EUROMASTER IN URBANSTUDIES Cities: Changes, Places, Spaces Anthology of articles building on master theses from the 4Cities Master Programme in Urban Studies 6th cohort, 2013-2015 Ed. Sune W. Stoustrup Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities:!! Changes,!Places,!Spaces! ! Anthology!of!articles!building!! on!master!theses!from!the! 4Cities!Master!Programme!! in!Urban!Studies! 6th!cohort,!2013A2015!! ! Ed.!Sune!W.!Stoustrup! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! EUROMASTER IN URBAN STUDIES ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! © Authors: Lorena Axinte, Jamie Furlong, Sandra Jurasszovich, Aliona Lyasheva, William Otchere-Darko, Lucie Rosset, Ognjen Šobat, Sune W. Stoustrup, Devon Willis Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Editor: Sune W. Stoustrup Design and layout: Sune W. Stoustrup Photo on front-page: Anja Petrović First edition published 2016 The information and views set out in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the 4CITIES Master’s Programme in Urban Studies or of the Institute for Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna. Responsibility for the information and views set out in this publication lies entirely with the authors. Published by Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung, Universität Wien Universitätsstr. 7, 1010 Wien, Austria ISBN 978-3-900830-87-8 Editor contact: Sune W. Stoustrup Email: [email protected] Index 1 Introduction 1 Sune W. Stoustrup 2 Formalising the InforMal Temporary Use of Vacant Spaces 3 Lorena Axinte 3 Habits in Habitats: School architecture and teachers’ interactions 26 with space in Manchester and Copenhagen Jamie Furlong 4 Location of Social Housing: Analysing spatial patterns 49 of social housing schemes in Vienna and Copenhagen Sandra Jurasszovich 5 Tell me, where you are, and I will tell you, who you are: 74 Investigating the Socio-Spatial Networks and Identity Building of Muslims in Lavapiés-Embajadores (Madrid) and Nørrebro (Copenhagen) Aliona Lyasheva 6 Demotorisation and Economic Consumer Culture: A contradiction 94 in the post-modern city? (Case studies from Copenhagen and Vienna) William Otchere-Darko 7 Urban Green in European Medium-Sized Urban Area: Analyzing 117 the changes with a land-system approach Lucie Rosset 8 Spaces Of Interculturalism in Inner-City Neighborhoods: 140 Comparative Study of Nørrebro (Copenhagen) and Lavapiés (Madrid) Ognjen Šobat 9 European Spatial Planning - From Policy to Project 158 in Budapest and Vienna Sune W. Stoustrup 10 Transitioning to the After-Sprawl in Flanders, Belgium 176 Devon Willis Cities: Changes, Places, Spaces 1 Introduction This publication assembles ten chapters, each of which contains the findings of research undertaken for the author’s master thesis, the capstone project in the 4CITIES Master’s Programme in Urban Studies (http://www.4cities.eu). As many Master’s theses are only read by a student’s supervisor and others who take part in evaluating the work, and in some rarer cases by future students seeking inspiration for their own work, this book is a collective attempt to save the results of many months of research and analysis from dusty library shelves or forgotten online final resting places. With every individual thesis bringing together more than a year of research and nearly one hundred pages of work, we have attempted here to make them digestible. If in this shortening and simplification things were lost, we encourage those who are curious for more to contact the author for a copy of their full thesis. 4CITIES is a joint Master’s degree offered together by six European universities: Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Universität Wien, Københavns Universitet, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Universidad Complutense de Madrid. During the 2-year course, students approach the city from a transdisciplinary perspective that bridges, straddles the border and combines the fields of urban planning and studies, urban sociology, economic and social geography, cultural studies, and more. This transdisciplinarian view produces a rich analysis of the city that makes it possible to view it in the holistic light it so dearly requires, and also produces a pluralistic collection of topics, as can be seen in the result of the theses and the chapters included in this publication: - How bottom up temporary use projects are being formalized by city governments. - How school architecture influences teaching methods. - How, where and why social housing units are located. - How the development of public space is effected by austerity politics and policies. - How immigrants connects to and use particular spaces in the neighborhood they live in. - How the demotorization of streets changes the configuration of retail type and space. - How urban greening is affecting cities. 1 Introduction - How interculturalism is used to foster urban diversity. - How the EU co-financed projects are influencing urban governance. - How local actors are leveraging a transition away from urban sprawl and to a more sustainable urban model. These accounts together demonstrate how the field of urban studies has evolved to study a wide array of themes on a number of geographical scales. Topics range from the examination of urban politics, governance, and economics, to the use of urban space, the emergence of global cities, and the organization of city space. What is more interesting, is how the field of urban studies, and in particular the present work, examines these topics on a myriad of geographical scales: From the regional level of Flanders, to the metropolitan areas of Copenhagen and Vienna and the cities of Metz and Magdeburg, to smaller delimitations such as the neighborhoods of Lavapiés in Madrid or Nørrebro in Copenhagen. The scale can vary still more, considering an even smaller area, when looking at commercial patterns on high streets, the refurbishment or design of buildings. This book thus presents a mosaic of research that reflects how urban studies as a research field covers the analysis of cities on the ground and up to how cities are connected at a larger spatial scale. At the same time, the influence of local contexts is confirmed, illustrating how the researched phenomena play out differently in historical versus contemporary circumstances, as well as different social, economic and political contexts. It is especially interesting to note the international (albeit purely European) character of the case studies included: From the Southern European cities of Madrid, Barcelona and Salamanca, to the Western European cities of Berlin, Copenhagen, Manchester, Metz, Magdeburg and Vienna, and the region of Flanders, to the Eastern European cities of Budapest and Szczecin, this publication introduces local contexts and their trajectories of spatial development; be they converging or diverging. This publication is recommended for all who are interested in the output of the 4Cities Master Programme, as well as scholars, students or the general public who are interested in getting a glimpse into how different urban practices and phenomena play out across Europe. As each chapter stands alone, curiosity and page-leafing is encouraged. Sune W. Stoustrup, editor 2 Cities: Changes, Places, Spaces 2 Formalising the Informal Temporary Use of Vacant Spaces Lorena Axinte Abstract: The paper follows the transformation suffered by an old, bottom-up practice into an urban planning tool in two specific contexts: Copenhagen and Barcelona. The research starts by examining how the temporary use of vacant spaces has been traditionally present in these cities and has slowly entered government-led programmes, being formalised by authorities under different arrangements. The intention is to unveil the conditions which determined a change in the way the urban is built, by enlarging the array of stakeholders who have access to decision-making processes and interventions, as well as to elucidate the effects of this formalisation on all the actors involved. Prologue: research rationale and question(s) Temporary use of urban spaces entered academic discussions some decades ago, determined probably by the proliferation of such actions after the 70s. Nonetheless, the phenomenon has been analysed by an increasing number of scholars who have taken different standpoints. One of the most influential works has been the project called Urban Catalyst (Studio Urban Catalyst, 2003) which researched five European cities (Helsinki, Amsterdam, Berlin, Vienna and Naples), unveiling the potential of temporary use to influence or stimulate urban regeneration. Later publications derived from it (Haydn and Temel, 2006; Lehtovuori and Ruoppila, 2012; Oswalt et al., 2013; Overmeyer, 2007; etc.), stressing the cultural and economic benefits in abandoned areas. Apart from these, other studies have connected temporary use to social theory and culture, linking it to indeterminate spaces (Groth and Corijn, 2005), squatting (Pruijt, 2003), everyday activism (Chatterton and Pickerill, 2010) or creativity (Colomb, 2012). Almost all papers have had a positive interpretation, highlighting the qualities of actors (self-initiative, flexibility, creativeness, pro-active character, etc.) and arguing that such qualities should be incorporated in formal planning systems (Lehtovuori and Ruoppila, 2012; Oswalt et al., 2013; Street Plans Collaborative, 2012). Besides numerous bottom-up initiatives observed, an additional reason why certain contexts (such as Germany, the