Preparation Guide for Boating Event

Preparation Guide for boating event

Document prepared by Danny Brosseau Lifesaving Society

The Lifesaving Society would like to express its gratitude to the National Search and Rescue Secretariat for the financial support of this guide. TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ...... 9 Chapter 1: Preparing the Participants and the Emergency Response Team .. 11 1.1 Introduction ...... 11 1.2 Basic Instructions...... 12 1.3 Checking Participants’ Safety ...... 13 1.4 Checking Watercourse ...... 14 1.5 Safety Requirements for a Boating Activity ...... 15 1.6 Emergency Response Committee...... 15 1.7 Two Specialized Teams ...... 17 1.8 List of Tasks of Emergency Response Team...... 19 Chapter 2: Required Equipment ...... 21 2.1 Rescue Equipment...... 21 2.2 First Aid Kit ...... 21 2.3 Means of Communication ...... 21 2.4 Emergency Transportation Vehicle ...... 22 2.5 Types of Rescue Craft ...... 22 Chapter 3: Preparing for Maximum Safety ...... 27 3.1 Participant Registration and Identification ...... 27 3.2 Recommendations for Participants ...... 27 3.3 Emergency Plan ...... 30 3.4 Positioning your Emergency Response Team ...... 31 Chapter 4: More on Communication ...... 33 4.1 Background ...... 33 4.2 Review ...... 33 Chapter 5: Emergency Situations ...... 35 5.1 Tips for Taking Action in an Emergency ...... 35 5.2 Tips for Search Operation ...... 36 5.3 Response Capacity in Case of Abandoned or Inoperable Craft ...... 36 Chapter 6: Conclusion ...... 39

Planning Guide for boating event 3 Definitions ...... 41 Appendix 1 : Contents of Firs Aid Kit ...... 43 Appendix 2 : Basic Rescue Equipement Recommended for Rescue Craft ...... 45 Appendix 3 : Ground First Aid Team: First Responder’s Equipement ...... 47 Appendix 4 : Aquatic Safety Patrol: Patroller’s Equipement ...... 49 Appendix 5 : First Aid Station Checklist ...... 51 Appendix 6 : Intervention Procedure for Victim with an Injury ...... 53 Appendix 7 : Intervention Procedure for Victim with Injury to Spinal Column...... 55 Appendix 8 : Intervention Procedure for Victim in Danger of Drowning...... 57 Appendix 9 : Intervention Procedure for Victim in Cardio-Respiratory Arrest...... 59 Appendix 10 : Planning Form ...... 61 Appendix 11 : Notes ...... 69

4 Planning Guide for boating event PLANNING GUIDE FOR BOATING EVENT

Published by The Lifesaving Society

Writer Danny Brosseau Coordinator, Aquatic and Boating Rescue Programs, Lifesaving Society

Co-writer Marion Billard Boating Safety Officer, Transport Canada, Marine Safety

Editor Julie Saint-Mleux, M.A.

Translation MATRA•gs Inc. Translation Services

Reproduction, in whole or in part, by any means is prohibited without the written authorization of the Lifesaving Society. Reproduction requests should be submitted to the Lifesaving Society at:

4545 Pierre-De Coubertin Avenue PO Box 1000, Station M Montreal (Quebec) H1V 3R2

[email protected] www.sauvetage.qc.ca

1-800-265-3093 514-252-3100

The Lifesaving Society is Canada’s lifeguarding leader. The goal of its water safety training programs, Water Smart™ public awareness campaign and administrative services is to prevent drowning and water-related injuries.

Ever since the first Bronze Medallion was issued in 1896, the Lifesaving Society has trained 200,000 Canadians each year in lifeguarding, rescue and first aid. This includes all lifeguards, first responders and rescuers in Canada. The Lifesaving Society is an independent philanthropic organization.

The Lifesaving Society represents Canada internationally as an active member of the Royal Life Saving Society and the International Life Saving Federation. In Canada, it is also in charge of search and rescue competitions, which make up a sport recognized by the International Olympic Committee.

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Canada’s Lifeguarding Experts — Preventing Drowning for over 100 Years

Nearly 500 Canadians die each year in water-related accidents, most of which occur in unsupervised areas and are preventable. Therefore more Canadians need to learn rescue techniques to save their lives and those of others.

The Lifesaving Society is proud to have been in charge of training lifeguards and rescuers since its inception. The Society came into existence in London, U.K., in the late- nineteenth century, with the creation of the Swimmers’ Life Saving Society. In 1894, Arthur Lewis Cochrane immigrated to Canada and passed on his lifesaving knowledge to students at Upper Canada College in Toronto. In June 1896, a total of 18 students of his were the first recipients of the Lifesaving Society’s first award, the prestigious Bronze Medallion.

The organization became the Royal Lifesaving Society in 1904, during the reign of Edward VII. In the fifties, it was the first organization to adopt the mouth-to-mouth technique instead of manual resuscitation methods. The first training program on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was launched in the sixties. In the eighties, the Society once again showed that it was in the vanguard of lifesaving developments by designing the ACTAR 911™, a cost-effective dummy for CPR training.

Now called the Lifesaving Society, it is a registered charitable organization that is present in all regions of the country and has a volunteer focus. While research and public awareness have been incorporated in the Lifesaving Society’s activities to give it a more dynamic and comprehensive role, it has not forgotten its core ideals. The Lifesaving Society has always been and always will be Canada’s lifeguarding leader.

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FOREWORD

The Lifesaving Society has had an aquatic safety patrol for nearly one hundred years. Over time, the patrol has developed expertise in monitoring boating events on a variety of watercourses in Canada. The patrol members have been trained as rescuers and first responders in the event of boating accidents. They give training courses, advise organizers of boating events, and ensure safety during a variety of water- related activities.

While participants’ safety is primarily the responsibility of the organizer of the activity, the Lifesaving Society nonetheless felt that a boating safety manual would be a useful addition in this context. Accordingly, it has prepared this guide in cooperation with the Canadian Coast Guard and Transport Canada, Office of Boating Safety and its partners. The guide contains safety instructions and tips for organizers planning water- related activities. It also contains information on how to build a competent monitoring, prevention and response team, as well as information for participants.

Please contact us if you have any questions. Once you have prepared your draft safety plan, we can assign a resource person to you to help with the final steps in the planning process.

The Lifesaving Society wishes to thank Hubert Desgagnés and Robert Jinchereau of the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) for their support and advice in drafting this document.

The Lifesaving Society also wishes to express its gratitude to Karen Lamothe and her Drummondville Triathlon team for sharing with us the information in their emergency measures plan.

Members of the Lifesaving Society’s Boating Safety Committee: Manon Benoit Rosalie Bibeau-Lesage Martin Forcier Éric Girard André Latendresse Katerie Leclerc Marjolaine Roy-Beaudry Jasmin St-Laurent Sébastien Turner

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Chapter 1: Preparing the Participants and the Emergency Response Team

1.1 Introduction Every year a host of boating activities are organized on Canada’s waterways. Whether it is a keelboat race off the Gaspé Peninsula, kayaking on the Bay of Fundy, a high- performance rowing regatta in British Columbia, a fun run or a poker run, or even the traditional canoe race at the Quebec City Carnival, careful planning is a “must” to ensure not only that the event runs smoothly but also that participants are safe.

Fun runs often involve homemade boats of every kind. From converted bathtubs, cardboard boats, and inner tubes to carved out pumpkins, people use just about anything that floats on our waterways. Canoes/kayaks/rowing shells and sail boards are the craft of choice for more formal races. Participants may vary from the novice water enthusiast to the professional athlete looking for new challenges. Whatever the event, organizers should be familiar with the hazards or conditions that could potentially arise and increase the level of risk to participants. Participants should be aware of the risks and then assess their skill level based on their experience and water conditions and prepare accordingly. Organizers may have to implement certain safety rules to ensure a basic level of safety is followed by everyone, even the most seasoned veteran.

Many major event organizers enlist the help of local fire, ambulance, hospital and police services to ensure participant safety. Others retain the services of aquatic safety patrols, lifeguards, rescuers and volunteer rescue units. But what happens if the only people available are untrained volunteers?

This guide was prepared with such an eventuality in mind. It is designed to help people organize their own emergency response team. Naturally, the scope of safety arrangements will vary: the requirements for a regional triathlon/biathlon, a non- competitive regatta and a transatlantic race are quite different.

The instructions in the guide are not meant to replace race rules set by sport federations. They should be used as a tool to guide organizers in planning their activities. There is nothing to prevent them making even more safety arrangements if they feel it is warranted. Obviously, existing regulations governing waterways must be complied with. Lastly, organizers should consult local authorities (municipal, port, etc.) to make sure that their activities are in compliance with local regulations.

Remember: the final responsibility for an event lies with the organizer. He or she must be able to show that measures have been taken to ensure the safety of the participants, the spectators, and the other users of the waterway.

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Chapter 1: Preparing the Participants and the Emergency Response Team

1.2 Basic Instructions The organizer should • Set up a race committee to oversee the event • Set up a separate emergency response committee if warranted by the size of the event • Have a fixed land command post (CP) • Have all necessary authorizations from the various authorities (see point 1.2.1 Notifications for more details): ¾ if the race is to take place along a waterway → NOTSHIP required ¾ if the race is to take place in a port area → port authorization required • Have the required insurance for the event • Determine and properly identify and mark the course • Identify a different course in case the first course cannot be used • Take measures to ensure spectator safety • Meet with the safety teams and, if possible, participants before the event to convey important information • Obtain all necessary authorizations and access permits for launching • Establish criteria for cancelling or postponing the race (emergency action plan)

1.2.1 Notifications Organizers need to have a procedure in place for notifying the appropriate authorities prior to the event in preparation for emergencies. Some of the authorities could be: a Canadian Coast Guard Rescue Coordination Centre, and/or the nearest Maritime Communication and Traffic Services Centre (if the event is on waters covered by Coast Guard resources), RCMP, provincial police, municipal police, and local fire departments for inland waters not overseen by Coast Guard. Also notify the local Port Authority if there is one in the area. You may need their permission to hold the race. The following outlines information (if applicable) that should be available to authorities. The list is not all-inclusive and you may have additional information that would assist rescuers in the event an emergency arises: • Date, time, location, and course of event. Include latitude and longitude if available or other key reference points for start and finish lines • Diagram of the planned waterway course • Expected duration to complete course • Number of participants with list of names and assigned numbers • Planned rescue procedures, i.e. number of safety boats, length and power of boat, number and experience of rescuers (i.e. at least one person per safety boat has a level of First Aid and CPR), safety equipment carried on board • Notices posted to advise the surrounding coastal/local communities of the race. This will assist with local waterway users to be on the alert to an increase in water use for that period of time. • Plans to notify local waterway users such as local fishers who may be in the area. Post notices at local wharves, docks, ramps, marinas, boat clubs, etc. This will assist with rescue efforts if necessary.

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Chapter 1: Preparing the Participants and the Emergency Response Team

• Description of coastline – is it rocky, are there steep cliffs, are there areas participants can land for shelter or in the event the participant cannot finish the race? (In the case of a coastal event this should be marked on charts of the area to be used. Navigation or charting course may be recommended.) • Communication type (VHF, cell phone, etc.) Post cell phone numbers. • A phone number of the individual responsible for the on-water part of the race. This line will be monitored during the entire water leg.

For coastal areas, arrange to have a notice to shipping released to advise mariners transiting the area of the race details. Organizers of Biathlon/Triathlon events involving a water portion should consider the following:

1. Establish a national governing body for these events with a mandate to oversee the development of safety guidelines and emergency response procedures for race organizers hosting an on-water event or leg of an event.

2. Establish national requirements for participants to demonstrate an acceptable level of skill if the on-water event involves tidal/white water with strong currents.

3. Establish national requirements for participants to demonstrate or provide proof that they are trained in self-rescue techniques based on the challenge level of the waterway course.

1.3 Checking Participants’ Safety Participants should be checked prior to the start of the race. Depending on the activity, the following checks should be conducted.

The organizer should ensure that • Boat occupants are the same as those registered* • Swimmers are wearing brightly coloured caps • Participants are correctly identified and assigned a number that is firmly attached on the upper portion of the body • The boat is properly identified with the same number as the participant • Safety equipment is on board and meets the minimum standards of small vessel regulations (Canada Shipping Act - CSA) • Safety equipment required by the safety committee is on board • All participants on board are wearing a personal flotation device (PFD)

Depending on the challenge of the water course and participant skill level, on water checkpoints are established to assess participant physical condition and ability to continue with the race.

*See Chapter 3.1: Participant Registration and Identification

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Communications/Briefings

1. Participants will be informed of dangers associated with the watercourse: • Sea condition • Current, tide, waves • Wind • Air/water temperature • Dangers associated with the waterway • Areas of refuge/safety 2. Participants will carry a hand-held VHF radio (depending on the area) in addition to cell phones they may already have. 3. Participants will be briefed on the proper handling, storage and use of pyrotechnic devices (flares). 4. Participants will be familiarized with the signal and sound to end the race in the event it has to be ended prematurely. It is suggested one long blast of an air horn. This signal to be repeated at pre-determined intervals until all participants have acknowledged. The use of the air horn is recommended over the whistle as the participants will be carrying a whistle that can be used to signal distress and the signals need to be distinct from each other. 5. In addition to the sound signal, safety boats will fly an object (visibility permitting) (i.e. flag/ball) to indicate the race is cancelled. The object will be identified to participants during the briefing. 6. Participants should know that a continuous sounding of a whistle is a distress signal should they find themselves in trouble.

1.4 Checking Watercourse The watercourse must be appropriate for safe activities. In organizing an event, the following must be taken into consideration and the waterway information relayed to all participants: • Tide • Currents/waves • Conditions on watercourse in relation to boats involved in race • Fixed obstacles • Ice • Channel for commercial shipping • Types of vessels allowed on watercourse • Other restrictions (shooting ranges, polluted water, port area, dam, etc.) • Water/air temperature • Areas of refuge/safety in the event conditions change and the participant needs to get to shelter

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Chapter 1: Preparing the Participants and the Emergency Response Team

1.5 Safety Requirements for a Boating Activity To ensure everybody’s safety, organizers must provide an emergency response team with the following components:

9 a person or committee in charge of emergency response 9 a ground first aid team 9 a first aid station 9 regulation first-aid kits 9 an emergency transport vehicle 9 an aquatic safety patrol 9 a rescue craft with a motor 9 a land and water safety plan 9 an effective system of communication between teams 9 written emergency procedures 9 emergency numbers posted near telephone 9 an effective, working means of communicating with emergency medical services

1.6 Emergency Response Committee The first step is to set up a committee or identify a person to be in charge of emergency assistance and the aquatic safety patrol. Ideally, organizers should find a person with experience in rescue and first aid, who will be able to coordinate first aid more effectively. The individual or group must have the leadership, problem-solving and training skills required to direct volunteers appropriately throughout the activity.

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Chapter 1: Preparing the Participants and the Emergency Response Team

1.6.1 List of Tasks of Emergency Response Officer or Committee

A few days before the event 9 confirm event schedule with activity organizer 9 find the number of volunteers needed for each team 9 prepare or review emergency procedures 9 visit site and draw site map 9 prepare schedule for volunteers 9 advise CCG if activity is taking place on a waterway covered by its services 9 plan a mechanism for stopping the activity (e.g. bad weather, accident, etc.) 9 establish a checkpoint at the beginning of the water course to: o ensure the participant number matches the vessel number o record the time the participant entered the water o assess the participants’ physical condition to carry on with the race if it is a triathlon/biathlon event o ensure conditions have not changed and water portion is not cancelled

Before start of event 9 confirm activity with CCG (last-minute notice), if applicable 9 check weather conditions and other environmental factors 9 prepare and check all available safety equipment and crafts 9 have a briefing meeting with participants on the conditions of the watercourse 9 ensure that volunteers are present 9 meet with all volunteers to convey required safety information 9 give instructions for the day and hand out bibs for identification 9 make sure that each team is at its post before start of activity 9 check that communications system is working properly A check point person is in place and responsible for relaying information on the water portion back to the command post.

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Chapter 1: Preparing the Participants and the Emergency Response Team

During event 9 coordinate safety resources 9 ensure that all emergency teams have enough water, food and equipment 9 check that all patrollers and rescuers are dressed appropriately for the weather conditions 9 sound the alarm in an emergency 9 in the event of an accident or incident, follow appropriate procedures 9 report any boating accident to the MRSC rescue centre or local authorities (911, *4141) 9 visually identify any abandoned craft 9 schedule rotations and breaks (particularly useful in bad weather)

After event 9 collect safety equipment 9 assemble all members of emergency response team 9 conduct debriefing on event with all volunteers and discuss emergency measures taken during the day 9 fill out required reports and submit them to event organizer 9 check and maintain equipment and crafts 9 call CCG to inform them that activity has ended, if applicable

1.7 Two Specialized Teams Ideally, the emergency response team should be made up of two groups: • an aquatic safety patrol • a ground first aid team

1.7.1 Volunteer’s Equipment Each member of the emergency team must have at least the basic equipment. To avoid any nasty surprises, each volunteer should check the list of required items for the post concerned (see appendixes 3 and 4).

1.7.2 Skills and Knowledge Required of Volunteers To ensure safety during an event, rescue team members on watercraft should have adequate training and skills for helping people in emergencies.

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Aquatic safety patrol members must: have a craft operator’s license, if they are operating boats identify, prepare, maintain and use safety equipment recognize the various emergency situations and determine the required alert level respond to a boating emergency to the best of their abilities, following procedures and being careful not to put their own lives in danger be able to use rescue techniques appropriate to victim’s condition be able to administer first aid be able to use CPR techniques be able to plan and direct a search mission

To ensure safety on land, ground first responders should have adequate emergency training.

First responders must: have received 16 hours of accredited training from a recognized training body* be able to recognize a victim with an injury and determine the appropriate level of alert be able to assess a victim’s condition and provide appropriate first aid be able to apply CPR techniques *Lifesaving Society, Red Cross, Canadian Ski Patrol, occupational health and safety board, St. John Ambulance.

18 Planning Guide for boating event Chapter 1: Preparing the Participants and the Emergency Response Team

1.8 List of Tasks of Emergency Response Team Upon arrival, each team should be familiar with its assigned tasks. The emergency response team leader should give each volunteer a list of tasks.

Tasks of ground first-aid team member • arrive on site at least one hour before start of event

• set up first aid tent or station at location indicated on map

• ensure that first aid tent or station is identified as such

• prepare first aid equipment

• familiarize themselves with event site, if possible

• check communications system, if applicable

• take up position to respond to emergencies

• inform event organizer or safety/emergency response team leader that ground first aid team is in position

• refer to emergency procedures in the event of an emergency

• if the aquatic safety patrol team and the ground first aid team meet after his/her shift, give a report on event and assign tasks

All members of the two teams will not stop lifeguarding duties until the event organizer gives them all permission to leave the site.

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Tasks of aquatic safety patrol member • arrive on site at least one hour before start of event

• prepare boat equipment

• conduct systematic inspection of boats using checklist

• launch boats

• inspect entire course to identify potential dangers/obstacles

• check communications system, if applicable

• take up position to monitor whole watercourse as soon as a participant goes on or into the water

• report to event organizer or emergency response team leader that aquatic safety patrol team is in position

• as soon as race starts, follow participants close to course perimeter and guide them in the right direction

• refer to response procedures in an emergency

• when last participant in last group gets out of water, inform ground team that the aquatic safety patrol has stopped monitoring

• moor boats, remove first aid equipment if necessary, and if possible join ground team in first aid tent

All members of the first aid team and the aquatic safety team will not stop lifeguarding until the event organizer authorizes them all to leave the race site.

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Chapter 2: Required Equipment

2.1 Rescue Equipment It is extremely dangerous to reach out and offer your hand to a victim or to enter the water to retrieve one. To avoid putting your own life in danger, you should instead use assists to extend your reach. There are several types, and each is appropriate for one or more types of rescue. So you have to chose your assist carefully in light of the requirements of the individual situation, your familiarity with the equipment and the type of craft*. See Appendix 2 for the complete list of basic rescue equipment in a rescue craft.

*See Chapter 2.5: Types of rescue craft

2.2 First Aid Kit There are a great many first aid products and kits on the market. You don’t need a very large and cumbersome first aid kit to provide emergency care. It must contain the minimum required under the Quebec Regulation respecting safety in public baths (S-3, r.3). Refer to the official regulations of the federation or association concerned for the required items (see Appendix 1).

2.3 Means of Communication The race command post (CP) must have a reliable means of communication with the event organizers and with the emergency response team leader so that all safety activities are properly coordinated.

The race CP must have at least one of the following means of communication: • Radio (marine VHF if the event is being held on a waterway) • Cell phones • Fixed telephone lines • Fax (recommended) • Internet

The CP should have a cell phone with a number that is known only to the emergency response committee and outside emergency services and can be used in the event that the telephone system is down or overloaded.

The CP must have at least two telephone lines: • One for participants, families and media (number known) • One for the safety/emergency response committee and emergency services (confidential number)

If the CP has a computer with a modem, a line must be dedicated to it to free up the two telephone lines mentioned above.

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Chapter 2: Required Equipment

2.4 Emergency Transportation Vehicle It is sometimes possible to have an ambulance service available on site, with ambulances taking victims from the accident site to the closest hospital. Contact the local ambulance company to obtain this service.

In a major emergency, rapid response is essential. If ambulance services are unavailable, you should make a motor vehicle available to first responders so that they can get to the accident site quickly. Of course, the emergency vehicle must never be used in place of an ambulance to transport injured people to hospital, but it can be used to take them to a safe location.

2.5 Types of Rescue Craft To ensure participants’ maximum safety when they are on or in the water, you must have one or more rescue crafts. It is essential to know what they can do and what they cannot do and know where on the site craft of each type can be launched. Here are some questions to ask in order to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of a rescue craft:

• How long does it take to launch it? • How many victims can it handle safely? • What is its draft? • How well does it perform in bad weather? • What is its endurance? • What is its speed? • Is a motorboat allowed on the watercourse under existing regulations? • Is the vessel equipped for nighttime operation if required? • Is the vessel equipped with an air horn capable of emitting a discernible sound to indicate the end of the race?

Below we outline the broad characteristics of the main types of rescue crafts, along with a list of required rescue equipment for each type. Please note that, in addition to rescue equipment as such, a boat must have the minimum equipment required in the Canadian Coast Guard’s Safe Boating Guide. Also, each safety boat must carry a list of participants and their assigned numbers in the event they rescue an unconscious participant.

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Chapter 2: Required Equipment

Rigid hull boat This type of boat offers an interesting combination of features. Halfway between light, highly manoeuvrable craft and the larger rescue vessels, it is both comfortable and quite fast.

Pros: - fast - versatile - can be fitted with rescue equipment - can take two or three victims - big enough for on-board first aid

Cons: - high purchase price - high fuel costs - often has high freeboard - requires launch facility

Required on-board safety equipment: - extra PFDs - maritime distress signals (flares) - waterproof search light and flashlight - 2 throw bags - reaching pole - 2 ring or torpedo buoys or rescue tubes - spinal board - first aid kit - 3 woollen blankets - oxygen supply unit with pocket mask - tow rope - communication device (VHF, portable two-way radio, cell phone)

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Chapter 2: Required Equipment

Inflatable This type is 4-8 metres long and usually comes with an outboard motor.

Pros: - light - very manoeuvrable - low draft - easy to launch - can take two or three victims on board

Cons: - difficult to steer in big waves - risk of capsizing - poor towing capacity

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Chapter 2: Required Equipment

Personal watercraft This type of craft has come in for a lot of criticism, but rescue organizations are increasingly recognizing its value. It is very useful for reaching another craft quickly in order to distribute information. On the other hand, its usefulness in assisting victims in serious difficulty is debatable. If a personal watercraft is used for rescue, a floating stretcher will be needed too.

Pros: - reasonably priced - very fast - very manoeuvrable - low draft

Cons: - limited space - vulnerable in bad weather - impossible to administer first aid on board - unstable when retrieving victim

Required on-board safety equipment: - floating stretcher (tied to rear of personal watercraft) - maritime distress signals (flares) - waterproof flashlight - 1 throw bag - 1 torpedo buoy or rescue tube - tow rope - communication device (VHF, portable two-way radio, cell phone)

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Chapter 2: Required Equipment

Rowboat or motorboat The oldest type of rescue craft, but it can still prove very useful.

Pros: - very reasonable priced - easy to operate - low maintenance - doesn’t brake down (rowboat)

Cons: - slow (rowboat) - uncomfortable - can be slowed down or stopped by waves or current - capsizes easily

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Chapter 3: Preparing for Maximum Safety

3.1 Participant Registration and Identification All participants must register and provide relevant information. They should all fill out a questionnaire asking for the following:

• Name, address and telephone number (of each person, if it is a team) • Name and telephone number of contact person in emergency • Age • Amount of experience in activity • Boat name, number, type, model, serial number, length, width, colour, hull/cabin type • Number of sails and masts and type of rigging • Motor type, make and horsepower • Means of communication on boat • Navigation equipment

Each participant should be identified for the specific activity (identification on boat, or individual wears identity wristband).

3.1.1 Health Record Each participant must fill out a personal health questionnaire so that important information such as medical history can be passed on to emergency response teams. The CP must have a copy of every participant’s health record with all required information (original to be kept in a safe place) and be able to find it quickly.

3.2 Recommendations for Participants

1- Be prepared If you are a novice participating in an on-water event, take a safe boating course before you head out. Look for one that offers practical instruction.

• Getting underway - check the weather and water conditions. Large lakes can be just as unpredictable as tidal waters when it comes to environmental changes.

• Know before you go. If heading out onto unfamiliar water, check with local users to identify hazards such as strong currents, rapids, etc.

• If the event involves navigating coastal waters, larger lakes and rivers ensure you have charts for the area (if available). Hone up on navigation skills or take a course if you are a novice.

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Chapter 3: Preparing for Maximum Safety

2- Safety equipment

• Wear a personal flotation device. Find one that is comfortable for you and your sport. Bright colors are recommended. If the PFD does not come with retro- reflective tape, place tape on a visible area of the upper body (i.e. top of arm where it will not be covered by the PFD). To assist with search efforts you want to make yourself appear bigger, brighter and different than your surroundings. • In cold waters wear a wetsuit (neoprene) or a flotation device that offers additional protection against hypothermia. • Carry the required safety equipment as outlined in the Small Vessel Regulations. • Carry flares: at least three “type B” and one “C”. (depending on the area) • Carry a high intensity light for signalling to other vessels or rescuers on shore should you find yourself in trouble. • Carry a locator beacon (i.e. hand held EPIRB or PLB) that will indicate distress and emit a position signal to aid in search and rescue. • Carry a sound signalling device (whistle) affixed to your PFD in the event the craft capsizes and drifts out of reach or you cannot get back into the craft. • Sea kayaks should be equipped with watertight (neoprene) skirts. • Carry some type of radar reflective capability, if possible, that can be detected by the radar of larger vessels. This is particularly important if you are in areas that experience commercial traffic or if you are crossing traffic lanes. • Affix a portable small light that can be turned on to signal your position to larger vessels. Affixed to the top of a ball cap or toque if you wear one. Essentially the top of your head would be the highest point on the boat if you are in a canoe/kayak, etc. • Carry a VHF radio if on coastal or tidal waters for emergency purposes or to advise other vessels in the area of your location.

Notes about safety equipment

If a craft does not fall under regulatory guidelines (for example a carved out pumpkin), the minimal safety equipment that should be carried on board is a personal flotation device with a whistle attached. Remember, to be effective a PFD must be worn. Make this a rule for life! Boating in sheltered waters may appear to be a low risk activity but the chance of drowning is always present. Additional safety equipment should be included for higher risk competitions, as well as an adequate number of safety boats for rapid response to individuals in distress.

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Chapter 3: Preparing for Maximum Safety

3- Prevent hypothermia

Canada is known for its cold waters. The country’s waters are considered cold year round, both inland and coastal. Even in summer most coastal waters do not rise much above 20°C. Some types of vessels are very unstable and can easily capsize. Being prepared is the key to survival. Wearing a personal flotation device (PFD) is the first step. When one ends up in cold water unexpectedly the body’s first reaction is to gasp. When this happens a person will swallow large amounts of water and may not be able to recover to rise to the surface. Wearing a properly fitting PFD will at least help the individual rise to the surface. Participants in a sea kayaking event may opt to wear a neoprene suit along with a PFD and equip the kayak with a properly fitting water tight spray skirt. Ensure participants are familiar with the early stages of hypothermia. It is known as the silent killer for a good reason. If a participant is wet, cold and unable to get to shelter it may be time to signal for help before the uncontrollable shaking and disorientation sets in. When this stage sets in the capacity to make sound decisions is diminished and the person may not be able to signal for help. Hypothermia is a serious condition and one of the principal reasons for needing an adequate number of safety boats for the race course.

Miscellaneous

1. Know the signs/symptoms of hypothermia. Take a first aid course and be prepared to offer assistance to others. 2. Know you play a major role in your safety. Once on the water recognize signs that could jeopardize your safety and act accordingly. This may mean signalling for help to get to a safe haven. 3. Are you prepared to portage your boat if necessary? Lifting a canoe by yourself can be demanding - are you physically able? 4. Obtain a Restricted Operators Certificate recognized by Industry Canada. This is required to operate a VHF radio in Canada.

These recommendations are meant to give you an overview of what to consider to establish safety guidelines for an event or prepare for a safe competition. Of course not all events require the same level of safety precautions. As you go through the list think of the environmental conditions that will be encountered and the response time and effort required should an emergency situation arise. If the recommendation fits use it - if not leave it for another time.

Planning Guide for boating event 29 Chapter 3: Preparing for Maximum Safety

Alcohol during a boat event

It is illegal to operate a vessel while under the influence of alcohol. In order to consume alcohol on board a vessel it must be equipped with a toilet, sleeping quarters and a galley. The vessel must be anchored, moored or secured alongside a dock. Alcohol should never be permitted before or during a race. Save the booze for later when it can be consumed legally and in a safe location.

3.3 Emergency Plan The event organizing committee and the emergency response team leader must establish emergency procedures. These must be posted in the first aid station and also made available to all responders. Whatever your level of experience, you must practice carrying out emergency plans regularly and change or add to them as required.

The event organizing committee must prepare emergency plans for the following situations: • Accident involving one participant (according to victim’s condition) • Accident involving more than one participant • Disappearance of a participant • Accident involving spectators • Worsening weather conditions before or during event • Other minor accidents

Emergency plans must provide for situations that could delay the event or cause it to be cancelled, such as the following: • Poor water conditions • Strong winds • Bad weather • Worsening visibility • Nightfall • Maritime incident (e.g. spill causing pollution) • Major search and rescue operation • Safety/emergency response committee deficiency/error • Other emergency with a potential impact (forest fire, flooding, earthquake, etc.)

30 Planning Guide for boating event Chapter 3: Preparing for Maximum Safety

3.4 Positioning your Emergency Response Team There are no official instructions on positioning your emergency response team. Since there is no official participant-to-patroller/first responder ratio and each activity has different requirements, it is hard to give a general plan. That being said, you should apply the following principles: • No participant should be out of sight of the aquatic safety patrol. • Since a drowning victim can be submerged in less than 30 seconds, there should be enough rescue crafts for each participant to be recovered in less than 15 seconds. • Take into account the fact that a boat bringing a victim back to the dock for first aid is no longer available for monitoring duties. • Remember that environmental conditions (current, tide, weather conditions, water temperature, area of land or water to be monitored) affect how the event unfolds and how many volunteers will be needed to ensure safety. • The recommended ratio of safety crafts to participants is a minimum of 1 safety boat to 5 participants.

Location of first responders - team of at least 2 responders at start of race, if required - team of at least 2 responders at finish, if required - team of at least 2 responders at first aid station - team of at least 2 responders at waterside

Location of aquatic safety patrol - one craft at front of race - one craft at rear of race - one or more additional crafts in the middle of the race. Add more crafts, depending on number of participants, so that all participants are in patrollers’ field of vision. - one mobile craft for recovering victims and bringing them back to shore

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32 Planning Guide for boating event

Chapter 4: More on Communication

4.1 Background In 1995, the network of radio stations of the Canadian Coast Guard and that of Maritime Traffic Services merged as part of a large-scale restructuring of the CCG. The new Maritime Communications and Traffic Services (MCTS) centres ensure continuous monitoring of the international distress call frequencies at 156.8 Mhz (VHF radio channel 16). They provide assistance to ships in distress by maintaining communications with the Maritime Rescue Sub-Centre (MRSC) and other agencies.

The MCTS centres also send and receive commercial shipping messages and telephone calls, transmit weather bulletins and information on navigation aids, and monitor electronic navigation aid systems on an ongoing basis. Volunteers with the Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary (CCGA) can send in their availability schedules through the centres.

In short, the CCG’s MCTS centres act as a link between shipping in distress, the MRSC and search and rescue craft. Therefore any radio message about a rescue situation should be sent to the MRSC via the MCTS centres.

Depending on the situation, the centres can provide the following information: • Position of commercial ships • Weather conditions • Ice conditions • Obstacles to navigation • Water levels • Tide schedules

4.2 Review Effective communication with the authorities is of great help in preventing accidents. When planning a boating activity on a waterway with heavy shipping traffic, you must contact the local authorities to obtain proper authorization prior to the event. In addition, a notice to shipping (NOTSHIP) must be issued a few days before the event to inform them of any changes to the waterway. It is a good idea to use VHF radios to get the required assistance easily. Note: You must receive training before a VHF user permit can be issued to you.

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Chapter 5: Emergency Situations

5.1 Tips for Taking Action in an Emergency Even though everything has been carefully planned and monitoring has been intensified, an emergency may arise and the event may have to be halted temporarily. To prevent the situation from getting worse, the first responder who is closest to the scene of the accident should do the following: • Stay calm at all times • Properly identify the nature of the emergency (minor or major) • Report the emergency to the whole emergency response team and advise event organizers so that they can determine its impact on the activity • Ensure victim’s safety by putting them in a safe place, depending on the situation • Follow procedures appropriate to type of emergency and victim’s condition • Limit radio communications (no chatting) • Contact MRSC at 1-800-463-4393 for CCG assistance • Fill out an accident report

5.1.1 Minor Emergency not Requiring Call to EMS • During sporting events, some athletes may want to continue competing in spite of a minor injury. In such cases, do not touch the victim, unless they ask you to. Otherwise, they may be disqualified. • Some participants may come to the first aid station with a minor injury. The team members on duty must administer first aid in accordance with procedures. They must also fill out a minor accident report, even if all that was needed was a dressing. • If the situation worsens, first responders must follow the appropriate procedures.

5.1.2 Major Emergency Requiring Call to EMS • Make sure that emergency response team takes charge of victim. • Inform event organizer that situation requires ambulance transportation and give relevant information: ¾ level of emergency (e.g. major) ¾ type of injury (e.g. chest pains) ¾ site (e.g. shoreline) • Emergency response team leader should go to the emergency site. • Arrange for victim to be moved to a place where ambulance personnel can reach them if necessary. • Evacuate public or stop event, as required.

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Chapter 5: Emergency Situations

5.2 Tips for Search Operation One or more participants may be missing or late finishing. The organizer therefore has to launch a search operation.

When the missing craft or persons have been found, the rescue boat coxswain must:

• Inform the survivors that they have been found (or inform the people in the boat of the search operation) • Inform the race CP or MRSC, as applicable, and approach the craft, noting:

¾ the time the craft was spotted ¾ its position (latitude and longitude) ¾ weather conditions in the area ¾ condition of survivors and craft

When transmitting information by radio, you should always keep in mind that the media may be listening in. It is therefore important not to disclose the individuals’ identities.

5.3 Response Capacity in Case of Abandoned or Inoperable Craft If towing capacity is available, the captain of the craft requiring towing must ascertain whether it can perform manœuvres correctly. If the speed, power or size of the towing craft indicates that towing may not be successful, the race CP must be notified. It is then the responsibility of the race organizer or boat owner to make arrangements for the boat’s recovery.

5.3.1 Factors Determining Level of Risk • Position of boat • Type of boat in relation to sector • Visibility • Tide and strength of current in relation to boat’s mooring or anchorage capacity • Weather conditions currently and over medium term • Condition of persons on board (age, state of health, emotional state, etc.) • Communication link • Local maritime traffic • Concern expressed by coxswain of CCG/CCGA resource in sector

36 Planning Guide for boating event

Chapter 5: Emergency Situations

5.3.2 Questioning Survivors Once survivors have been rescued, the rescuers should question them about the circumstances surrounding the accident and immediately convey information to the coordinator on site or to Quebec MRSC if it has been alerted.

Survivors should be questioned about the following: 1) Total number of persons on the boat 2) Possibility that others are missing 3) Probable position of those missing 4) Medical history (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, epilepsy, etc.). Note everything on participant’s health record.

Approach to questioning: • Questioning must not worsen the survivors’ condition. If they are frightened or agitated, the person asking the questions should speak in a calm voice and avoid suggesting answers. • It is appropriate to tell the survivors that the information is needed for the search operation. • The site manager can question the survivors too, when they reach shore.

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Chapter 6: Conclusion

Participants’ safety must not be neglected under any circumstances. It takes time to develop an emergency plan; each organizer must arrange meetings to set up boating safety and emergency response procedures. Your planning schedule should take account of the fact that some of the tasks outlined here require specialized training.

After reading this guide, you should be ready to start developing a safety plan. Filling out the questionnaire in Appendix 11 will help you to do so. It will give you guidance and enable you to ensure maximum safety during your event. You can also refer to the various models of emergency procedures and adapt them to your particular situation. In addition, you can use the checklists as your needs dictate (Appendixes 3, 4 and 5).

Do not hesitate to contact the specialized agencies in boating safety at any time for additional resources with information on effective training activities geared to your specific needs. We also invite you to reread this guide to become more familiar with all aspects of boating safety.

Visit the website of the Lifesaving Society, “Canada’s lifeguarding experts,” at www.lifesaving.ca or www.boatingevent.ca to access a variety of volunteer resources that will be pleased to help you.

Visit the Canadian Coast Guard website at www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca and www.marinfo.gc.ca or www.safeboating.gc.ca for information on boating safety.

We wish you a pleasant, safe boating event!

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Definitions

NOTSHIP Notice to Shipping FRC Fast Rescue Craft CF Canadian Forces CCGA Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary ETA Estimated Time of Arrival JRCC Joint Rescue Coordination Centre: National Defence centre responsible for coordinating air and sea search and rescue (SAR) operations in a given SAR region LKP Last Known Position CSA Canada Shipping Act MRSC Maritime Rescue Sub-Centre: Canadian Coast Guard centre responsible for coordinating all search and rescue operations in a given SAR region CCGS Canadian Cost Guard Ship ORGANIZER Person responsible for organizing a boating activity (sports competition or other event)

COXSWAIN Person in charge of operating a rescue craft

CP Command post responsible for coordinating event

POB Persons on Board SAR International acronym for “Search and Rescue” SERABEC Sauvetage et recherches aériens du Québec SITREP Acronym for “Situation Report” MCTS Maritime Communications and Traffic Services: centre that monitors distress call frequencies, issues notices to shipping and weather bulletins, and sends messages concerning commercial shipping and maritime traffic regulations over a section of the St. Lawrence (former acronyms: VTS and CGRS) EMS Emergency Medical Service PFD Personal Flotation Device VHF Very High Frequency Radio Band

NOTE: Boldface abbreviations are the same in English and French. Abbreviations in italics characters are ones used in this guide.

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Appendix 1

Contents of First Aid Kit Complying with Regulation S-3, r. 3*

1 first aid manual

150 ml of hospital antiseptic

24 safety pins

24 separately wrapped adhesive dressings

6 triangular bandages

4 50-mm rolls of gauze bandage

4 100-mm rolls of gauze bandage

4 25-g packs of absorbent cotton

12 gauze pads or compresses 75 mm x 75 mm

4 separately wrapped surgical pads for pressure dressings

1 roll of 12-mm adhesive tape

1 roll of 50-mm adhesive tape

splints of various sizes

pocket mask or other means of protection

disposable protective gloves

set of cervical collars

all-purpose scissors

small flashlight

*S-3, r.3: Regulation respecting safety in public baths, Laws and Regulations - Quebec

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Appendix 2

Basic Rescue Equipment Recommended for Rescue Craft*

- oars, paddles - approved personal flotation device (PFD) of the right size for each person on board - whistle attached to PFD of each person on board - additional PFDs for rescued persons - floating throw rope at least 15 m long - maritime distress signals (flares) - waterproof search light and portable flashlight - bailer or manual pump - throw bag - ring buoy with rope - torpedo buoy - reaching pole - first aid kit - woollen blanket - spinal board - re-boarding device (ladder, net, etc.) - oxygen supply unit with pocket mask - communication device(VHF, portable two-way radio, cell phone) - knife - tow rope - old rope for retrieving or towing obstacles to navigation - binoculars - fenders or other devices to protect craft when docking

*See Chapter 2.4: Types of craft for equipment needed on specific craft.

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Appendix 3

Ground First Aid Team: First Responder’s Equipment

9 whistle 9 sun block 9 sunglasses (strap recommended) 9 water bottle (at least 2 L) 9 snack and refreshments 9 comfortable walking shoes 9 waterproof watch 9 hat or cap 9 clip or band for long hair 9 appropriate clothing for weather conditions (synthetic clothing, rain gear, etc.) 9 change of clothing 9 photocopy of first aid map

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Appendix 4

Aquatic Safety Patrol: Patroller’s Equipment

9 Pleasure craft operator’s card 9 whistle 9 sun block 9 sunglasses (strap recommended) 9 swimsuit and beach towel 9 water bottle (at least 2 L) 9 snack and refreshments 9 shoes or sandals for entering water 9 waterproof watch 9 hat or cap 9 clip or band for long hair 9 comfortable walking shoes 9 appropriate clothing for weather conditions (synthetic clothing, rain gear, etc.) 9 change of clothing 9 wetsuit

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Appendix 5

First Aid Station Checklist

Required Strongly Recommended

bibs toolbox 2 first aid kits means of communication 5 blankets duct tape 2 camp beds lighting system spinal board toilets accessible phone inhaler list of emergency numbers plastic bags water bottles table and chairs paper and pencils emergency plan access to ice heating system

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Appendix 6

Intervention Procedure for Conscious or Unconscious Victim with an Injury

The intervention procedure for an injured victim varies according to the type of rescue craft available. Below we give general guidelines for assisting a victim who has been injured during a boating activity.

1st rescuer 2nd rescuer Ground team

Report emergency Approaches with due regard for safety and Joins 1st rescuer Keeps onlookers away checks victim’s condition Prepares equipment for Retrieves victim Helps to retrieve victim victim’s arrival Contacts ground team for Checks breathing and them to call EMS, if Calls EMS if necessary blood circulation necessary Gives priority first aid

Returns to dock

Returns to lifeguarding post Takes charge of victim

At end of activity, conduct debriefing with all team members on site

Note: If there is more than one victim, use the largest, most accessible craft for rescue. A personal watercraft (PWC) can handle only one victim.

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Appendix 7

Intervention Procedure for Victim with Injury to Spinal Column

The intervention procedure for a victim with an injury to the spinal column varies according to the type of rescue craft available. Below we give general guidelines for assisting a victim who has sustained an injury to the spinal column during a boating activity.

Rescue craft Ground team 1st rescuer 2nd rescuer First aid Report emergency Approaches with due regard Ensures safety of 1st Delays next start, as required for safety rescuer Check’s victim’s condition, Once safety ensured, Prepares equipment for in water joins 1st rescuer victim’s arrival Contacts ground team for them to call EMS, if Calls EMS necessary Turns victim over with due Checks vital signs regard for safety Places victim on spinal board Places victim on spinal (rescuer in water) board (rescuer in craft)

Helps to get victim safely on board craft Gets victim safely on

board craft

Returns to lifeguarding post Returns to dock Moves victim from craft to dock with help of Takes charge of victim ground team Returns to lifeguarding post Provides victim with care

Fills out accident report At end of activity, conduct debriefing with all team members on site

Note: If a PWC is the only craft used in the rescue, the victim cannot be placed on a spinal board until a suitable site is reached. This means that the rescuer must tow the victim to a location where the victim will be stable and can be reached with a spinal board.

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56 Planning Guide for boating event

Appendix 8

Intervention Procedure for Victim in Danger of Drowning

The intervention procedure for a victim in danger of drowning varies according to the type of rescue craft available. Below we give general guidelines for assisting a victim who is in danger of drowning during a boating activity.

Craft 1 Craft 2 Ground team

Report emergency Checks situation Approaches victim with due Prepares equipment for (ensures safety of 1st regard for safety victim’s arrival rescuer) Gets victim onto craft Checks victim’s vital signs on board Contacts ground team Calls EMS if necessary Returns to dock and transfers victim to ground Takes charge of victim team Returns to lifeguarding post Provides victim with care

Fills out accident report

At end of activity, conduct debriefing with all team members on site

Note: If there is more than one victim, use the largest, most accessible craft for rescue. A personal watercraft (PWC) can handle only one victim.

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Appendix 9

Intervention Procedure for Victim in Cardio-respiratory Arrest

The intervention procedure for a victim in cardio-respiratory arrest varies according to the type of rescue craft available. Below we give general guidelines for assisting a victim who has gone into cardio-respiratory arrest during a boating activity.

Rescue craft Ground team 1st rescuer 2nd rescuer First aid Report emergency Approaches victim with due Ensures safety of 1st Delays next start, as required regard for safety rescuer Once safety ensured, Prepares equipment for Checks victim’s condition joins 1st rescuer victim’s arrival Retrieves victim Helps to retrieve victim Contacts ground team for Checks vital signs on board Calls EMS them to call EMS Begins CPR if possible, depending on type of craft Returns to lifeguarding Returns to dock post Transfers victim to ground Takes charge of victim team Returns to lifeguarding post Provides victim with care Fills out accident report At end of activity, conduct debriefing with all team members on site

Note: If there is more than one victim, use the largest, most accessible craft for rescue. A personal watercraft (PWC) can handle only one victim.

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Appendix 10

Planning Form Information on event Name of event Date scheduled: from ___ /___ /_____ to ___ /___ /_____ (day/month/year) Description of event ______

Type of event: recreational competitive Specify: Event location: Type of watercourse ______Lake ______River ______Name: ______

Municipality where event will be held:

Person in charge of event Family name: First name: Position: Telephone: ( ) - Extension: E-mail: Street address: Postal code: City: Person in charge of emergency response Family name: First name: Position: Telephone: ( ) - Extension: E-mail: Street address: Postal code: City: Person in charge of safety Family name: First name: Position: Telephone: ( ) - Extension: E-mail: Street address: Postal code: City:

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62 Planning Guide for boating event Appendix 10

Questions on Activity How many participants are expected? Put a check mark beside participating age groups: 8 yrs and - 9 to 17 yrs 18 to 39 yrs 40 to 59 yrs 60 yrs and + Will there be spectators? yes no If yes, how many are expected? How many days of boating/swimming activity are you planning to have? At what time of day will the activity start? At what time of day will it end? How many starts are you planning to have? How many participants will there be per start? How long (distance) is the course (on water)? What means will participants use to swimming canoe kayak sailboat cover the course? boat other:

Questions on environment Have you visited the event site? yes no If yes, have you located and identified the dangers? yes no If yes, give details: ______

Questions on aquatic safety team Have you found your aquatic safety team? yes no If yes, what is the name of the organization concerned? Do you have a communications system? yes no If yes, what kind? Are rescue crafts available to you? yes no If yes, how many? What types of craft are available to personal watercraft inflatable you? rigid hull rowboat motorboat other: How many crafts do you think you will need? How many responders do you think you will need?

Planning Guide for boating event 63 64 Planning Guide for boating event Questions on ground first aid team Have you found your first aid team? yes no If yes, what is the name of the organization concerned? Do you have first aid equipment? yes no If yes, what equipment do you have? ______

How many responders do you think you will need?

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Appendix 10

Site Map

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68 Planning Guide for boating event Appendix 11

Notes

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