TIME IS MONEY Conceptual Metaphor Theory

You’re wasting my time. • Metaphor – reference to one domain This gadget will save you hours. (target) with vocabulary more commonly I don’t have the time to give associated with another domain (source) you. How do you spend your • Cross-Domain Mappings – set of time these days? correspondences between source and That flat tire cost me an target that result from mapping cognitive hour. I’ve invested a lot of time in models or schemas from the source this project. domain to the target He’s living on borrowed time.

Metaphor & Everyday Language ARGUMENT IS WAR

• CMT motivated by Your claims are metaphors like TIME IS indefensible. MONEY He attacked every weak • Use of MONEY verbiage point in my argument. to refer to TIME is His criticisms were right on pervasive and systematic target. • Metaphor Clusters I demolished his argument. explained by cross- I’ve never won an argument domain mapping between with him. time and money If you use that strategy, he’ll • Metaphoric language wipe you out. reflects connections between concepts He shot down all my arguments.

Mappings More Mappings

•Position • Opinion Source Analog Target Analog • Combatant • Debate Participant • Strategy • Deciding the best way to convince opponent • Occupy a position • Have an opinion • Attack • Ask questions and raise • Same position • Agreement objections so your • Different position • Disagreement opponent changes her •Conflict • Argument opinion to yours • Maneuvering • Allies • Allies • Changing the premise of the conversation so that • Adversaries, Opponents • Adversaries, Opponents you will be in a stronger •Defense position • Responding to questions and objections

1 LOVE IS A JOURNEY

• Counterattack • Raising new questions Look how far we’ve come. and objections We’re at a crossroads. •Truce • Decide to stop arguing We’ll just have to go our •Stalemate • Both opponents maintain separate ways. original opinions We can’t turn back now. • Surrender • One participant changes I don’t think is relationship is her opinion going anywhere. • Participant convinces her •Victory We’re just spinning our opponent to change her wheels. opinion

Mappings Higher Level Regularities

Source Target • Long-Term • Event Structure Purposeful Activities ‘Metaphor’ • Travelers • Lovers • States are locations are Journeys • Vehicle • Relationship • Changes are movements • Destination • Goal • Love is a Journey • Causes are forces • Career is a Journey • Actions are self-propelled • Obstacles • Difficulties movements • Life is a Journey • Speed • Intensity • Purposes are •Forward •Growth destinations • Means are paths • Progress is forward movement

Anger Metaphors Cognitive Model of Anger

• She got all steamed • ANGER IS HEAT up. • THE BODY IS A • He was bursting with CONTAINER FOR anger. THE EMOTIONS • She blew up at me. • ANGER IS HEATED • He managed to keep FLUID IN A his anger bottled up CONTAINER inside.

2 Mappings in Anger Model Psychological Evidence

• Container •Body • Ask people to describe mental image evoked by • Heat • Anger idioms and non-idiomatic phrases Blow your stack, flip your lid, hit the ceiling • Temperature • Intensity Blow your tire, flip your hat, hit the wall •Pressure • Internal Pressure • Idioms • Agitating Fluid • Mental “agitation” – Share similar characteristics because all involve the involuntary release of pressure that causes an object • Container’s Structural • Control over Anger to move in an upward trajectory Integrity • Non-idiomatic phrases • Explosion • Loss of Control – Mental images more varied because no metaphor unites them (Gibbs & O’Brien, 1990)

Shared Inference Schemas Priming Effects

Sealed Container w/Liquid Anger • Carol had borrowed • Carol had borrowed • What would cause the • What causes someone to Bob’s car to take her Bob’s car to take her container to explode? blow their stack? brother to the airport. brother to the airport. • Does the container • When someone flips their Unfortunately, Carol was Unfortunately, Carol was explode on purpose or lid, do they get angry rear-ended in the parking rear-ended in the parking does it explode through intentionally? lot. When he found out lot. When he found out about the car about the car no volition of its own? • When someone hits the • Does the explosion of the ceiling, do they express • Bob blew his stack. • Bob bit her head off. container occur in a their anger in a gentle or – heat (744 ms) – heat (884 ms) gentle or a violent a violent manner? – lead (886 ms) – lead (877 ms) manner?

(Gibbs, 1992)

Time Metaphors Ambiguous Temporal Statement

• Ego-Moving Wednesday’s meeting has been moved forward 2 days. – We’re approaching the What day is it on? end of the quarter. – We’re coming up on • Ego-Moving Christmas. –Friday • Time-Moving • Time-Moving – The end of the quarter – Monday is almost here. – Christmas is coming up.

3 Do people use spatial concepts Metaphoric Structuring to think about time? • If yes, thinking about space in a particular • Wednesday’s meeting has been moved forward way should affect the way you think about 2 days. What day is the time. meeting on? • If no, it shouldn’t. • Ego-Moving – 73.3% Friday – 26.7% Monday • Object-Moving – 30.8% Friday – 69.2% Monday

(Boroditsky, 2000)

Imagined Motion Time Conception

A You are sitting in the chair. • Next Wednesday’s • Ego Moving While sitting in the chair, imagine how you would meeting has been –43% Monday maneuver the chair to the X. Draw an arrow indicating moved forward two – 57% Friday the path of motion. days. What day is the • Chair Moving B You are holding a rope meeting now that it attached to the chair. With – 67% Monday the rope, imagine how you has been would maneuver the chair – 33% Friday to the X. Draw an arrow rescheduled? indicating the path of Imagine you are the person in motion. the picture. Notice there is a chair on wheels, and a track. (Boroditsky & Ramscar, 2002)

Lunch Line Results

• Can your experience moving through space affect the way you think about time? • Ask people waiting in lunch line the Wednesday meeting question • People closest to the food have experienced the most motion and are more likely to adopt an ego-moving perspective – Does position in line affect the way the question is answered?

(Boroditsky & Ramscar, 2002)

4 Airport Results

• Does experience of moving through space make you more likely to assume ego- moving perspective on time? • Is actual experience of motion required, or does just thinking about it do it? • Ask 3 groups Wednesday meeting question: – Just flown in – Waiting to depart – Waiting to pick someone up

(Boroditsky & Ramscar, 2002)

Train Results

• For people in motion, does thinking about moving affect the way you understand statements about time? • Ask 3 groups Wednesday meeting question: – Just got on train – Middle of journey – About to get off

(Boroditsky & Ramscar, 2002)

Conceptual Metaphor Theory Frame Blends • Pervasive Analogy • Exhibits Systematicity • Cross-Domain (Analogical) Mapping • Metaphoric language reflects conceptual structure Frame Blend • Abstract concepts understood by mapping from more concrete, experientially motivated ones

5 Conceptual Blending Theory Primitive Waiting Rooms

• Spaces – WM buffer – “Contain” activated frames from LTM •Frames – Go in spaces • Mappings – correspondences between elements and relations in spaces – Analogy – Similarity – Identity

Primitive Waiting Rooms Murphy Brown

Murphy: let’s just say that the man and I have very strong feelings for each other. I was trying to Prehistoric Waiting avoid a physical relationship so my judgment Humans Rooms wouldn’t get clouded. But you know me, Frank, I have sex about as often as we get a Democrat for president. I was a walking time bomb. Input Input Frank: Oh God, Murph. Murphy: Then one afternoon the man came to my office to take me to lunch. It was totally spontaneous. I was like Mount Saint Helens, Frank! Blend

6 Time Bomb Input Human Input

• Bomb that detonates •Person at a predetermined –walks time – rational behavior – Dormant – can be overwhelmed – Ticking by emotions – Explodes

Walking Time Bomb Murphy Brown

• Person who is about Dormant Not Sexually Active to lose control of his Ticking Sexual Tension Building emotions any minute Explodes Has-Sex Explosion Predetermined Sex Inevitable

Walking Time Bomb – explodes when alone in its office with a man it is attracted to

“I was like Mount Saint Helens, Volcano Blend Frank!” Mt. St. Helens Murphy Brown Volcano Woman Long Inactive Sexually Inactive Pent up lava Pent up desires Huge Eruption Sex with “the man” Deterministic Voluntary Blend Woman/Volcano Sexually Inactive Pent up desires Erupts & Has Sex with “the man” Deterministic

7 Conceptual Blending

• Some metaphoric language involves conceptual blends – structure of target domain not completely determined by source • Analogical reasoning often involves a hybrid world (blended space) that – combines frames from different domains – contains emergent structure of its own

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