Lifeguarding Manual American Red Cross Lifeguarding MANUAL The following organizations provided review of the materials and/or support American Red Cross Lifeguarding: This manual is part of the American Red Cross preparing to teach a Red Cross course by individuals or Lifeguarding program. By itself, it does not constitute entities expressly authorized by the Red Cross, subject to complete and comprehensive training. Visit redcross.org to the following restrictions: learn more about this program. • The Recipient is prohibited from creating new electronic versions of the materials; The emergency care procedures outlined in the program • The Recipient is prohibited from revising, altering, materials refect the standard of knowledge and accepted adapting or modifying the materials, which includes emergency practices in the United States at the time this removing, altering or covering any copyright notices, Red manual was published. 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Printed in the United States of America The following materials (including downloadable electronic materials, as applicable) including all content, graphics, ISBN: 978-0-9983745-0-5 images and logos, are copyrighted by, and the exclusive property of, The American National Red Cross (“Red Cross”). Unless otherwise indicated in writing by the Red Cross, the Red Cross grants you (“Recipient”) the limited right to download, print, photocopy and use the electronic materials only for use in conjunction with teaching or ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This manual is dedicated to the thousands of employees Joshua M. Tobin, MD and volunteers of the American Red Cross who contribute Member, American Red Cross Scientifc Advisory Council their time and talent to supporting and teaching lifesaving Director, Trauma Anesthesiology skills worldwide and to the thousands of course Keck School of Medicine at USC participants and other readers who have decided to be Los Angeles, California prepared to take action when an emergency strikes. The following members of the American Red Cross Many individuals shared in the development and revision Scientifc Advisory Council provide support and process in various supportive, technical and creative ways. guidance on American Red Cross Swimming and The American Red Cross Lifeguarding Manual was Water Safety programs: developed through the dedication of both employees and volunteers. Their commitment to excellence made this Angela Beale, PhD manual possible. Louise Kublick, BS Stephen Langendorfer, PhD The following members of the American Red William D. Ramos, PhD Cross Scientifc Advisory Council provided guidance and review of the American Red Cross For more information on the Scientifc Advisory Council, Lifeguarding Manual: visit redcross.org/science. David Markenson, MD, MBA, FCCM, FAAP, The American Red Cross thanks: FACEP, EMT-P Francesco (Frank) Pia, PhD, Emeritus Member of the Chair, American Red Cross Scientifc Advisory Council Scientifc Advisory Council, Alex Antoniou, PhD, Chief Chief Medical Offcer, Sky Ridge Medical Center Marketing and Information Offcer, National Swimming Pool Denver, Colorado Foundation and Jerome H. Modell, MD, Emeritus Professor of Anesthesiology, Colleges of Medicine and Veterinary Peter G. Wernicki, MD, FAAOS Medicine, University of Florida, for their contributions to Aquatics Chair, American Red Cross Scientifc this manual. Advisory Council Sports Medicine Orthopedic Surgeon Assistant Clinical Professor, Florida State School of Medicine Chair, International Lifesaving Federation Medical Committee U.S. Lifesaving Association Medical Advisor Vero Beach, Florida Roy Fielding, MS Member, American Red Cross Scientifc Advisory Council Senior Lecturer, Department of Kinesiology University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina Teresa (Terri) Lees, MS Member, American Red Cross Scientifc Advisory Council Owner, Lees Therapeutic Solutions Talees LLC Wichita, Kansas Linda Quan, MD, FAAP Vice Chair, American Red Cross Scientifc Advisory Council Pediatric Emergency Physician Seattle Children’s Hospital Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | III The panel of volunteer subject matter experts for John Raby this edition include: President Minnesota Safety Services, LLC Joshua D. Aldama Excelsior, Minnesota Operations Manager Aquatica San Antonio, SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment Billy Sassi San Antonio, Texas Aquatics Manager Tucson Parks and Recreation Department Algreatus Batton, AFO Tucson, Arizona Assistant Aquatics Operations Manager City of Charlottesville Parks and Recreation Sean E. Sepela Charlottesville, Virginia Aquatic Operations Manager Freedom Aquatic & Fitness Center David W. Bell, PhD George Mason University National Aquatics Task Force Manassas, Virginia Boy Scouts of America Ponca City, Oklahoma Ginny Templeton, MA Associate Director of Operations Branden Burns Associated Students Inc., California State Polytechnic Aquatics Coordinator University Twinsburg Parks and Recreation Pomona, California Twinsburg, Ohio Jason D. Vitulli Pete DeQuincy Aquatic Program Coordinator Aquatics Manager Town of Hempstead East Bay Regional Park District Hempstead, New York Oakland, California Brenda J. Ward Mary Franklin Lecturer, Department of Kinesiology Volunteer Instructor Trainer Educator University of North Carolina at Charlotte American Red Cross Charlotte, North Carolina Knoxville, Tennessee Christopher R. Whipple, AqP Cory Hilderbrand Manager of Lifeguards Aquatics Supervisor University of Maryland City of Irvine College Park, Maryland Irvine, California Karen M. Jenovese Owner, Swim New Hampshire LLC Concord, New Hampshire Dan Jones Division Head of Aquatics and Beaches City of Norfolk, Virginia William A.J. Kirkner, JD Senior Director, Aquatics Facilities and Programs JCC of Greater Baltimore Owings Mills, Maryland Daniel Llanas Director of Operations Aquatica San Antonio SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment San Antonio, Texas IV | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LIFEGUARDING CONTENT DIRECTION Stephanie Shook, CPRP Jonathan Epstein Senior Manager, Instructor Senior Director, Science and Content Development Engagement and Quality Assurance Connie Harvey Lifeguarding Content Director National Director, Centennial Initiatives American Red Cross Matthew Haynes Product Manager, Aquatics The American Red Cross team for this edition included: Nichole Steffens Product Manager, Aquatics Catherine Barry National Director, Aquatics PREFACE This manual is for lifeguards, whom the American Red Cross profoundly thanks for their commitment to safeguarding the lives