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The Roots of Clientelism in Iraqi Kurdistan and the Efforts to Fight It 99 Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Open Political Science, 2018; 1: 98–104 The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Open Access Research Article Ahmed Omar Bali* Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder What Is So Different About The roots of clientelism in Iraqi Kurdistan Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? and the efforts to fight it https://doi.org/10.1515/openps-2018-0006 Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic received August 20, 2018; accepted August 28, 2018. Comparison Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im The Abstract:First Decade This study (1964-1972) examines the roots of clientelism in Iraqi Kurdistan and the effort to fight it. The ethischen Vergleich Researchclientelism Article system exists when a kind of deal is struck between those in power and clients in society who agree to exchange benefits. The political issues in Kurdistan particularly, corruption and lack of social https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 justice have historical roots as a result of the accumulation of problems that have not been resolved by the received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder client system that is adopted by the two political parties in power, namely the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon What(PUK) Is and So the Democratic Different Party ofAbout Kurdistan (KDP). The two political parties have monopolised the public as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the sector, the Peshmerga and Security forces, as well as the economy, they have succeeded in controlling the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also Neuroenhancement?larger part of society through clientelism. In hence, they used public funds, jobs and posts to buy people’s includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current votes and loyalty. The opposition parties have been unable to exert pressure on the ruling parties who can version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? buy the affiliation of people through the use of public finance. The opposition and independent media Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period began to play a large role in highlighting the corruption and the client system. Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Dedicated to Paul Placeholder ComparisonKeywords: Clientelism; Corruption; Media; Opposition parties; Iraqi Kurdistan. Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich 1 Studies and Investigations 1 Introduction https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- The two political parties in power in Iraqi Kurdistan, namely the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and trayal and narrative technique. Abstract:the Democratic In the concept Party of ofthe Kurdistan aesthetic (KDP) formation have of monopolised knowledge andthe itspublic as soon sector (Bali, and Abdullah, 2017; as possibleBali, et and al 2018), success-oriented the Peshmerga application, and Security insights forces, and as profits well aswithout the economy, the they have succeeded in *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning referencecontrolling to the argumentsthe larger part developed of society around through 1900. clientelism The main (Qaniinvestigation and Fatah also 2012). In other words, the two Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] includespolitical the period parties between have used the publicentry into funds, force jobs and and the posts presentation to buy people’s in its current votes and loyalty. Qani and Fattah Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning version.argue Their that function the decision-making as part of the in literary Kurdistan portrayal is conducted and narrative within technique. the two main political parties rather than Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] in the government departments Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is The clientelism system exists when a kind of deal is struck between those in power and clients in licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. society who agree to exchange benefits. In this regard, Bardhan and Mookherjee (2011) note that clien- Dedicated to Paul Placeholder telism is associated with the political parties in power and they argue that ‘Clientelism refers to strategic transfers made by political parties and governments to poor and disadvantaged groups as a means of securing their votes, in an effort to consolidate political power’ (2011, p 2). 1 StudiesThe opposition and Investigations parties have been unable to exert pressure on the ruling parties who can buy the affi- liation of people through use of public finance. The economy of Iraq when began to grow and it led to an The mainincrease investigation in people’s also income, includes for theexample period the between monthly the salary entry of into the force average and employee increased from 200 the presentationto 600 US Dollars in its current by 2008 version. (Muhamed, Their 2008).function Employees’ as part of salariesthe literary increased por- rapidly, particularly in the trayalpublic and narrative sector although technique. the price of basic needs rose as well (Nury, 2012). However, at the same time, unem- ployment increased especially amongst young people because the two governing political parties deprived *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Paul Placeholder:*Corresponding Institute author: of Marine Ahmed Biology, Omar Bali, National University Taiwan of HumanOcean University,Development, 2 Pei-Ning Iraq, Head of Diplomacy and Public Relations Road KeelungDepartment, 20224, E-mail: Taiwan [email protected] (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Open Access. Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann© 2018 Ahmed and Omar Placeholder, Bali, published published by by DeDe Gruyter.Gruyter. This workwork is is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- licensedNonCommercial-NoDerivatives under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. 4.0 License. The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder What Is So Different About Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Comparison Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Dedicated to Paul Placeholder 1 Studies and Investigations The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. The Roots Of Clientelism In Iraqi Kurdistan And The Efforts To Fight It 99 many people of government jobs, whilst giving these jobs to their own followers in order to buy their votes (Hussain, 2015). In an interview in the Hawlati Newspaper with Ayoub Barzani, a Kurdish political analyst of the reform process, the government did not have any plans in place to tackle corruption and introduce reforms as the government itself was corrupt (Hawlati 2012a). Subsequently the opposition parties became much stronger, particularly the Gorran which was established some months before the election in 2009. Gorran is based on the promise to change the system in Kurdistan and its workers are mostly volunteers, whereas the members of the other parties receive a salary, particularly those in the ruling parties. At the same time the opposition parties became stronger because many people, particularly young people, att- empted to find a job in different sectors instead of relying on financial support from the ruling parties. Young people started to support the opposition parties
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