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ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 7922535 OKAFOR, UDDDIRI PAUL THE INTERACTION OF SPORTS AND POLITICS AS A DILEMMA OF THE MODERN DLYMPIC GAMES. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY* PH.D., 1979 COPR. 1979 OKAFOR, UDODIRI PAUL University Miorxilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 4S10G 0 Copyright by Udodiri Paul Okafor 1979 THE INTERACTION OF SPORTS AND POLITICS AS A DILEMMA OF THE MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Udodiri Paul Okafor, DIP. P.E., B.Sc., M.Sc. ****** The Ohio State University 1979 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Donald Harper Dr. Bruce Bennett Dr. James Sweeney School of Health, and Physical Education Dedicated to my wife Susan, my daughters Ify, Oby, Kem, and to my sisters Chioma and Uzcma. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Every dissertation completed is always a team work, but though like in basketball one - person gets the basket credited to him the other members of the team deserve words of appre­ ciation. The author wishes to express gratitude to his adviser Dr. Donald D. Harper for his patience, time and guidance in the execution of this project. To other members of the Com­ mittee Dr. Bruce L. Bennett for introducing him to Avery Brundage Collections— a major source of information for this study, and for his words of encouragement. To Dr. James Sweeney for his thoroughness.in reading the manuscript. Expressions of appreciation also go to Mr. C. Robert Paul, Jr., Director of Communication U.S.O.C. for his assis­ tance and cooperation all through the study. The author wants to thank all the U.S. Olympians, the U.S.O.C. Sports Administrators and the U.S. College Professors of Sports who responded to the questionnaire with useful com­ ments . The staff of the University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign Archives were superbly co-operative during the time the author was there to retrieve information from Avery Brundage Collec­ tions and they deserve his gratitude. To Bob Mathias and Miklos Tottossy, pre-196 0 Olympians iii who gave him useful comments the author is grateful. To the other Professors Dr. Donald K. Mathews, Dr. Barbara Nelson and Dr. Walter G. Hack who guided him during the doctoral program the author is grateful. Finally to my wife Susan for always reminding me that I am capable. VITA 1940, March 31 Born NSU, Imo State Nigeria 1960-1963 Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria 1963 Diploma Physical Education Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria 1963-1966 Tutor, Holy Ghost College Umuahia Eastern Region, Nigeria 1966-1970 Assistant Education Officer, Government Teacher Traning College Uyo, Nigeria 1970-1973 Assistant Inspector of . Education Miniistry of Education East Central State, Nigeria 1973-1975 Sports Coach, Acting Head Coach and Sports Administrator Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria 1976 Bachelor of Science University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 1977 One Semester Teaching Assis­ tant, Soccer Univesity of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 1977 Master of Science University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin v FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education: Sports Administration Minor Field: Higher Education: Administration of Higher Education Studies in Comparative Physical Education and Sport. Studies in International Sports and Intercollegiate Athletics. Studies in Higher Education Administration. Completed Research: A Comparison of Opinions of Athletic Directors and Coaches In U.S.A. and Nigeria On the Concepts of Athletic Scholarships. M.S. degree, University of Wisconsin, Madison. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ........................................ iii VITA ........................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................. vii LIST OF TABLES.................................................. X LIST OF FIGURES ............................................. xiv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 Background Information ......................... 1 The Revival of the Modern Olympics Games . 2 Olympic Ideology, Reaslism versus Idealism . 5 Olympics Rules, Applicability and Contradictions ............................... 7 Purpose of the S t u d y ........................ 8 Statement of the Problem ....................... 8 The Hypotheses ............................... 9 The Rationale for the Study ...................... 10 Definition of Terms ............................... 11 Limitations of the S t u d y ........................ 12 Notes Chapter I .................................... 15 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ....................... 16 Causes of Controversy in the Olympic G a m e s .......................................... 16 The International Olympic Committee (I.O.C.) ........................................ 22 The Structures of the I.O.C....................... 24 The National Olympic Committee .................. 27 The International Federations of Sports .... 29 Governmental Involvements in Sports . ........... 32 The Political Use of Sports in the Western Bl o c .................................... 33 The Political Use of Sports in Socialist Countries ........................... 38 Sports and Politics in the Third World .... 43 Olympic Presidents Views on Sports and P o l i t i c s .................................... 51 Demitrius Bikelas ........................... 52 Pierre de Coubertin ......................... 52 Henri De Baillet Latour .................... 54 Sigfrid Edstrom ............................. 55 Avery Brundage ............................. 56 Michael Morris (Lord Killanin)............. 65 S u m m a r y ......................................... 66 Review of Research on Olympics, Sports, and Politics ............................... 69 Pro-political Incidents in the Modern O l y m p i c s .................................... 77 Berlin Olympics 1936 77 London Olympics 1948 79 Helsinki Olympics 1952.. .................... 81 Melbourne Olympics 1956 .................... 8 2 Rome Olympics 1960 ......................... 8 4 Tokyo Olympics 19 64 ......................... 84 Mexico City Olympics 19 68 .................. 85 Munich Olympics 1972 87 Montreal Olympics 19 76 .................... 88 Moscow Olympics 1980 ........................ 91 Notes Chapter I I ................................ 92 III. M E T H O D O L O G Y ......................................... 98 Study Design .................................... 9 8 Population of S t u d y ........................... 101 Sampling Procedure . .........................105 S.I.P. Instrument ............................. 10 6 Data Collection Procedure .................... 10 8 Response Returns ............................... 109 Notes Chapter I I I ............................. 113 IV. ANALYSIS OF D A T A .................................... 114 Data Reduction ..................................114 D i s c u s s i o n ...................................... 115 Summary of the Purpose of the Olympic Games ............................... 133 Olympics Athletes, Sports, and P o l i t i c s .................................... 135 Summary of Perceptions on Olympics, Sports, and Politics ...................... 149 Econony of Sports and International R e l a t i o n s .................................... 14 9 viii Summary Economy of Sports and Inter­ national Relations ........................... 166 Nationalism and Government Involvement .... 168 Summary of opinions on Government and S p o r t s ......................................... 183 Measures for Separating Politics and S
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