LE PERSONNAGE HISTORIQUЕ Charles De Gaulle, Maurice Herzog

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LE PERSONNAGE HISTORIQUЕ Charles De Gaulle, Maurice Herzog LE PERSONNAGE HISTORIQUЕ EST-IL UNE HYPOTHÈSE INUTILE ? Les copies des écrits de l'agrégation et du CAPEPS révèlent le plus souvent une mauvaise interprétation des faits historiques ; mais ceci soulève cependant une intéressante question : le personnage historique est-il dans l'histoire de l'éduca• tion physique une hypothèse totalement inutile ? Charles de Gaulle, Maurice Herzog, et les Jeux Olympiques de Rome. L Longtemps objet privilégié de la de l'État devant les piètres résultats de la déléga• LE RENOUVEAU DE L'HISTOIRE recherche historique, l'histoire poli• tion française aux Jeux Olympiques de Rome est POLITIQUE tique fut au XX" siècle précipitée en effet avance, dans nombre de copies, comme dans une crise sévère par l'action de « le » facteur explicatif. Le phénomène mérite Le renouvellement de l'Histoire politique, entre• deux mouvements connexes : d'être souligné car il se répète chaque année av ee pris sous l'impulsion de René Rémond (3). - le Marxisme, qui relégua l'événement politique une constance qui n'a d'égale que celle des jurys invite en effet notre discipline à porter aujour• au rang secondaire d'écume des profonds mou• attachés à le dénoncer ( 1 ). d'hui un regard différent sur son passé. L'ana• vements sociaux et économiques qui traversent L'argumentation est certes maladroite. Que le lyse des structures du pouvoir politique, admi• et animent les sociétés humaines. Général ait été déçu, voire irrité, des résultats de nistratif, syndical, l'étude des luttes d'influence - le mouvement historique connu sous le nom la délégation française, c'est vraisemblable. Que qui président aux prises de décision, la mesure d'École des Annales dont, dès 1920. Marc Bloch sa perception de l'événement l'ait conduit à des conflits et des rapports de force révèlent, der• guida les premiers pas et dont Fernand Braudel intervenir auprès des responsables de la jeunesse rière la sécheresse des arrêtés, circulaires et constitue la figure emblématique. Lui aussi et des sports pour donner des directives ou plus autres instructions officielles, une histoire de dénonça l'aspect superficiel de l'histoire poli• simplement pour exiger des solutions, c'est l'éducation physique toujours plus nuancée et tique et lui préféra des études centrées sur les improbable. Il n'existe aucune archive historique parfois fort éloignée de certains mythes et cli• forces profondes qui la détermine. connue permettant d'étayer la thèse d'une inter• chés trop généreusement entretenus. Bien que les conflits opposant ces deux mouve• vention présidentielle auprès des services de la Certes, l'évolution de l'éducation physique ments soient multiples et profonds, ils peuvent rue de Châteaudun. Pour leur part, les témoi• s'inscrit bien dans un long et profond processus être ici réunis pour expliquer, d'une part le dis• gnages infirment tous semblable interprétation de « sportiv isation ». Le Front populaire, le crédit affectant une histoire « bataille » ou (2). La pratique constitutionnelle de l'époque et régime de Vichy, le gouvernement provisoire de « traité » accusée de relater des événements sans le contexte historique achèvent enfin de ruiner 1945 avaient, chacun à leur manière, témoigné en éclairer les véritables ressorts explicatifs, l'hypothèse. Dans la Ve République naissante, de la marche en avant des activités sportives et d'autre part la diversification de la recherche his• les services élyséens ont une action bien moins entrebâillé pour elles la porte de la citadelle sco• torique. A l'histoire sociale ou économique interventionniste qu'aujourd'hui. Hors du laire. Mais peut-on pour autant en conclure qu'en chère aux marxistes, s'ajoutèrent en effet, des « domaine réservé » de la politique étrangère ou 1960 l'école ne pouvait ignorer plus longtemps travaux portant sur les idées, les mentalités, la de l'armée, le chef de l'État délègue la conduite un fait social aussi incontestable que le sport ? sexualité, le goût. etc. des affaires à ses ministres. L'importance et l'ur• Peut-on sans sourciller affirmer que les instruc• En se penchant sur son passé, le petit monde de gence des dossiers qui. en 1960, s'amoncellent tions de 1967 ne sont que la tardive officialisa• l'éducation physique n'a pas échappé aux sur son bureau ne lui laissent d'ailleurs guère le tion de pratiques « du terrain » depuis longtemps remises en question ayant secoué la discipline loisir de s'attarder sur les résultats sportifs natio• largement mises en oeuvre (4) ? historique. Délaissant la traditionnelle mais trop naux. Que pèsent en effet les déroutes du stade, Ce serait là une vision bien réductrice de la réa• étroite étude des méthodes d'E.P. et de leurs fut-il olympique, en regard du conflit algérien... lité historique comme le démontre, perçu à tra- auteurs, de nombreux chercheurs ont embrasse les mouvements critiques et leurs perspectives novatrices. Jacques Ulmann. Jacques Thibault. Georges Vigarello. Jacques Defiance.... autant d'auteurs dont les travaux ont ainsi contribué à renouveler l'histoire des pratiques physiques. Le succès fut et reste tel. qu'en matière d'histoire de l'éducation physique et sportive, l'individu s'est largement effacé derrière l'irrésistible puis• sance du mouvement collectif anonyme. L'acte politique et son prolongement administratif y sont le plus souvent présentés comme l'inévi• table et tardive reconnaissance d'un état de fait dont seules rendent compte ces puissantes évolu• tions qui déterminent le cours de l'Histoire. DE GAULLE ET LES JEUX OLYMPIQUES DE ROME Dans un tel contexte, il faut bien du courage, ou beaucoup... d'innocence, aux très nombreux can• didats des CAPEPS et Agrégations d'EPS qui expliquent l'évolution sportive de l'éducation physique dans les années 60 par une intervention du Général de Gaulle. Le courroux prêté au chef Le Haut Commissaire à la Jeunesse et aux Sports : Maurice Herzog. 56 PAR J.-L MARTIN Revue EP.S n°260 Juillet-Août 1996 c. Editions EPS. Tous droits de reproduction réservé large développement de la de l'épreuve d'éducation physique du bac lui pratique sportive. Cette permet de mieux cerner les réactions des ensei• action en faveur de la gnants face à l'évolution sportive de leur disci• niasse (7) doit principale• pline. ment s'appuyer sur l'édu• L'expérimentation de la méthode sportive, dix cation physique scolaire ans auparavant sur sol algérien, a fait ressortir dont le Haut-Commis• deux tendances (9). Elles sont toujours percep• saire prône la « moderni• tibles. Aux enseignants les plus expérimentés, sation ». Schématique- rompus aux méthodes traditionnelles d'EPS et ment. trois périodes peu enthousiastes à l'idée de bouleverser leurs peuvent être distinguées habitudes pédagogiques, s'opposent des profes• dans la réalisation de ce seurs, souvent plus jeunes qui utilisent le carac• dessein. tère libéral des Instructions Officielles de 1945 pour donner à leur enseignement un contenu 1958-1960 sportif plus affirmé. Les années 1958 et L'épreuve du bac de 1960 reflète ces divisions et 1959 constituent pour réticences des enseignants. Les épreuves spor• Maurice Herzog une tives voulues par le Haut-Commissaire v période de découverte du côtoient une épreuve de gymnastique au carac• T monde de l'éducation tère plus traditionnel ( 10). physique. S'appuyant sur VIOLLE 1960-1964 R son incontestable aura, il consulte et. prudent, Lorsque surviennent les Jeux Olympiques de ROGE s'emploie à rassurer et à : Rome. Maurice Herzog a largement pu jauger O convaincre ses interlocu• ses interlocuteurs, cerner leurs craintes et leurs teurs. espoirs, leur détermination et leurs contradic• PHOT Cette stratégie de la tions. Il peut se départir quelque peu de sa grande Le Président de la République Charles de séduction explique la publication des Instruc• prudence pour se tourner vers un exercice plus Gaulle et Madame. tions Officielles du 20 juin 1959. dont le carac• dynamique du pouvoir. tère fort peu novateur surprend en regard de la La débâcle des athlètes français lui en offre l'oc• vers le prisme de l'Histoire politique, un rapide volonté réformatrice affichée. Tout naturelle• casion. N'hésitant pas à chatouiller la fibre natio• survol des années 58 à 67. ment, c'est à l'Inspection Générale de la Jeu• naliste du chef de l'Etat, il obtient son appui pour 11 ne saurait être question, dans le cadre étroit de nesse et des Sports qu'a été confiée la rédaction imposer au ministre des finances une loi de pro• cet article, de retracer de façon exhaustive sept de nouvelles Instructions Officielles. Ses grammation quinquennale portant sur l'équipe• années d'une action politique particulièrement membres les plus influents sont très liés à la ment sportif et des budgets lui permettant un dense. Des recherches que nous menons depuis Ligue Française d'éducation physique dont ils important recrutement d'enseignants d'EPS. cinq ans à l'Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris sur « la politique de l'éducation physique sous la contribuent a forger les thèses. Ve République ». nous nous contenterons seule• C'est un texte très marqué par ment, pour l'heure, d'extraire quelques éléments cette influence assez conserva• particulièrement significatifs de la part prise par trice qu'ils proposent avec Maurice Herzog dans l'évolution de l'EPS entre insistance à leur ministre. 1958 et 1966. Soucieux d'éviter un conflit. Maurice Herzog accepte à titre LA VOLONTÉ DE MAURICE HERZOG provisoire la publication d'ins• tructions qui. en réalité, sont La création, annoncée par le Journal Officiel du fort loin de recevoir son adhé• 5 octobre 1958, d'un Haut-Commissariat à la sion. Jeunesse et aux Sports constitue un événement En marge de cet affrontement peu commenté par les historiens de l'éducation feutré, le Haut-Commissaire physique. Il constitue pourtant dans l'histoire de agit.
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  • Maurice Herzog, 1919-2012
    AAC Publications Maurice Herzog, 1919-2012 As the evening shadows gathered on June 3, 1950, the chances seemed slender that 31-year-old French climber Maurice Herzog would see the next morning, let alone his 93rd birthday. At about 2 p.m. that afternoon, he and Louis Lachenal, climbing without oxygen, had been the first two people ever to reach the summit of an 8,000-meter peak, Nepal’s 8,091-meter Annapurna. No would-be climber had ever even approached the mountain. But now, exhausted, hypoxic, and with his hands freezing after he lost his gloves, Herzog stumbled down the mountain behind Lachenal, into darkness and a gathering snowstorm. As he approached the high camp where Gaston Rébuffat and Lionel Terray waited for the summit party, Terray heard Herzog’s approaching footsteps and bounded from the tent to greet him. Terray grabbed Herzog’s hands, only to find to his horror, as he would later write, “that I was shaking an icicle.” And then things started going seriously wrong. Maurice Herzog was born in Lyon, France, on January 15, 1919, into a mountain-climbing family. He was a student when the Second World War broke out in 1939, and in 1944-45 fought with the French Resistance in the Alps against the occupying German army. After the war he joined a French tire company as an executive. Herzog was a talented amateur climber, although by no means in the front ranks of French alpinism. But in 1950 the Federation Française de la Montagne appointed him leader of the first major postwar French expedition to the Himalaya, with permission from the Nepalese government to attempt either 8,167-meter Dhaulagiri, the world’s seventh highest peak, or neighboring Annapurna, the tenth highest.
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