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Napoleon I 1804-1814 (Emperor of the French and King of Italy)

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Napoleon I 1804-1814 (Emperor of the French and King of Italy) FRANCE The Republic: 1792-1804 The Empire: Napoleon I 1804-1814 (Emperor of the French and King of Italy) Restored Bourbon line Louis XVIII 1814-1824 (Royalists count a Louis XVII 1793-1795, and date the reign of Louis XVIII from 1795) Charles X 1824-1830 July Revolution of 1830, caused by the middle class and students, overthrew Charles X. The revolution gave the throne to the Duke of Orleans, descendant of Louis XIII Orleans line Louis-Philippe 1830-1848 (the ―citizen king‖) 1845 Irish Potato crop disease and European drought…food prices skyrocket…food riots…businesses crash…people wanted government reform throughout Europe. Low wage working class didn’t like Louis-Philippe… strict laws prohibited workers from striking and most could not vote because of the property requirement. Alexis de Tocqueville summed up atmosphere by saying, ―I believe that we are at this moment sleeping on a volcano.‖ People tired of corrupt officials and wanted socialism (public ownership of factories, bankers, and businesses) Feb. 22, 1848, mobs riot streets of Paris, Louis-Philippe leaves in disguise to England. The Second Republic: 1848-1852 Govt of committee of 10….split between ideas of political liberty and social reform The Second Empire Napoleon III 1852-1870 (Emperor of the French) Dec. 1848, Louis Napoleon elected pres. of France… huge margin of victory… The Third Republic 1870-1940 Vichy Regime 1940-1944 Provisional Government 1944-1946 The Fourth Republic 1946-1958 The Fifth Republic 1958- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – Napoleon III Born 1808, was the nephew of Nap.I. His father was king of Holland at time of his birth. Tries to overthrow govt of Louis Philippe…. Lands in prison for life…. Escapes simply by walking straight out, dressed as a stonemason (1846). When he eventually comes back, 1848, he is ultimately elected to 4-year term as president. Can’t get Assembly to change laws to let him serve more than one 4-year term… In 1850 Assembly rescinds universal male suffrage… takes away a third of public vote… the poorest and most socialist… outlaws many socialist reforms… Napoleon poses as friend of people…launches coup d’etat on the anniversary of Austerlitz (Dec. 2, 1851). On Dec. 2, 1805, Nap I defeated Austria and Russian forces. Reinstated universal male suffrage… elected to 10-year term Next year, he proclaimed himself emperor and remembered Napoleon’s I son, who died in 1832/6?, and named himself Napoleon III. Dissolves Assembly…first time since 1815 no parliamentary rep in France. [See image of Napoleon III in Mexico – Harper’s Weekly] This unsigned Harper’s Weekly cartoon parodies the imperial design of Napoleon III in Mexico, as he mimics the previous expansionist quest of Napoleon I. In 1854, a coalition of Mexican liberals overthrew their country’s dictator, General Antonio de Santa Ana, to establish a republic. In 1857, disputes over a new constitution led to a civil war and the establishment of rival governments. In 1859, the United States formally recognized the liberal administration of Benito Juárez as the legitimate government of Mexico. American president James Buchanan sanctioned shipments of war materiel to the Juárez military, as well as the participation of American mercenaries in the republican cause. France, Spain, and Great Britain, however, favored the conservative regime in Mexico. In late December 1860, the liberal forces defeated the conservatives, and a triumphant Juárez reclaimed Mexico City on January 1, 1861. Mexican conservatives then allied with French emperor Napoleon III, who desired to incorporate Mediterranean states and former Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas into a French-led federation (giving rise to the concept of a Latin America). The United States Civil War provided an opportunity for Napoleon III to intervene in Mexico, and the new republic’s large foreign debt supplied the excuse. When the Juárez government suspended its debt payments in 1861, Spain, France, and Britain sent an expeditionary force to demand redress. Quarrels between the three European powers prompted Spain and Britain to withdraw, but Napoleon III reinforced French troops and dispatched them to the Mexican capital. When this cartoon appeared, French and Mexican armies were in the midst of a war. The image of Napoleon III crossing Mexico (he was never actually there) is based on a famous painting of the French emperor’s uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte: Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard (1800-1801) by Jacques-Louis David. In the winter of 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte and 40,000 French troops crossed the Great Saint Bernard Pass, one of the highest Alpine passages between Switzerland and Italy, to surprise and defeat Austrian troops in northern Italy. The ploy’s daring and danger were captured in David’s romanticized portrait of a windswept Napoleon Bonaparte heroically astride his rearing white steed. By contrast, this "Modern Historical Picture" presents a languid Napoleon III atop a frightened mule, with the emperor oblivious to either the human skulls he tramples or the deadly chasm before him. The cartoonist, though, underestimated the chances of (at least initial) success for the French intervention. In June 10, 1863, French troops occupied Mexico City, and from there secured most of the central region of the country. In early 1864, Napoleon III established a puppet regime in Mexico under Maximilian, the archduke of Austria. By 1865, the French had forced Juárez and his men to the Mexican-U.S. border. The monetary and human cost of the intervention, however, aroused opposition within France. Also, with the end of the American Civil War in April 1865, the United States government turned its attention to the situation. In May, General Philip Sheridan led 50,000 American soldiers to face down French troops across the Mexican border. On the diplomatic front, Secretary of State William Seward intensified pressure for a French withdrawal. Realizing the futility of the Mexican morass, Napoleon III agreed in February 1866 to remove his troops, a task completed in March 1867. President Juárez reestablished Republican government in Mexico, and had Maximilian executed Italy Unlike revolutions in France and Belgium, and ill-fated Polish insurrection, popular stirrings in Italian states... beginning with movements in Bologna and the Dutchy of Modena, started as protests against inefficient and corrupt rule. Several uprisings have comic opera quality to them: rebels in Parma literally locked Duchess Marie-Louise out of the city by shutting the gates until an Austrian army arrived in March 1831 to let her back in and restore her to power. Several cities in central Italy proclaim independence from Papal States by creating ―United Provinces of Italy‖ Insurgents against Austrian rule in several towns within Papal States unrealistically counted on help from French armies (believing that they still had mission to free oppressed peoples of Europe). With Austrian troops coming from North... volunteer army marched toward Rome, defeat Pope’s army... but then Austrians take more cities and 3 weeks after United Provinces created, it surrendered back to Papal States. Mazzini – saw nation as almost mystical religious quality... one of first to suggest states of Europe might evolve into a loose federation of democratic states. Need to defeat Austria – FIRST STEP Young Italy – had to be under 40 to join – he bragged ―Italy in revolution would be strong enough to defeat three Austrias.‖ Jailed and expelled from one country to the next, he launched several futile insurrections 1834-36 and again in 1844 As these attempts failed and brought repression... many looked to liberal Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia – Italy’s strongest state, to effect national unification. •King Charles Albert (r. 1831-1849) – met some liberal demands, starts bicameral parliament – selected from small minority of adult males, eases press censorship, established civilian guard Meanwhile – March 18, 1848 – 10,000 march on Milan – want Austrian to give in to liberal demands... armed with medieval pikes they drive out the Austrians (defeat Radetzky)... establish provisional republican govt. POPE – 1848 – Revolutionaries challenge authority of Pope in Papal States. Pope’s army prevails but he does appoint more liberal leaders to govt (because he feared insurrection). New govt applied new tax on Church property. Then, one of govt leaders assassinated in Nov. 1848. Crowds in streets – demand declaration of war against Austria. Pius appoints more liberals to govt and calls for new elections... then, flees in disguise to Naples. Once there, he called for overthrow of his own govt that he had appointed ―under duress‖ (he claimed). Radicals win in Rome – confiscate Church property, turned buildings into apartments for poor people, proclaimed Roman Republic... Pope then excommunicates some officials from Church... Republic, in turn, abolishes Inquisition, proclaims freedom of press, and secularization of university education. Mazzini then joins govt in Rome. Unification: several competing ideas on how to accomplish 1. Mazzini – centralized, democratic republic…universal suffrage…too radical and crushed by Austria 2. Gioberti – Catholic priest – wanted the pope to act as president of federation of Italian states 3. Sardinia-Piedmont leadership – liberal constitution 1848 Cavour – Sardinian govt rep. Cavour seeks to get northern Italy unified w/ Sardinia and its king, Victor Emmanuel Need to get Austria out of Lombardy and Venetia… can’t do it by themselves… need ally… and he goes w/ Napoleon III. Napoleon goes with it… they defeat Austrians… get Lombardy (1859)…then Napoleon has second thoughts and stops there. Prussia, not wanting France to get too powerful with new gains in Italy and the defeat of Austria, mobilizes troops on the Rhine. This is one of the factors that brings Nap to the decision to stop and make separate peace with Austria. Cavour resigns. Central Italian states go w/ Sardinia in 1860… Cavour returns and works out deal w/ Napoleon… France gets Nice and Savoy.
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