Models and Metaphors: Art and Science Álvaro Balsas; Yolanda Espiña (Eds.)
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Metaphors in Cognitive and Neurosciences Which Impact Have
Metaphors in Cognitive and Neurosciences Which impact have metaphors on scientific theories and models? Juliana Goschler, Darmstadt ([email protected]) Abstract In this article, I am going to explain how the most frequent metaphor types used in cognitive and neurosciences – reification and spatial metaphors, personification, and technological metaphors – are connected to theoretical problems that occur in these scientific disciplines. These theoretical problems include the idea of memory as space, which is connected with the difficulty of a realistic description of the mental lexicon, the problem of free will, and the mind-body problem. Because of some obvious parallels between metaphorical language and arguments made in the scientific description of the mind, I will argue that certain metaphors used in scientific language are not merely linguistic problems but deeply rooted in scientific arguments. This holds for metaphors that scientists are aware of as well as for unconsciously used metaphors. My observations are intended to highlight some characteristics of meta- phors in science. Furthermore, they provide a possible approach to investigating the connec- tion between linguistic and conceptual metaphors in complex cases as scientific models. Ich werde in diesem Artikel beschreiben, wie die häufigsten Metapherntypen in den Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften – Reifikation und Raummetaphern, Personifizierung und Technikmetaphern – mit theoretischen Problemen dieser Disziplinen verknüpft sind. Diese theoretischen Probleme -
Reflections on the Use of Conceptual Metaphor Theory in Premodern Chinese Texts
Dao (2019) 18:323–345 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11712-019-09669-0 Metaphors of Metaphors: Reflections on the Use of Conceptual Metaphor Theory in Premodern Chinese Texts Stefano Gandolfo1 Published online: 16 July 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract In this essay, I challenge the use of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in the premodern Chinese setting. The dominant, implicit assumption in the literature is that conclusions reached by CMT on the ways in which cognition operates can be applied in toto and without qualification onto the makers of classical Chinese texts. I want to challenge this assumption and argue that textual evidence from premodern Chinese points to a different cognitive process. Differences in the use and conceptualization of image-based thinking as well as differences in the understanding of the relationship between words, images, and the world reveal a different cognitive process. However, I do not wish to argue for a total abandonment of the insights of CMT. Rather, I call for the need to properly qualify its findings in light of premodern Chinese use and conceptions of image-based language. Keywords Conceptual metaphor. Image-based language . Classical Chinese 1 Introduction Virtually all literature that applies Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) on premodern Chinese texts does so uncritically. The dominant, implicit assumption is that the conclusions reached by CMT on the ways in which cognition operates can be applied in toto and without qualification onto the makers of classical Chinese texts. I want to challenge this assumption and argue that textual evidence from premodern Chinese points to a different cognitive process. -
Conceptual Metaphor
Conceptual metaphor What is the Lakoffian metaphor? how does it function? how does it 'shape' culture? How do we understand (a culture) through metaphor? How does metaphor perform persuasion? Federica Ferrari NB on reference texts and didactic materials • Johnson, M. & G, Lakoff (2003). Metaphors we live by . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 1-34, p. 157) • Lakoff, G. (1993). “The contemporary theory of metaphor”. In Ortony, A. ed. (1993). Metaphor and Thought (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 202-251. • The majority of quotes are taken from the second text; inverted commas are used for “fundamental definitions”, other concepts are referred to without inverted commas, a version of the second text is also available on-line Intro • literal vs. metaphorical meaning - examples (discuss) • The balloon went up • The cat is on the map • Our relationship has hit a dead end street toward a definition of lakoffian metaphor • “The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another”. (Lakoff G. & M. Johnson, 2003 [1980] Metaphors we live by . p. 5) • this definition in a certain way subsumes the potential development of lakoffian theory. This thanks to the conceptual domains that the choice terms “understanding” and “experiencing” evoke: (understanding and experiencing : reasoning and acting, thought and action, mind and body….) • according to Lakoff metaphor assumes a broader sense than the strictly literary one. In fact in his perspective it wouldn’t simply be a mere characteristic of language but the very vehicle for everyday reasoning and action. In this sense: • “Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature”. -
John Barnden, Metaphor, Fiction and Thought
Metaphor, Fiction and Thought John Barnden 1 Abstract. I will set out various un/underdeveloped opportunities 2 FICTION-BASED APPROACHES TO for AI, philosophy and metaphor research to interact, with prospects METAPHOR for distinctly new lines of research and approaches to old prob- lems. The opportunities I address in this paper are on the following I take a metaphorical expression such as “Ideas were whizzing topics: fiction-based accounts of metaphor, and a potentially result- around in his mind” to talk about a target scenario (here, a particular ing radical holism as regards the way metaphorical meaning arises state of the mentioned person’s mind and ideas) using the resources from discourse; an anti-analogy-extension thesis, supporting unlim- of a source subject matter (here physical objects and space).2 ited non-parallelism between source and target in metaphor; the idea In various disciplines, researchers have suggested variants of an that thought can be metaphorical, and perhaps even more deeply than approach to metaphor that rests on what we can call fictions. Roughly already mooted; deploying metaphor to solve a difficult problem in and briefly, under such an approach the hearer of a metaphorical sen- propositional attitude theory, which inludes the “meaning intention” tence uses the literal meaning of the sentence in context to (begin problem as a special case; the “cognitive addition” of metaphor in to) construct a fictional scenario expressed partly in source subject- language understanding, possibly leading to radical changes in how matter terms. The fictional scenario is similar to a partial world as de- one thinks of the semantics even of non-metaphorical sentences. -
A Rhetorical Model for Homiletics. Rodney Kennedy Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1990 The piE stemic Power of Metaphor: A Rhetorical Model for Homiletics. Rodney Kennedy Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kennedy, Rodney, "The pE istemic Power of Metaphor: A Rhetorical Model for Homiletics." (1990). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5063. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5063 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. -
George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) Metaphors We Live By
George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) Metaphors we live by. London: The university of Chicago press. Noter om layout: - Sidetall øverst - Et par figurer slettet - Referanser til slutt Innholdsfortegnelse i Word: George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) Metaphors we live by. London: The university of Chicago press. ......................................................................................................................1 Noter om layout:...................................................................................................................1 Innholdsfortegnelse i Word:.................................................................................................1 Contents................................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................6 1. Concepts We Live By .....................................................................................................8 2. The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts ...............................................................11 3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding.................................................13 4. Orientational Metaphors.................................................................................................16 5. Metaphor and Cultural Coherence .................................................................................21 6 Ontological -
The Phrasal Implicature Theory of Metaphors and Slurs
THE PHRASAL IMPLICATURE THEORY OF METAPHORS AND SLURS Alper Yavuz A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2018 Full metadata for this thesis is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this thesis: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13189 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence The Phrasal Implicature Theory of Metaphors and Slurs Alper Yavuz This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of St Andrews March 2018 Abstract This thesis develops a pragmatic theory of metaphors and slurs. In the pragmatic literature, theorists mostly hold the view that the framework developed by Grice is only applicable to the sentence-level pragmatic phenomena, whereas the subsenten- tial pragmatic phenomena require a different approach. In this thesis, I argue against this view and claim that the Gricean framework, after some plausible revisions, can explain subsentential pragmatic phenomena, such as metaphors and slurs. In the first chapter, I introduce three basic theses I will defend and give an outline of the argument I will develop. The second chapter discusses three claims on metaphor that are widely discussed in the literature. There I state my aim to present a theory of metaphor which can accommodate these three claims. Chapter3 introduces the notion of \phrasal implicature", which will be used to explain phrase- level pragmatic phenomena with a Gricean approach. In Chapter4, I present my theory of metaphor, which I call \phrasal implicature theory of metaphor" and discuss certain aspects of the theory. -
Resounding Empathy
Resounding Empathy: A Critical Exploration of Ricoeur’s Theory of Discourse, to Clarify The Self’s Reliance on Relationships With Other Persons by Benjamin Joseph Shank A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for Christian Studies © Copyright by Benjamin Shank 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………1 1. Our Thesis Proposes a Ricoeurian self that is otherwise than Ricoeur’s own version...………………...……1 2. Our proposal is grounded in several philosophical, historical, and scientific contexts………………………2 3. Our contexts allow us to revisit Ricoeur on metaphor, narrative, the self, and recognition…...….………….7 4. In contrast to parts of Time and Narrative, we resound with those who influence us.…………...….9 5. Oneself as Another reveals a self enmeshed with the language that entwines us with others………….…...10 6. Linguistic anthropology reveals that empathy points to a primordial, inescapable connection…………….12 7. Integrating all four contexts reveals a self that is based on the polysemy and vitality of belonging…...…...14 CHAPTER ONE: THE GENESIS OF METAPHOR………………………………………………………………...16 1. Ricoeur’s description of metaphor emphasizes its qualities of being polysemic and being alive…………...16 2. Metaphor’s polysemic vitality relies on a suspension of literal reference…………………………………...17 3. Metaphor’s many meanings allow us to re-describe reality as it manifests……………….……………...…22 4. Metaphor casts meaning as poets do, opening possibilities philosophy has not historically considered…...27 5. Unfolding being through the possibilities of metaphor shifts truth from certitude to trust………………....32 6. Ricoeur presents the poet both as a perceptive genius and as a rhetor speaking to an audience……………36 7. -
Revisiting Common Source and Target Domains in Conceptual Metaphors in a Sample of English Fiction: Implications for Literacy Practices and Advanced EFL Pedagogy
International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies ISSN: 2202-9478 www.ijels.aiac.org.au Revisiting Common Source and Target Domains in Conceptual Metaphors in a Sample of English Fiction: Implications for Literacy Practices and Advanced EFL Pedagogy Nasim Layegh*, Yaser Hadidi, Mohammad Zohrabi University of Tabriz, Iran Corresponding author: Nasim Layegh, E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history Metaphor research has always been conducted with various purposes in mind, among which the Received: April 11, 2020 diachronic analysis of metaphor variation in discourse is outstanding. The current work followed Accepted: July 20, 2020 a qualitative research mould to analyze the use of conceptual metaphors within the two novels Published: July 31, 2020 Persuasion and The Fault in Our Stars, belonging to 19th and 21st centuries, respectively. To Volume: 8 Issue: 3 this end, a framework of common source and target domains proposed by Zoltán Kövecses was adopted. The analysis was conducted using the Metaphor Identification Procedure, a reliable method for marking metaphorically used words (Pragglejaz Group, 2007). The majority of Conflicts of interest: None the identified source and target domains in the two samples were identical, supporting the Funding: None common domains in the framework, although some novel domains were also identified. With the support found for these common source and target domains and their being expected to repeat prominently in different advanced literary and semi-literary genres, the present analysis resonates with important implications for upper-intermediate and advanced EFL pedagogy, as well as teachers and syllabus designers, when literature-text, as part and parcel of the upper- intermediate EFL context, is introduced to the classroom. -
Computational Metaphor Identification: a Method for Identifying Conceptual Metaphors in Written Text
COMPUTATIONAL METAPHOR IDENTIFICATION: A METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN WRITTEN TEXT Eric Baumer1 [email protected] Bill Tomlinson1 [email protected] Lindsey Richland2 [email protected] 1 Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, 5029 Bren Hall 2 Department of Education, Berkeley Place 2046 University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92697 ABSTRACT While much research has pursued the de- velopment of computational models of metaphorical and analogical reasoning erate as output analogical correspondences in controlled contexts, less work has been con- mapping attributes of the source onto the target ducted on model capturing less structured, (though see Doumas, Hummel, & Sandhofer, everyday relational reasoning. This paper de- 2008). However, as noted previously (Falken- scribes computational metaphor identification hainer et al., 1989), such an approach requires (CMI), which uses computational linguistic encoding knowledge into a representation techniques to identify patterns in written text amenable to such processing. It may be bene- indicative of potential conceptual metaphors. ficial to explore alternatives based on deriving The paper presents an overview of CMI, fol- such mappings by analyzing the form in which lowed by sample results from two different many human ideas are conveyed: written corpora: middle school students' science writ- natural-language. ing and political blogs from during the 2008 In a separate body of research, computa- US election. These results demonstrate CMI's tional linguists have grappled with issues re- capacity to identify linguistic patterns poten- lated to metaphor and analogy, e.g., (Fass, tially indicative of deep conceptual metaphors 1991; Lu & Feldman, 2007; Martin, 1990), that could subtly yet powerfully influence rea- specifically as related to text, but from a soning. -
Oriente E Ocidente Conceptual
Dossiê Religião e Ciência METÁFORAS CONCEITUAIS E O SENTIDO DO CONHECIMENTO: ORIENTE E OCIDENTE CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS AND THE SENSE OF KNOWING: EAST AND WEST VICTORIA S. HARRISON (*) Resumo A teoria da metáfora conceitual de George Lakoff and Mark Johnson é uma poderosa ferramenta metodológica que tem sido usada em diversos campos acadêmicos para investigar uma série de questões relativas à cognição humana. A teoria da metáfora conceitual sugere que tanto nosso sentido pré- teorico sobre o que é conhecer algo quanto nossas práticas de aquisição de conhecimento serão formados por metáforas conceituais, quaisquer que sejam elas, que operam nos nossos processos cognitivos, e estas podem diferir entre as culturas. Eu proponho que olhar para as ciências naturais como extensões de um sentido específico pré-teórico do que é o conhecer, aquele que mapeia cognitivamente o conhecimento sobre a experiência do ver, contribui para uma explicação de porque a ciência moderna emergiu no Ocidente e não na China. Palavras-chaves: teoria da metáfora conceitual; Lakoff and Johnson; conhecer é ver; Neo-Confucionismo; Wang (*) Victoria S. Harrison is Professor of Yangming Philosophy in the Programme for Philosophy and Religious Studies, University of Macau, China. Until 2016, Abstract she was Reader in Philosophy at the George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s conceptual metaphor University of Glasgow, where she was theory is a powerful methodological tool that has been used also Director of the Forum for Philosophy within many academic fields to investigate a wide range of and Religion. She is the author of The Apologetic Value of Human Holiness questions concerning human cognition. -
An Ontology of Conceptual Metaphors Aldo Gangemi, Mehwish Alam, Valentina Presutti
Amnestic Forgery: An Ontology of Conceptual Metaphors Aldo Gangemi, Mehwish Alam, Valentina Presutti To cite this version: Aldo Gangemi, Mehwish Alam, Valentina Presutti. Amnestic Forgery: An Ontology of Concep- tual Metaphors. Formal Ontology in Information Systems, Aug 2018, Cape Town, South Africa. 10.3233/978-1-61499-910-2-159. hal-02080238 HAL Id: hal-02080238 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02080238 Submitted on 26 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Formal Ontology in Information Systems 159 S. Borgo et al. (Eds.) © 2018 The authors and IOS Press. This article is published online with Open Access by IOS Press and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0). doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-910-2-159 Amnestic Forgery: An Ontology of Conceptual Metaphors Aldo GANGEMI a,b Mehwish ALAM b Valentina PRESUTTI b a FICLIT, University of Bologna, Italy bSemantic Technology Lab, ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy Abstract. This paper presents Amnestic Forgery, an ontology for metaphor seman- tics, based on MetaNet, which is inspired by the theory of Conceptual Metaphor.