Normal Impairment (MCI) Mild Cognitive Impairment Douglas W. Scharre, MD Director, Division of Cognitive Neurology Ohio State University Dementia Dementia Definition • Syndrome of acquired persistent intellectual impairment • Persistent deficits in at least three of the following: Definitions 9 Memory 9 Language 9 Visuospatial 9 Personality or emotional state 9 Cognition • Resulting in impairment in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 1 Mild Cognitive Impairment MCI Related (MCI) Definition Conditions • Definitions vary - be careful! AAMI: Age-Associated Memory Impairment • Petersen criteria • Non-disease, aging-related decline in – Memory complaint memory – Memory loss on testing greater that 1.5 standard • Diagnostic criteria are ambiguous deviations below normal for age • Complaints of memory loss more related – Other non-memory cognitive domains normal or to affect/personality than test scores mild deficits (language, visuospatial, executive, personality or emotional state) • Prevalence in the elderly varies from 18% up to 38% depending on the study – Mostly normal activities of daily living Barker et al. Br J Psychiatry 1995;167:642-8 Arch Neurol 1999;56:303-8 Hanninen et al. Age and Aging 1996;25:201-5 MCI Related MCI Related Conditions Conditions • Age-Associated Memory Impairment Benign Senescent Forgetfulness or Mild (AAMI) Memory Impairment (MMI) • Memory tests > 2 s.d. below normal age and • Benign Senile Forgetfulness or Mild education matched individuals Memory Impairment (MMI) • Normal non-memory cognitive domains -
Memory Dysfunction INTRODUCTION Distributed Brain Networks
Memory Dysfunction REVIEW ARTICLE 07/09/2018 on SruuCyaLiGD/095xRqJ2PzgDYuM98ZB494KP9rwScvIkQrYai2aioRZDTyulujJ/fqPksscQKqke3QAnIva1ZqwEKekuwNqyUWcnSLnClNQLfnPrUdnEcDXOJLeG3sr/HuiNevTSNcdMFp1i4FoTX9EXYGXm/fCfl4vTgtAk5QA/xTymSTD9kwHmmkNHlYfO by https://journals.lww.com/continuum from Downloaded By G. Peter Gliebus, MD Downloaded CONTINUUM AUDIO INTERVIEW AVAILABLE ONLINE from https://journals.lww.com/continuum ABSTRACT PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews the current understanding of memory system anatomy and physiology, as well as relevant evaluation methods and pathologic processes. by SruuCyaLiGD/095xRqJ2PzgDYuM98ZB494KP9rwScvIkQrYai2aioRZDTyulujJ/fqPksscQKqke3QAnIva1ZqwEKekuwNqyUWcnSLnClNQLfnPrUdnEcDXOJLeG3sr/HuiNevTSNcdMFp1i4FoTX9EXYGXm/fCfl4vTgtAk5QA/xTymSTD9kwHmmkNHlYfO RECENT FINDINGS: Our understanding of memory formation advances each year. Successful episodic memory formation depends not only on intact medial temporal lobe structures but also on well-orchestrated interactions with other large-scale brain networks that support executive and semantic processing functions. Recent discoveries of cognitive control networks have helped in understanding the interaction between memory systems and executive systems. These interactions allow access to past experiences and enable comparisons between past experiences and external and internal information. The semantic memory system is less clearly defined anatomically. Anterior, lateral, and inferior temporal lobe regions appear to play a crucial role in the function of the semantic -
The Parahippocampal Region and Object Identification
The Parahippocampal Region and Object Identification E.A. MURRAY,a T.J. BUSSEY, R.R. HAMPTON, AND L.M. SAKSIDA Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA ABSTRACT: The hippocampus has long been thought to be critical for memory, including memory for objects. However, recent neuropsychological studies in nonhuman primates have indicated that other regions within the medial tem- poral lobe, specifically, structures in the parahippocampal region, are prima- rily responsible for object recognition and object identification. This article reviews the behavioral effects of removal of structures within the parahippo- campal region in monkeys, and cites relevant work in rodents as well. It is ar- gued that the perirhinal cortex, in particular, contributes to object identification in at least two ways: (i) by serving as the final stage in the ventral visual cortical pathway that represents stimulus features, and (ii) by operating as part of a network for associating together sensory inputs within and across sensory modalities. INTRODUCTION This article reviews the contributions of the parahippocampal region to learning and memory in nonhuman primates, with special emphasis on its role in object iden- tification: the knowledge that a particular object or class of objects is one and the same across the different instances in which it is experienced. In macaque monkeys, the parahippocampal region consists of three main cortical fields, located on the ven- tromedial aspect of the temporal lobe: entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and para- hippocampal cortex (see FIG. 1). Currently, much more information is available regarding the contributions of the perirhinal cortex to learning and memory than for either the entorhinal cortex or parahippocampal cortex. -
How We Learn: Memory & the Brain
How We Learn: Memory & the Brain or Where did I put those keys? CHARLES J. VELLA, PHD 2019 Example of Learning over 18 years No prior talent needed Passionate Pumpkin carving 10 year old daughters grow up to have good brains, high IQs, and graduate from UCSF School of Medicine in 2015 and is now a 3rd year radiology resident. Yeah Maya!! Voyager at Saturn: 601 Million Miles Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Theodosius Dobzhansky ….including human memory Neurons: We have 170 billion brain cells with 10,000 synapses each (10 trillion connections) Axon Neuron Dendrites Suzana Herculano-Houzel et al., 2009 Dendrites under Electron Microscope Highly dynamic: can appear in hours to days and also disappear. 60% of cortical spines are permanent; hippocampal spines recycle. Synaptic connections Are the basis of memory Hippocampus & Prefrontal Cortex Hippocampus: • Memory central • Learning anything new • Most sensitive to low Oxygen Prefrontal Cortex • what makes you a rational adults • ability to inhibit inappropriate behavior • Required for memory retrieval Proust & his Madeleine: Olfaction and Memory "I raised to my lips a spoonful of the tea in which I had soaked a morsel of the cake. No sooner had the warm liquid mixed with the crumbs touch my palate than a shudder ran trough me and I sopped, intent upon the extraordinary thing that was happening to me. An exquisite pleasure invaded my senses..... And suddenly the memory revealed itself. “ Function of the brain: buffer vs. environmental variability • Main function of a brain is to protect against environmental variability through the use of memory and cognitive strategies that will enable individuals to find the resources necessary to survive during periods of scarcity. -
Amnesia and Crime: a Neuropsychiatric Response
ANALYSIS AND COMMENTARY Amnesia and Crime: A Neuropsychiatric Response Hal S. Wortzel, MD, and David B. Arciniegas, MD Bourget and Whitehurst’s “Amnesia and Crime,” published in a prior issue of the Journal, addresses a conceptually complex and clinically challenging subject. Their treatment emphasizes psychiatric conditions in which memory disturbances may arise that are relevant to criminal proceedings. However, their consideration of the neurobiology of memory, memory disturbances, and the neurobiological bases of interactions between psychiatric symptoms and memory merit further elaboration. The relevance of memory impairment to criminal matters requires forensic psychiatric experts to possess a basic understanding of the phenomenology and neurobiology of memory. The present authors describe briefly the phenomenology and neuroanatomy of memory, emphasizing first that memory is not a unitary cognitive domain, clinically or neurobiologically. The assertion that psychotic delusions produce memory impairment is challenged, and the description of “organic” amnesia, both semantically and in terms of its clinical features, is reframed. Resources on which to build a neuropsychiatric foundation for forensic psychiatric opinions on memory impairment surrounding criminal behavior are offered. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 36:218–23, 2008 The neurosciences are developing rapidly. While thors’ thoughtful synthesis of this exigent topic is to there is still much to be learned, considerable ad- be highly commended, we offer here some observa- vances -
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Neuroimage
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Neuroimage. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 January 01. Published in final edited form as: Neuroimage. 2013 January 1; 64C: 32–42. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.071. Predicting the Location of Human Perirhinal Cortex, Brodmann's area 35, from MRI $watermark-text $watermark-text $watermark-text Jean C. Augustinacka,#, Kristen E. Hubera, Allison A. Stevensa, Michelle Roya, Matthew P. Froschb, André J.W. van der Kouwea, Lawrence L. Walda, Koen Van Leemputa,f, Ann McKeec, Bruce Fischla,d,e, and The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative* aAthinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, 149 13th Street, Charlestown MA 02129 USA bC.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Pathology Service, MGH, 55 Fruit St., Boston MA 02115 USA cDepartment of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Bedford Veterans Administration Medical Center, MA 01730 USA dMIT Computer Science and AI Lab, Cambridge MA 02139 USA eMIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge MA 02139 USA fDepartment of Informatics and Mathematical Modeling, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract The perirhinal cortex (Brodmann's area 35) is a multimodal area that is important for normal memory function. Specifically, perirhinal cortex is involved in detection of novel objects and manifests neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease very early in disease progression. We scanned ex vivo brain hemispheres at standard resolution (1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm) to construct pial/white matter surfaces in FreeSurfer and scanned again at high resolution (120 μm × 120 μm × 120 μm) to determine cortical architectural boundaries. After labeling perirhinal area 35 in the high resolution images, we mapped the high resolution labels to the surface models to localize area 35 in fourteen cases. -
Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment After Bilateral Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Formation
The Journal of Neuroscience, August 15, 1996, 16(16):5233–5255 Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Formation Nancy L. Rempel-Clower,3 Stuart M. Zola,1,2,3 Larry R. Squire,1,2,3 and David G. Amaral4 1Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161, Departments of 2Psychiatry and 3Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and 4Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616 Patient RB (Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: anterograde memory impairment. (2) Bilateral damage beyond enduring memory impairment following a bilaterial lesion limited the CA1 region, but still limited to the hippocampal formation, to field CA1 of the hippocampus, S. Zola-Morgan, L. R. Squire, can produce more severe anterograde memory impairment. (3) and D. G. Amaral, 1986, J Neurosci 6:2950–2967) was the first Extensive, temporally graded retrograde amnesia covering 15 reported case of human amnesia in which detailed neuropsy- years or more can occur after damage limited to the hippo- chological analyses and detailed postmortem neuropathologi- campal formation. Findings from studies with experimental an- cal analyses demonstrated that damage limited to the hip- imals are consistent with the findings from amnesic patients. pocampal formation was sufficient to produce anterograde The present results substantiate the idea that severity of mem- memory impairment. Neuropsychological and postmortem ory impairment is dependent on locus and extent of damage neuropathological findings are described here for three addi- within the hippocampal formation and that damage to the tional amnesic patients with bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation can cause temporally graded retro- hippocampal formation. -
Effects on Visual Recognition of Combined and Separate Ablations of the Entorhinal and Perirhinal Cortex in Rhesus Monkeys
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1993, 13(12): 5418-5432 Effects on Visual Recognition of Combined and Separate Ablations of the Entorhinal and Perirhinal Cortex in Rhesus Monkeys M. Meunier,” J. Bachevalier,b M. Mishkin, and E. A. Murray Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Performance on visual delayed nonmatching-to-sample was amygdalectomy or hippocampectomy. Monkeys with the amyg- assessed in rhesus monkeys with combined and separate dala plus rhinal cortex ablations (A+Rh) were found to be just ablations of the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex, as well as as severely impaired as those with the completeremoval, where- in unoperated controls. Combined (i.e., rhinal cortex) lesions as monkeys with the hippocampus plus rhinal cortex ablations yielded a striking impairment on this task, one almost as (H+Rh) were impaired far less,and, indeed, no more than those severe as that seen after combined amygdalohippocampal with hippocampectomy alone. It was therefore concluded that removals that included some of this subjacent cortex (Mish- a rhinal cortex lesionwas insufficient by itself to produce a severe kin, 1978; Murray and Mishkin, 1984). Ablations of the peri- memory impairment, and that its effect when combined with rhinal cortex alone produced a deficit nearly as severe as amygdalectomy was due to disconnection of the hippocampus that found after rhinal cortex lesions, whereas ablations of from visual input, thereby resulting in a functional A+H lesion. the entorhinal cortex -
Borders and Cytoarchitecture of the Perirhinal and Postrhinal Cortices in the Rat
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 437:17–41 (2001) Borders and Cytoarchitecture of the Perirhinal and Postrhinal Cortices in the Rat REBECCA D. BURWELL* Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 ABSTRACT Cytoarchitectonic and histochemical analyses were carried out for perirhinal areas 35 and 36 and the postrhinal cortex, providing the first detailed cytoarchitectonic study of these regions in the rat brain. The rostral perirhinal border with insular cortex is at the extreme caudal limit of the claustrum, consistent with classical definitions of insular cortex dating back to Rose ([1928] J. Psychol. Neurol. 37:467–624). The border between the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices is at the caudal limit of the angular bundle, as previously proposed by Burwell et al. ([1995] Hip- pocampus 5:390–408). The ventral borders with entorhinal cortex are consistent with the Insausti et al. ([1997] Hippocampus 7:146–183) description of that region and the Dolorfo and Amaral ([1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 398:25–48) connectional findings. Regarding the remaining borders, both the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices encroach upon temporal cortical regions as defined by others (e.g., Zilles [1990] The cerebral cortex of the rat, p 77–112; Paxinos and Watson [1998] The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates). Based on cytoarchitectonic and histochemical criteria, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 and the postrhinal cortex were further subdivided. Area 36 was parceled into three subregions, areas 36d, 36v, and 36p. Area 35 was parceled into two cytoarchitectonically distinctive subregions, areas 35d and 35v. The postrhinal cortex was di- vided into two subregions, areas PORd and PORv.