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Metaphor in Embodied Cognition Is More Than Just Combining Two Related Concepts: a Comment on Wilson and Golonka (2013)

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Metaphor in Embodied Cognition Is More Than Just Combining Two Related Concepts: a Comment on Wilson and Golonka (2013) CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector GENERAL COMMENTARY published: 22 April 2013 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00201 Metaphor in embodied cognition is more than just combining two related concepts: a comment on Wilson and Golonka (2013) Jens H. Hellmann1*, Gerald Echterhoff 2 and Deborah F. Thoben 3 1 Department of Psychology, Center of Higher Education, University of Münster, Münster, Germany 2 Social Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany 3 Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony, Hanover, Germany *Correspondence: [email protected] Edited by: Carl Senior, Aston University, UK Reviewed by: Carl Senior, Aston University, UK A commentary on linguistic practice. Conceptual metaphors weight and importance (Jostmann et al., represent general mappings that are 2009; Schneider et al., 2011). However, Embodied cognition is not what you assumed to organize and facilitate thought they are typically not used in speech think it is. and judgments. Often, they are inferred and everyday language as frequently by Wilson, A. D., and Golonka, S. (2013). andformulatedbyresearchers,butmany as idiomatic metaphors. Conceptual Front. Psychol. 4:58. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg. of them are not, or only exceptionally, metaphors primarily represent inferences 2013.00058 used in non-scientific, everyday speech, that guide individuals’ cognitions. This and discourse. However, to understand effect emerges because one concept often In their recent article on embodied cog- how physically rooted language helps peo- spontaneously activates another, intu- nition, Wilson and Golonka (2013) also pleperformtaskssuchasjudgmentsor itively similar, concept. However, the discuss research on conceptual metaphors decisions in the real world, one needs to source concept is not necessarily a con- like “power is up” or “the future is for- study metaphoric devices that are com- crete physical experience, and the target ward” to exemplify common approaches monly used in language communities, that concept does not necessarily represent to embodied cognition. Metaphors are is, idiomatic or conventional metaphors a rather abstract domain (see Schneider particularly interesting for embodied cog- like “alcohol is a crutch” or “revenge is et al., 2011). nition research because they can map sweet” (Holland, 1982; Burbules et al., For an idiomatic metaphor to guide concrete, bodily experiences onto abstract 1989). The source concept of an idiomatic individuals’ cognitions toward relevant concepts (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). To metaphor often represents a concrete bod- judgments, there are more cognitive lim- be sure, one could take issue with the ily or physical state, whereas the target itations than for a conceptual metaphor: selection of the two specific studies (Miles concept is relatively abstract. Idiomatic The associations between the two con- et al., 2010; Eerland et al., 2011). Only metaphors are relevant to embodied cog- cepts of the metaphor are less strong, the latter study (Miles et al., 2010), which nition precisely because they involve the less intuitive, and less stable in idiomatic examined the relation between mental concurrent activation of a bodily sensation metaphors. There is a more limited appli- time travel and bodily posture, involves and an abstract cognitive concept, which cability of idiomatic metaphors than of a conceptual metaphor, whereas the for- jointly guide people’s cognition. conceptual metaphors. While concep- mer study (Eerland et al., 2011)invokes Research on embodied cognition has tual metaphors often work both ways, the notion of a mental number line rather focused on only one type of metaphor, that that is, they are bi-directional, idiomatic than any conceptual metaphor and indeed is, conceptual metaphors. But idiomatic metaphors operate one-way, that is, demonstrates that sometimes cognitions metaphors differ in several key aspects uni-directionally. Additionally, when an and bodily postures go together. There from conceptual metaphors, and these idiomatic metaphor is reversed it loses its are many other interesting demonstrations differences have important implications original and genuine sense (Glucksberg that are consistent with the notion that for theorizing on embodied cognition et al., 1997; Landau et al., 2010). conceptual metaphors inform and shape (Hellmann et al., in press). In the fol- Because the associations are less sta- thinking (for a review, see Landau et al., lowing, we will briefly explain the differ- ble and less intuitive in an idiomatic 2010). ences between conceptual and idiomatic metaphor, it requires the concurrent acti- More importantly, we believe that to metaphors and then point to implications vation of both of its concepts (see appreciate the joint operation of bod- of idiomatic metaphors for embodied cog- Hellmann et al., in press). Source and ily experience and metaphors one needs nition research and theorizing. target concept have to be specifically to take into account metaphors that are Conceptual metaphors combine two activated to in a given situation to pro- actually articulated and encountered in entities that intuitively fit together like vide a new understanding of the target www.frontiersin.org April 2013 | Volume 4 | Article 201 | 1 Hellmann et al. Metaphor in embodied cognition concept and shape individuals’ thinking metaphors in embodied cognition, one sociocognitive metaphors: comment on Landau, and judgments. Evidence this for this con- should take into account and appreciate Meier, and Keefer (2010). Psychol. Bull. 137, straint is provided by our own recent the role of idiomatic metaphors. Following 355–361. Jostmann, N. B., Lakens, D., and Schubert, T. W. research (Hellmann et al., in press). In the terminology suggested by Wilson and (2009). Weight as an embodiment of importance. two experiments, we investigated whether Golonka (2013), such linguistic devices Psychol. Sci. 20, 1169–1174. the sensation of sweet taste informs often serve as resources for the per- Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors judgments of harmful acts via indirect formance of real-world tasks (also see We Live By. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago activation of the idiomatic metaphor IJzerman and Koole, 2011). Importantly, Press. Landau, M. J., Meier, B. P., and Keefer, L. A. (2010). A “Revenge is sweet.” We found in one to the extent that idiomatic metaphors are metaphor-enriched social cognition. Psychol. Bull. study that only after priming with the distinctive means for integrating bodily 136, 1045–1067. concept revenge, but not after prim- experiences into thinking, they certainly Miles, L. K., Nind, L. K., and Macrae, C. N. ing with the similar concept schaden- deserve attention by researchers interested (2010). Moving through time. Psychol. Sci. 21, freude, a concurrent sweet (vs.fresh)taste in embodied cognition. 222–223. Schneider, I. K., Rutjens, B., Jostmann, N. B., and led to more lenient judgments. Hence, Lakens, D. (2011). Weighty matters: Importance a physical state per se is not sufficient REFERENCES literally feels heavy. Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci. 2, for effects of idiomatic metaphors on Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Situated simulation in the 474–478. cognition. human conceptual system. Lang. Cogn. Process. 18, Wilson, A. D., and Golonka, S. (2013). Embodied cognition is not what you think it is. The differences between the two types 513–562. Burbules, N. C., Schraw, G., and Trathen, W. (1989). Front. Psychol. 4:58. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013. of metaphor have important implications Metaphor, idiom, and figuration. Metaph. Symb. 00058 for the understanding of embodied cog- Act. 4, 93–110. nition. Conceptual metaphors can affect Eerland, A., Guadalupe, T. M., and Zwaan, R. A. Received: 29 March 2013; accepted: 02 April 2013; cognition already when only one of the (2011). Leaning to the left makes the Eiffel published online: 22 April 2013. Tower seem smaller: Posture-modulated estima- Citation: Hellmann JH, Echterhoff G and Thoben DF pertinent concepts (source or target con- tion. Psychol. Sci. 22, 1511–1514. (2013) Metaphor in embodied cognition is more than cept) is activated because the other con- Glucksberg, S., McGlone, M. S., and Manfredi, D. just combining two related concepts: a comment on cept will be automatically co-activated (see (1997). Property attribution in metaphor compre- Wilson and Golonka (2013). Front. Psychol. 4:201. doi: Barsalou, 2003). As our research suggests, hension. J. Mem. Lang. 36, 50–67. 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00201 idiomatic bodily metaphors can affect cog- Hellmann,J.H.,Thoben,D.F.,andEchterhoff,G. This article was submitted to Frontiers in Cognitive (in press). The sweet taste of revenge: Gustatory Science, a specialty of Frontiers in Psychology. nition only when both source concept and experience induces metaphor-consistent judg- Copyright © 2013 Hellmann, Echterhoff and Thoben. target concept are sufficiently activated ments of a harmful act. Soc. Cogn. This is an open-access article distributed under such that the source concept can actually Holland, D. (1982). All is metaphor: Conventional the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution be mapped onto the target concept in a metaphors in thought and language. Rev. License, which permits use, distribution and repro- given situation. Anthropol. 9, 287–297. duction in other forums, provided the original IJzerman, H., and Koole, S. L. (2011). From authors and source are credited and subject to To conclude, if one wants to under- perceptual rags to metaphoric riches– any copyright notices concerning any third-party stand the role of linguistic devices like Bodily, social, and cultural constraints on graphics etc. Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science April 2013 | Volume 4 | Article 201 | 2.
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