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Relações Brasil-Estados Unidos.Indd relações brasil-estados unidos no setor de energia: do mecanismo de consultas sobre cooperação energética ao memorando de entendimento sobre biocombustíveis (2003-2007) – desafios para a construção de uma parceria energética MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Ministro de Estado Embaixador Antonio de Aguiar Patriota Secretário-Geral Embaixador Ruy Nunes Pinto Nogueira FUNDAÇÃO ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO Presidente Embaixador Gilberto Vergne Saboia A Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, instituída em 1971, é uma fundação pública vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores e tem a fi nalidade de levar à sociedade civil informações sobre a realidade internacional e sobre aspectos da pauta diplomática brasileira. Sua missão é promover a sensibilização da opinião pública nacional para os temas de relações internacionais e para a política externa brasileira. Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo, Sala 1 70170-900 Brasília, DF Telefones: (61) 3411-6033/6034/6847 Fax: (61) 3411-9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br NEIL GIOVANNI PAIVA BENEVIDES Relações Brasil-Estados Unidos no Setor de Energia: Do Mecanismo de Consultas sobre Cooperação Energética ao Memorando de Entendimento sobre Biocombustíveis (2003-2007) – Desafi os para a Construção de uma Parceria Energética Brasília, 2011 Direitos de publicação reservados à Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170-900 Brasília – DF Telefones: (61) 3411-6033/6034 Fax: (61) 3411-9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E-mail: [email protected] Equipe Técnica: Henrique da Silveira Sardinha Pinto Filho André Yuji Pinheiro Uema Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Fernanda Leal Wanderley Juliana Corrêa de Freitas Pablo de Rezende Saturnino Braga Programação Visual e Diagramação: Juliana Orem Revisão: Marcelo Carslon Thadeu Impresso no Brasil 2011 Benevides, Neil Giovanni Paiva. Relações Brasil-Estados Unidos no setor de energia: do mecanismo de consultas sobre cooperação energética do memorando de entendimento sobre biocombustíveis (2003-2007) / Neil Giovanni Paiva Benevides. – Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2011. 276 p. 1. Relações exteriores. 2. Energia. 3. Biocombustíveis. ISBN: 978.857.631.301-4 CDU: 327.3 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Bibliotecária Sonale Paiva – CRB /1810 Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei n° 10.994, de 14/12/2004. Sumário Siglas e Abreviações, 9 Introdução, 13 Capítulo I - O Cenário Energético no Mundo: Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, 31 A – Características da matriz energética mundial, 31 B – A indústria petrolífera, 42 C – A indústria de gás natural. O comércio de GNL, 49 D – A expansão dos biocombustíveis, 53 Capítulo II - O Setor de Energia nos Estados Unidos, 59 A – Descrição da matriz energética. Reservas, produção e consumo de recursos energéticos, 59 B – Evolução do setor energético. A perda da autossuficiência em petróleo e gás natural, 63 C – O setor de etanol. Ciclos de expansão e políticas de apoio, 68 D – A dependência externa no setor energético. Importações de petróleo, gás natural e biocombustíveis, 77 Capítulo III - Governo George W. Bush (2001-2008): A Política Energética e a Cooperação Internacional, 85 A – Os Estados Unidos e a segurança energética. Ações no plano externo e interno, 85 B – Política energética: Funções no âmbito do Executivo e do Congresso dos Estados Unidos. Cooperação com o Brasil no setor energético, 100 C – Formulação e execução da política energética durante a Administração George W. Bush, 113 D – Recomendações da NEP (National Energy Policy) sobre segurança energética e parcerias internacionais, 123 Capítulo IV - Relações Brasil-Estados Unidos (2003-2007): As Consultas sobre Cooperação Energética e o Lançamento da Parceria em Biocombustíveis, 139 A - O Mecanismo de Consultas sobre Cooperação na Área de Energia, 139 B - O Memorando de Entendimento para avançar a Cooperação em Biocombustíveis, 153 C - O Fórum Internacional de Biocombustíveis, 177 Conclusões, 185 A – Estratégia dos Estados Unidos para a cooperação energética com o Brasil, 185 B – Limites para a construção de uma parceria energética, 206 C – Proposta de Plano de Ação, 213 Bibliografia, 219 Anexo I - Ajuste Complementar entre a República Federativa do Brasil e os Estados Unidos da América para a Cooperação na Área de Tecnologia Energética, 229 Anexo II - Memorando de Entendimento entre o Ministério de Minas e Energia da República Federativa do Brasil e o Departamento de Energia dos Estados Unidos da América para o Estabelecimento de Mecanismo de Consultas sobre Cooperação na Área de Energia, 237 Anexo III - Memorando de Entendimento entre o Governo da República Federativa do Brasil e o Governo dos Estados Unidos da América para avançar a Cooperação em Biocombustíveis, 241 Anexo IV - Declaração do Fórum Internacional de Biocombustíveis, 245 Anexo V - Primeira Reunião do Mecanismo de Consultas entre o Ministério de Minas e Energia da República Federativa do Brasil e o Departamento de Energia dos Estados Unidos da América. Relatório, 249 Anexo VI - Nota do Departamento de Estado sobre a Assinatura do Memorando de Entendimento para Avançar a Cooperação Bilateral em Biocombustíveis, 253 Anexo VII - Mapas, Gráficos, Tabelas e Quadros, 257 Siglas e Abreviações ABCM Associação Brasileira do Carvão Mineral ABNT Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas ADM Archer Daniels Midland AEIA Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica AIOC Anglo-Iranian Oil Company ALCA Acordo de Livre Comércio das Américas ANCAP Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol y Portland ANP Agência Nacional do Petróleo ANWR Arctic National Wildlife Refuge APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APOC Anglo-Persian Oil Company APP Parceria Ásia-Pacífico sobre Clima e Desenvolvimento Limpo APPI Acordo de Promoção e Proteção de Investimentos ARAMCO Arabian American Oil Company ASTM American Society for Testing on Materials BG British Gas BID Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento BLM Escritório de Gerenciamento de Terras Públicas BP British Petroleum BTL Biocombustível sintético CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy CALTEX California Texas Oil Company CAMEX Câmara de Comércio Exterior CARICOM Comunidade do Caribe 9 NEIL GIOVANNI PAIVA BENEVIDES CBI Caribbean Basin Initiative CECA Comunidade Europeia do Carvão e do Aço CEFET Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca CEI Comunidade dos Estados Independentes CEPAL Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe CFTC Commodity Futures Trading Commission CNEN Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear CNPC China National Petroleum Corportation CNPE Conselho Nacional de Política Energética CNPQ Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico COPEL Companhia Paranaense de Energia CSLF Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum CTCL Centro Tecnológico de Carvão Limpo DOE Departamento de Energia DOS Department of State EIA Energy Information Administration EISAct Energy Independence and Security Act EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária ENAGAS Ente Nacional del Gas ENR Divisão para Energia e Recursos Naturais EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPAct Energy Policy Act EPC Divisão para Países Produtores de Energia EPE Empresa de Pesquisa Energética ETBE Éter etil-butil terciário FAO Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação FDL Fundo de Desenvolvimento Limpo FSA Financial Services Authority FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas GAO Government Accountability Office GIF Generation IV International Forum GLP Gás Liquefeito de Petróleo GNL Gás Natural Liquefeito GNLE Gás Natural Liquefeito Embarcado GTS Gas to Solids GTW Gas to Wire HBIO Hidrogenação de óleos vegetais HGN Hidratos de gás natural comprimido IEC Escritório de Energia Internacional e Política de Commodities INMETRO Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial IOCs International Oil Companies IPHE Parceria Internacional para a Economia do Hidrogênio 10 SIGLAS E ABREVIAÇÕES ISO International Organization for Standardization LACTEC Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento LIHEAP Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program MAPA Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento MCT Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia MDIC Ministério Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior MDL Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo MME Ministério de Minas e Energia MMS Serviço de Controle Mineral mpg Milhas por galão MRE Ministério das Relações Exteriores mst Million short tons MTBE Éter metil-butil terciário NAEWG Grupo de Trabalho sobre Energia da América do Norte NAFTA Acordo de Livre Comércio da América do Norte NEP National Energy Policy NEPD National Energy Policy Development Group NETL National Energy Technology Laboratory NIOC National Iranian Oil Company NOCs National Oil Companies NREL Laboratório Nacional de Energia Renovável NYMEX New York Mercantile Exchange OCDE Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico ODA Official Development Assistance OEA Organização dos Estados Americanos OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organização dos Estados do Caribe Oriental OMC Organização Mundial do Comércio PAI Petrobras America Inc. PBio Petrobras Biocombustíveis PDVSA Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. PEMEX Petróleos Mexicanos PNUD Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento PNUMA Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente RCE Reduções Certificadas de Emissões RFA Renewable Fuels Association SICA Sistema de Integração da América Central SOCAL Standard
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