Sustainable Development, Poaching, and Illegal Wildlife Trade in India
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Sustainable Development, Poaching, and Illegal Wildlife Trade in India Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Niraj, Shekhar Kumar Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 14:52:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194196 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, POACHING, AND ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE IN INDIA by Shekhar Kumar Niraj ________________________ Copyright © Shekhar Kumar Niraj 2009 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES STUDIES In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Shekhar Kumar Niraj entitled Sustainable Development, Poaching, and Illegal Wildlife Trade in India and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ___________________________________________________________________ Date: 01/30/2009 Paul R. Krausman ___________________________________________________________________ Date: 01/30/2009 William W. Shaw ____________________________________________________________________ Date: 01/30/2009 Randy R. Gimblett ____________________________________________________________________ Date: 01/30/2009 John L. Koprowski Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 01/30/2009 Dissertation Director: Paul R. Krausman 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Shekhar Kumar Niraj 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my advisor, Paul. R. Krausman, for his involvement, support, and constant encouragement. I joined the Ph.D. program for mid career professionalism. I gained more than what I expected, under the dedicated supervision of Paul R. Krausman, whose untiring effort of mentoring, critical comments, and constructive criticism transformed my thinking and attitude towards a better accomplished professional. His own dedication to wildlife profession, research, and scientific writing is par excellence and I learned every bit from his attributes. I thank William W. Shaw for his unstinted support, guidance and help at all stages of my Ph.D. right from the beginning of my research at the University of Arizona. Bill Shaw had the unmatched patience of going through my proposal, questionnaires, results, analysis, and the write ups offering valuable comments which led to a much improved product. I am indebted to the help Bill Shaw gave me all through the program. Randy R. Gimblett and John W. Koprowski, my research committee members have been a great source of support, help, and motivation during my research program at the School of Natural Resources. There were always there when I needed them, willing to support me in all my research endeavors. I am grateful to my committee and will cherish my association with them throughout life. I was grateful to Patrick Reed and David Cox for their support during the initial, but the most crucial phase, of my Ph.D. program. I thank Phillip Guertin and Mark Bosgstrom for their help with spatial and statistical analysis. Phillip Guertin provided a great opportunity to deepen interests in learning geographical information analysis under his highly accomplished but very humble supervision. He always simplified the most 5 intricate problems with great ease and made the learning easy and interesting. I have been grateful to Mickey Reed for his always-ready attitude of help in spatial analysis. In fact working with him was such a pleasure that many times I would just go to him and then think about the questions for clarification. I am thankful to Andy Honaman and for his pleasant smile for any help that I ever needed. Cheryl Craddock has been a great source of help right from the day one of my association with the School of Natural Resources. I learned a great deal from Stephen R. Yool, Stuart Marsh and Kurtis Thomas. I thank the University of Arizona, College of Agriculture, Arizona Agricultural Research Station, University of Arizona; and the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Tata Education Trust, and the Department of Personnel and Training, Indian Government for funding and sponsoring my research. I thank the faculty and staff of School of Natural Resources, the Agricultural Research Station, University of Arizona, Tucson; and the Boone and Crocket Club, University of Montana for their support to my research program. A number of individuals, organizations and professionals helped with my research. They were all invaluable links in the successful completion of this task. Vikram Dayal, a coauthor in the dissertation papers was a great source of support, help, and motivation. I express my deepest gratitude for the multifaceted role he assumed during the course of my whole research program. Vikram was a friend and a philosopher, a critique and a facilitator, an untiring doer and an unstinting enabler. I am thankful to A. N. Prasad for his useful suggestions for the field work in India and great help in data collection. I express my gratitude to H. S. Pabla, S. Sen, Ashok Kumar, A. Sahu, R. K. Dogra, and many other senior officials in the state governments in India for their help in facilitating the field work and in collecting protected area level data. 6 I am grateful to Meetu Gupta, M. Shakthivel and S. Barnaiah for their help in field surveys in different protected areas in India. The officials of the regional Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora enforcement authorities in India, particularly, S. Tiwari, and S. Subramaniam, were immensely helpful with the data and interpretation. I am deeply grateful to my parents, my brothers and my sister for their constant support, encouragement, help, and trust in my abilities that brought my full strength out. I am indebted to my two sons (Harsh and Ashmit) from whom I took away many years of our togetherness to complete this work. Their understanding and patience at their age can not be paralleled. Last but not the least, I am grateful to my wife Sanjana who assumed greater responsibility, taking over my share also, in bringing up the children when I was away to the University or field for this research. Without the support of all I would not be writing these final few lines. 7 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, the late Durgeshwari Prasad and Jairani Prasad, whose love, affection, conviction in me and their good virtues, which I always tried to inculcate since childhood. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………..9 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...11 Explanation of the Problem…………………………………………………….....11 References...…….………………………………………………………………...12 Explanation of Dissertation Format…………………………………………….....17 PRESENT STUDY……………………………………………………………………......19 Study Area………………………………………………………………………...19 Policy Analysis by Stakeholders Perspectives.…………………………………...20 Protected Areas and Major Threats to Wildlife…………………………………...21 Poaching Trends of Species from 1992 to 2006…………………………………..22 Trend Analysis of Poaching……………………………………………………....24 Spatial Pattern of Poaching………………………………………………………..25 Spatial Associations of Poaching of Species……………………………………...27 Association between Tiger and Leopard Poaching……………………………….27 Wildlife and the Economy………………………………………………………...28 Management Implications………………………………………………………...29 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………33 APPENDIX A. DRAFT MANUSCRIPT TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT NIRAJ, S. K., P. R. KRAUSMAN, AND V. DAYAL A STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE INTO WILDLIFE POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA...…………………………………………………………………………………...41 APPENDIX B. DRAFT MANUSCRIPT TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT NIRAJ, S. K., P. R. KRAUSMAN, AND V. DAYAL. POACHING AND OTHER THREATS TO 3 PROTECTED AREAS IN INDIA………………………………................................................................................116 APPENDIX C. DRAFT MANUSCRIPT TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT NIRAJ, S. K., P. R. KRAUSMAN, AND V. DAYAL. TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF WILDLIFE POACHING IN INDIA FROM 1992 TO 2006……………………………………………………………………………………...193 APPENDIX D. DRAFT MANUSCRIPT TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT NIRAJ, S. K., V. DAYAL, AND P. R. KRAUSMAN. SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK, HISTORICAL LITERATURE