The Perirhinal, Entorhinal, and Parahippocampal Cortices and 1 9 Hippocampus: an Overview of Functional Anatomy and Protocol for Their Segmentation in MR Images
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Lesions of Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortex That Spare the Amygdala and Hippocampal Formation Produce Severe Memory Impairment
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1989, 9(12): 4355-4370 Lesions of Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortex That Spare the Amygdala and Hippocampal Formation Produce Severe Memory Impairment Stuart Zola-Morgan,’ Larry Ft. Squire,’ David G. Amaral,2 and Wendy A. Suzuki2J Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California, 92161, and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, The Salk Institute, San Diego, California 92136, and 3Group in Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 In monkeys, bilateral damage to the medial temporal region Moss, 1984). (In this notation, H refers to the hippocampus, A produces severe memory impairment. This lesion, which in- to the amygdala, and the plus superscript (+) to the cortical cludes the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and adjacent tissue adjacent to each structure.) This lesion appears to con- cortex, including the parahippocampal gyrus (the H+A+ le- stitute an animal model of medial temporal lobe amnesia like sion), appears to constitute an animal model of human me- that exhibited by the well-studied patient H.M. (Scoville and dial temporal lobe amnesia. Reexamination of histological Milner, 1957). material from previously studied monkeys with H+A+ lesions The H+A+ lesion produces greater memory impairment than indicated that the perirhinal cortex had also sustained sig- a lesion limited to the hippocampal formation and parahip- nificant damage. Furthermore, recent neuroanatomical stud- pocampal cortex-the H+ lesion (Mishkin, 1978; Mahut et al., ies show that the perirhinal cortex and the closely associated 1982; Zola-Morgan and Squire, 1985, 1986; Zola-Morgan et al., parahippocampal cortex provide the major source of cortical 1989a). -
Sustained Activities and Retrieval in a Computational Model of Perirhinal
Sustained activities and retrieval in a computational model of perirhinal cortex Julien Vitay and Fred H. Hamker∗ Abstract Perirhinal cortex is involved in object recognition and novelty detection, but also in multimodal in- tegration, reward association and visual working memory. We propose a computational model that focuses on the role of perirhinal cortex in working memory, particularly with respect to sustained activities and memory retrieval. This model describes how different partial informations are inte- grated into assemblies of neurons that represent the identity of an object. Through dopaminergic modulation, the resulting clusters can retrieve the global information with recurrent interactions between neurons. Dopamine leads to sustained activities after stimulus disappearance that form the basis of the involvement of perirhinal cortex in visual working memory processes. The infor- mation carried by a cluster can also be retrieved by a partial thalamic or prefrontal stimulation. Thus, we suggest that areas involved in planning and memory coordination encode a pointer to access the detailed information encoded in associative cortex such as perirhinal cortex. ∗Allgemeine Psychologie, Psychologisches Institut II, Westf. Wilhelms-Universit¨at M¨unster, Germany 1 Introduction Perirhinal cortex (PRh), composed of cortical areas 35 and 36, is located in the ventromedial part of the temporal lobe. It receives its major inputs from areas TE and TEO of inferotemporal cortex, as well as from entorhinal cortex (ERh), parahippocampal cortex, insular cortex and orbitofrontal cortex (Suzuki & Amaral, 1994). As part of the medial temporal lobe system (with hippocampus and ERh), its primary role is considered to be object-recognition memory, as shown by impairements in delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) or delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) tasks following PRh cooling or removal (Horel, Pytko-Joiner, Voytko, & Salsbury, 1987; Zola-Morgan, Squire, Amaral, & Suzuki, 1989; Meunier, Bachevalier, Mishkin, & Murray, 1993; Buffalo, Reber, & Squire, 1998). -
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Epilepsy Research and Treatment Volume 2012, Article ID 176157, 12 pages doi:10.1155/2012/176157 Review Article AnatomyoftheTemporalLobe J. A. Kiernan Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1 Correspondence should be addressed to J. A. Kiernan, [email protected] Received 6 October 2011; Accepted 3 December 2011 Academic Editor: Seyed M. Mirsattari Copyright © 2012 J. A. Kiernan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Only primates have temporal lobes, which are largest in man, accommodating 17% of the cerebral cortex and including areas with auditory, olfactory, vestibular, visual and linguistic functions. The hippocampal formation, on the medial side of the lobe, includes the parahippocampal gyrus, subiculum, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and associated white matter, notably the fimbria, whose fibres continue into the fornix. The hippocampus is an inrolled gyrus that bulges into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. Association fibres connect all parts of the cerebral cortex with the parahippocampal gyrus and subiculum, which in turn project to the dentate gyrus. The largest efferent projection of the subiculum and hippocampus is through the fornix to the hypothalamus. The choroid fissure, alongside the fimbria, separates the temporal lobe from the optic tract, hypothalamus and midbrain. The amygdala comprises several nuclei on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe, mostly anterior the hippocampus and indenting the tip of the temporal horn. The amygdala receives input from the olfactory bulb and from association cortex for other modalities of sensation. -
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). -
Metabolic Reduction in the Posterior Cingulate Cortex in Very Early Alzheimer’S Disease
Metabolic Reduction in the Posterior Cingulate Cortex in Very Early Alzheimer’s Disease Satoshi Minoshima, MD, PhD,* Bruno Giordani, PhD,t Stanley Berent, PhD,t$ Kirk A. Frey, MD, PhD,*$ Norman L. Foster, MD,$ and David E. Kuhl, MD* This study investigated cerebral glucose metabolism in very early Alzheimer’s disease, before a clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease is possible, using [ ‘8F]flu~r~de~xygluc~~epositron emission tomography. First, 66 patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease with a spectrum of dementia severity (Mini-Mental State Examination score, 0-23) were recruited and studied. Cortical metabolic activity was analyzed topographically using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections. Regression analysis was performed for each brain pixel to predict metabolic patterns of very early disease. Predictions were tested prospectively in a group of 8 patients who complained only of memory impairment without general cognitive decline (Mini-Mental State Examination score, 25 Ifr 1) at the time of scanning but whose condition later progressed to probable Alzheimer’s disease. Both results were compared to cerebral metabolic activity in 22 age-similar normal control subjects. Prediction and analysis of actual patients consistently indicated marked metabolic reduction (21-22%) in the posterior cingulate cortex and cinguloparietal transitional area in patients with very early Alzheimer’s disease. Mean metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex was significantly greater than that in the lateral neocortices or parahippocampal cortex. The result suggests a functional importance for the posterior cingulate cortex in impairment of learning and memory, which is a feature of very early Alzheimer’s disease. Minoshima S, Giordani B, Berent S, Frey KA, Foster NL, Kuhl DE. -
Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia in Rats with Large Hippocampal Lesions
HIPPOCAMPUS 11:18–26 (2001) Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia in Rats With Large Hippocampal Lesions Gordon Winocur,1–4* Robert M. McDonald,3 and Morris Moscovitch1,5 1Department of Psychology, Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada 3Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 4Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 5Department of Psychology, Erindale College, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ABSTRACT: A test of socially acquired food preferences was used to study durable representation, available for future recall (Mil- the effects of large lesions to the hippocampal formation (HPC) on antero- ner, 1966; Squire, 1992). Two related predictions follow grade and retrograde memory in rats. In the anterograde test, rats with HPC from this position. The first pertains to anterograde lesions normally acquired the food preference but showed a faster rate of forgetting than control groups. When the food preference was acquired memory and asserts that hippocampal damage will result preoperatively, HPC groups exhibited a temporally graded retrograde amne- in impaired memory for events after long delays (long- sia in which memory was impaired when the preference was acquired within term memory, LTM), but not after relatively short delays 2 days of surgery but not at longer delays. The results support the traditional (short-term memory, STM). The rationale is that, in theory that the HPC contributes to the consolidation of newly acquired information into a durable memory trace that is represented in other brain STM, information is held and recalled for a brief period areas. -
Differential Cortical Atrophy in Subgroups of Mild Cognitive Impairment
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Differential Cortical Atrophy in Subgroups of Mild Cognitive Impairment Sandra Bell-McGinty, PhD; Oscar L. Lopez, MD; Carolyn Cidis Meltzer, MD; Joelle M. Scanlon, PhD; Ellen M. Whyte, MD; Steven T. DeKosky, MD; James T. Becker, PhD Objective: To compare gray matter brain volumes in jects. Compared with patients with MCI-MCD, patients patients diagnosed with subtypes of mild cognitive im- with MCI-A had significant volume loss of the left ento- pairment (MCI) (those with a focal amnestic disorder and rhinal cortex and inferior parietal lobe. Compared with those with more diffuse cognitive dysfunction) with those patients with MCI-A, patients with MCI-MCD had sig- of elderly controls. nificantly reduced volume of the right inferior frontal gy- rus, right middle temporal gyrus, and bilateral superior Design: Magnetic resonance imaging volumetric study temporal gyrus. Patients with MCI who progressed to Alz- of MCI subgroups (MCI-amnestic [MCI-A], and MCI- heimer disease during follow-up (mean interval 2 years, multiple cognitive domain [MCI-MCD]) using a whole maximum 4.5 years), showed greater atrophy in the left brain voxel-based analysis. entorhinal cortex, bilateral superior temporal gyri, and right inferior frontal gyrus compared with those who did Setting: Referral dementia clinic. not progress. Patients: Thirty-seven patients with MCI (age range, Conclusions: These data provide evidence of distinct 49-85 years; MCI-A, n=9; MCI-MCD, n=28) and 47 con- brain structural abnormalities in 2 groups of patients with trol subjects (age range, 55-81 years). MCI. While both have mesial temporal and cortical vol- ume loss, those with a focal memory deficit have more Main Outcome Measures: Volumetric anatomical mag- involvement of the mesial temporal structures and less netic resonance imaging differences between MCI sub- involvement of the neocortical heteromodal association groups and normal controls, and between patients with areas than those patients with MCI with diffuse cogni- MCI who progressed to dementia. -
Involvement of Human Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Perceptual Decision Making Is Independent of Response Modality
Involvement of human left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in perceptual decision making is independent of response modality H. R. Heekeren*†‡§, S. Marrett¶, D. A. Ruff*, P. A. Bandettini*¶, and L. G. Ungerleider*ʈ *Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663; †Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany; ‡Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; §Berlin NeuroImaging Center, Charite´University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; and ¶Functional MRI Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663 Contributed by L. G. Ungerleider, May 12, 2006 Perceptual decision making typically entails the processing of such as the DLPFC, during high-motion-coherence trials, i.e., trials sensory signals, the formation of a decision, and the planning and in which the sensory evidence is greatest, than during low- execution of a motor response. Although recent studies in mon- coherence trials. keys and humans have revealed possible neural mechanisms for As in the visual system, in the somatosensory system, in a task perceptual decision making, much less is known about how the in which the monkey must decide which of two vibratory stimuli decision is subsequently transformed into a motor action and has a higher frequency, the monkey’s decision can be predicted whether or not the decision is represented at an abstract level, i.e., by subtracting the activities of two populations of sensory independently of the specific motor response. To address this neurons in the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) that prefer issue, we used functional MRI to monitor changes in brain activity high and low frequencies, respectively (10). -
Dissociable Large-Scale Networks Anchored in the Right Anterior Insula Subserve Affective Experience and Attention
NeuroImage 60 (2012) 1947–1958 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect NeuroImage journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg Dissociable large-scale networks anchored in the right anterior insula subserve affective experience and attention Alexandra Touroutoglou a,b, Mark Hollenbeck a,b,c, Bradford C. Dickerson a,b,c,1, Lisa Feldman Barrett a,b,d,1,⁎ a Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA b Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA c Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA d Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA article info abstract Article history: Meta-analytic summaries of neuroimaging studies point to at least two major functional-anatomic subdivi- Received 12 November 2011 sions within the anterior insula that contribute to the detection and processing of salient information: a dor- Revised 25 January 2012 sal region that is routinely active during attention tasks and a ventral region that is routinely active during Accepted 4 February 2012 affective experience. In two independent samples of cognitively normal human adults, we used intrinsic Available online 13 February 2012 functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate that the right dorsal and right ventral anterior insula are nodes in separable large-scale functional networks. Furthermore, stronger intrinsic con- Keywords: Dorsal anterior insula nectivity within the right dorsal anterior insula network was associated with better performance on a task Ventral anterior insula involving attention and processing speed whereas stronger connectivity within the right ventral anterior Intrinsic functional connectivity insula network was associated with more intense affective experience. -
Entorhinal Cortex Stimulation Induces Dentate Gyrus Neurogenesis Through Insulin Receptor Signaling T
Brain Research Bulletin 144 (2019) 75–84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Brain Research Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/brainresbull Research report Entorhinal cortex stimulation induces dentate gyrus neurogenesis through insulin receptor signaling T Abdolaziz Ronaghia, Mohammad Ismail Zibaiib, Sareh Pandamooza, Nasrin Nourzeia, ⁎ Fereshteh Motamedia, Abolhassan Ahmadiania, Leila Dargahic, a Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran b Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran c Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been established as a therapeutically effective method to treat pharmacological Deep brain stimulation resistant neurological disorders. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of DBS Entorhinal cortex on the brain are not yet fully understood. Beside numerous suggested mechanisms, regulation of neurogenesis is Neurogenesis an attractive mechanism through which DBS can affect the cognitive functions. Considering the high expression Insulin receptor of insulin receptors in hippocampus and also impaired neurogenesis in diabetic brain, the present study aimed to examine the role of insulin receptor signaling in DBS induced neurogenesis. High frequency stimulation was applied on the entorhinal cortex of rats and then neurogenesis markers in the dentate gyrus region of the hip- pocampus were examined using molecular and histological methods in the sham, DBS and insulin receptor antagonist-treated groups. In parallel, the changes in insulin receptor signaling in the hippocampus and spatial learning and memory performance were also assessed. DBS promoted adult hippocampal neurogenesis and fa- cilitated the spatial memory concomitant with changes in insulin receptor signaling parameters including IR, IRS2 and GSK3β. -
Chemosensory Perception: a Review on Electrophysiological Methods in “Cognitive Neuro-Olfactometry”
chemosensors Review Chemosensory Perception: A Review on Electrophysiological Methods in “Cognitive Neuro-Olfactometry” Sara Invitto * and Alberto Grasso INSPIRE Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, DiSTeBA, University of Salento and DrEAM Vito Fazzi Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 August 2019; Accepted: 10 September 2019; Published: 12 September 2019 Abstract: Various brain imaging techniques are available, but few are specifically designed to visualize chemical sensory and, in particular, olfactory processing. This review describes the results of quantitative and qualitative studies that have used electroencephalography (EEG) and magneto-encephalography (MEG) to evaluate responses to olfactory stimulation (OS). EEG and MEG are able to detect the components of chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and the cortical rhythms associated with different types of OS. Olfactory studies are filling the gaps in both the developmental field of the life cycle (from newborns to geriatric age) and the clinical and basic research fields, in a way that can be considered the modern “cognitive neuro-olfactometry”. Keywords: EEG; OERP; CSERP; olfactory stimulation; olfactory perception; chemical detection systems 1. Introduction to Electrophysiological Techniques and Chemical Perception Neuroimaging techniques allow us to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying information processing, and are an indispensable tool in efforts to gain a greater understanding -
The Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex, and Perirhinal Cortex Are Critical to Incidental Order Memory
The hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and perirhinal cortex are critical to incidental order memory Abbreviated Title: INCIDENTAL ORDER MEMORY Leila M. Allen1,2,3, Rachel A. Lesyshyn1,2, Steven J. O’Dell2, Timothy A. Allen1,3, Norbert J. Fortin1,2 1Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 2Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 3Cogntive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 Number of figures: 3 Number of tables: 0 Number of text pages: 25 Total Word Count: 8,777 Corresponding Author: Norbert J. Fortin, Ph.D. Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Department of Neurobiology and Behavior University of California, Irvine 106 Bonney Research Laboratory Irvine, CA 92697-3800 tel: 949-824-9740 email: [email protected] Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Clare Quirk and Collin Fuhrman for assistance with behavioral and histological procedures. This research was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation (awards IOS-1150292 and BCS-1439267 to N.J.F.), NIMH (award MH115697 to N.J.F.), the Whitehall Foundation (award 2010-05-84 to N.J.F.) and the University of California, Irvine. INCIDENTAL ORDER MEMORY 1 ABSTRACT 2 Considerable research in rodents and humans indicates the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are 3 essential for remembering temporal relationships among stimuli, and accumulating evidence 4 suggests the perirhinal cortex may also be involved. However, experimental parameters differ 5 substantially across studies, which limits our ability to fully understand the fundamental 6 contributions of these structures.