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2019 Energy Data Cards November 2019

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2019 Energy Data Cards November 2019 Energy, Data Cards and references November 2019. 20 Key data sets relating to Energy. References : Top 10s : Books;Videos;Websites;Articles Index. ❖ 20 Fact Cards on the energy question, relevant references used shown at slide bottom. Subject Subject 1 Fossil Fuel – Oil and Gas Kerogen Types 11 Financial/Economic Case for Fracking 2 Oil/Gas/Coal – Resource vs Reserves vs 12 Energy Return On Energy Invested. (EROEI), a Recoverable and uncertainty. non-economic appraisal of energy cost 3 Energy Sources – Non-renewable vs 13 Energy Extraction costs in EROEI terms, for all Renewable fuels on an equivalent basis. 4 Energy…Joules,KWh,Calories,BTUs. 14 Exponential rule of 70 5 Energy Content of Fuels 15 Nuclear Generation – issues and future 6 Conventional vs Non-Conventional Fuels 16 Peak conventional Oil 7 World Oil consumption/Day/Year 17 Peak conventional Gas 8 World Gas consumption/Day/Year 18 History of oil and gas use 9 Equivalent cost of production for Fuels. 19 King coal – facts and future 10 Some Oil & Gas Reserve Depletion curves 20 Solar Energy – facts and future ❖ Appendix 1 shows key references used in preparing the fracking presentation. 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No. 2 1. Fossil Fuels - Kerogen ❖The most commonly utilized scheme for classifying organic matter in sediments is based on the relative abundance of elemental carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen plotted graphically as the H/C and O/C ratio on a so called Van Krevelen diagram. Organic carbon in the form of kerogen is the remnant of ancient life preserved in sedimentary rocks, after degradation by bacterial and chemical processes, and further modified by temperature, pressure, and time. The latter step, called thermal maturation, is a function of burial history (depth) and proximity to heat sources. Maturation provides the chemical reactions needed to give us gas, oil, bitumen, pyrobitumen, and graphite (pure carbon) that we find while drilling wells for petroleum. Source : Crain’s Petrophysical handbook, 2016 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No. 3 2. Oil/gas : Resources/Reserves/Recoverable ❖RESOURCES IN PLACE : A 'Mineral Resource' is a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest in or on the earth's crust, a proportion of which are in such such form, quality and quantity having reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction, forming a viable RESERVE. ❖RECOVERABLE RESERVES : A term used in natural resource industries to describe the amount of resources identified in a reserve that is technologically or economically feasible to extract. A new reserve can be discovered, but if the resource cannot be extracted by any known technological methods, then it would not be considered part of recoverable reserves. Recoverable reserves is also often called proved reserves. ❖ Oil and gas % of Resources recovered Depends on Tech used at the time. ❖ As little as 5% of reserve may be ECONOMICALLY recoverable. ❖ Recoverability depends on how locked in (tight) the hydrocarbon is to the strata bearing it. ❖ Exploit usually starts at 40% or less, then more tech lifts to 60% or more. Source: US Energy Information Ass. 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No. 4 3.Energy Resource,Renewable/Non-Renewable ❖90% of available, useable and economic energy on Earth is currently sourced from solar energy. ❖FOSSIL Fuels are ancient STORES of energy captured by photosynthesis in plants and stored in the earth’s crust. ❖Renewable Energies are ways of capturing present solar energy FLOWS in real time: Solar Panels; Solar Concentrators; Wind Energy; Bio Fuels; Wood coppicing; Ground Source Arrays; Hydro Electric plus others. ❖ Non-solar based fuels are: Nuclear Fission (Uranium); Deep Geothermal Heat Extraction; Wave Energy. ❖Nuclear FUSION looks like our only perpetual energy get out clause, though it is always 30 years away. WORLD CONSUMPTION OF FUELS 2016 Hydro Nuclear Wind,Solar etc 5% 5% 26 Billion 2% Barrels of Oil equivalent Coal 28% Natural Gas 25% Oil 35% World consumption = 11,366 M.t.o.e, (gas 2,741). UK consumption = 213 M.tonnes oil equivalent 1 toe = 7.14 Barrels. = 32 Billion barrels of oil/yr. 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No. 5 4. Energy…Joules,KWh,Calories,BTUs. ❖Definition. A Newton (N) is the S.I. unit of measure for force. One Newton is equal to 1 kilogram meter per second squared. In plain English, 1 Newton of force is the force required to accelerate an object with a mass of 1 kilogram 1 meter per second per second. ❖ The Joule, symbol J, is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred (or work done) to an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N. m) ❖ 1 KiloWattHour (KWh, SI unit) equates to 3.6 Mega Joules. ❖ 1 British Thermal Unit (BTU, non SI unit) equates to 1,055 Joules. It is the energy required to raise 1 pint of water through 1 degree Fahrenheit. A 4 inch wooden match when burnt = 1 BTU. ❖ 1 KWH (SI unit) equates to 3,412 BTU. ❖ The therm (symbol thm) is a non-SI unit of heat energy equal to 100,000 (BTU). It is approximately the energy equivalent of burning 100 cubic feet (2.83 cubic metres) – often referred to as 1 CCF – of natural gas. ❖1 Calorie measures energy to raise 1 Gram of water by 1oc. 1 Calorie = 4.2 Joules. Note : 1 NUTRITIONAL CALORIE (NC) = 1,000 Calories = 4,200 Joules. 2,000 NC = 2.33 KWh). ❖Electrically, 1 joule = 1 Coulomb – Volt. A coulomb is an S.I unit of 1amp flowing for 1 Second. A joule therefore equates to 1 amp flowing for 1 second at 1 Volt. ❖Voltage (Volt) electric potential along a wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt (W) of power (W = J/s). A volt can be stated in SI base units as 1 V = 1 kg m2 s−3 A−1 (one kilogram meter squared per second cubed per ampere). 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No. 6 5. Energy Content of fuels ❖The most interchangeable unit of energy is the KiloWatt-hour (KWh). As at November 2019, one KWh costs around 13p from your electricity supplier. 1 KiloWatt is the rate of energy consumption. Fuel KWh per KWh per Density Kg/L KWh / tonne Measure litre kilogram (Water =1) oil equivalent 1 barrel 35 Imp.Gal. Diesel 10.70 9.11 0.851 11,746 42 US Gal. 1 Imp.Gal. 4.5461 Litre Petrol 9.40 6.93 0.737 12,211 1 Btu 1.055 K.Joules L.P.G 7.11 3.84 0.540 13,295 1 K.Watt.Hr 3.6 M.Joules Butane 7.85 3.92 0.500 1 therm 100k Btu Coal, Solid, 3.99 Equiv. 3.00 1.330 105.5 M.Joules Bituminous 1 atm 101 kPascals Dry Wood 1.20 Equiv. 4.00 0.330 1 bar 15 psi Dry Peat 1.96 Equiv. 4.91 0.400 1 Calorie 4,200 Joules Crude Oil 12.5 14.04 0.890 11,630 1 tonne oil 11,630 KWh Natural GAS 10.8 /cu.M 16.20 0.668Kg/cu.M 13,716 equivalent 1 T.O.E 7.4 Barrels ❖ Solar: in UK, 800W/sq.m, efficiency 17%, 7.5sqm/KW, generates 500KWh/yr. ❖ Nuclear: 360MWh / 1Kg of uranium at 33% efficiency in steam power plant. 1 ton of 16 Barrels ❖ Wind: Offshore 2.5MW turbine produces approx. 6,000 MWh energy/year. LNG 50k Cu. Ft. 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No. 7 6. Conventional vs Non-Conventional Fuels ❖Since the 1850ies Man has been sticking vertical straws in to reservoirs close to the surface. We are Carbon weevils. ❖There are no natural “gushers” any more. ❖Since 1948 we have used low pressure fracking to enhance recovery. ❖Re-injection of water (Sea water often used). Recovery Improves. ❖Saudi Arabia = biggest concentration of NC fuels. Source : Prof. Peter Styles presentation 2015. ❖Surveys have identified 80% of the conventional resources, reckoned to be around 4 Trillion Barrels of oil equivalent. We have extracted over 50% of those viable resources now. ❖There is no estimate of Worldwide Non-conventional fossil fuels, we are on a hunt! ❖Non-conventional fuels often require extreme recovery techniques in very hostile places, eg 4 miles below the sea floor or inside the arctic circle. ❖Non conventional sources need oil price over $80/barrel to justify exploration and recovery. Source : Understanding Non-conventional oil : Carnegie Endowment report, May 2012 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No. 8 7. Oil production/consumption, world & UK World Fracking reserves, see slide 6 in main pack. ❖ UK oil production, 1.42 Mbpd in 2014. ❖ UK oil from N.sea declining @ 6%/yr ❖ Advanced recovery techniques in N.sea may lift recovery %. ❖ World production of conventional crude oil peaked in 2005. ❖ Conventional Gas peaks around 2025. MYTH ALERT! ALL these numbers are for GROSS useable energy recovered! - See DC12 for EROEI 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No. 9 8. Gas production/consumption – world & UK. ❖ Top 20 Gas producing countries in the world. ❖ Consumption UK Gas : 3.2BCu.ft/Yr UK Gas Sources: North Sea conventional : 43% Pipelines, (Russian gas) via Europe 44% Liquid Natural Gas Ships (Qatar) 13%. 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No. 10 9. Equivalent Financial cost of production (2016) Hydrogen Cost/Barrel Gas $25 $49 All numbers EXCLUDE Financing costs Nuclear $93.50/Barrel (Watt committee report) Bio-Ethanol $59.50/ Barrel Solar 2013 $20/Barrel (FT) 13/11/2019 Fracking Update - 2019 No.
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