Volume XLIV No. 6 June 1989 £2 (to non-members)

NOT QUITE IN FOCUS Reflections on an Anniversary

With a monthly publishing schedule that rules out shifted the blame for defeat on to the politicians half the final tally. This entitles one to argue that topicality, we can only now comment on the to whom they had handed over one minute ahead economic misery did not possess the crucial, so to 'commemoration' of 20 April in the media. The of surrender on the Western Front. speak mono-causal, importance in precipitating centenary of Hitler's birth prompted both BBC This flightfro m reality, which caused historians the Nazi landslide which commentators ascribe to TV and ITV to transmit programmes of in-depth who taught that the German army had been it. The fact that millions of young people imbued analysis, and the latter channel also screened a beaten in combat to be dismissed from their with hero worship of Frederick the Great and von film based on Simon Wiesenthal's life. (In the university posts, compounded the outcry over the Richthofen in classroom and cinema came on to following week Joshua Sobol's Ghetto received its war guilt clause written into the Treaty of the electoral register in 1930 probably contributed British premiere at the National Theatre, and Versailles. The consensus was that Germany had almost as much to the amazing groundswell of Escape from Sobibor was televised on the eve of been encircled and that, at worst, all the powers Nazi support as the lengthening dole queues. Yom Ha-Shoah — Holocaust Day.) involved shared responsibihty for the war; since The 'economic' explanation for the ease with The intention behind the massive media cover­ all history is written by the victors Germany's which the Nazis came to power and consolidated age was unexceptional, even if in execution the guilt consisted merely of having lost. (In the their rule also leaves out of account the conta­ programmes left something to be desired. While meantime this version of events has been totally gious appeal of hate. The demonisation of Jews, the commendably few defects in the Wiesenthal refuted by Der Griff nach der Weltmacht, Fritz Bolsheviks, etc., enabled millions to release their film can be traced back to the requirement of mass Fischer's 1967 study of diplomatic documents personal frustrations through state-approved audience appeal, the in-depth features about which established primary German responsibility channels. It is not too farfetched to speak — Hitler's impact on the German people call for for the outbreak of the Great War.) although the TV analysts forbore to do so — of a more differentiated criticism. It seems to us that During the interwar years the Germans further mass seduction through sadism. Hitler's success in both progammes got it subtly wrong by placing demonstrated their reluctance to accommodate arousing the sadism dormant in the national the emphasis on the leader — his upbringing, themselves to reality by electing Hindenburg psyche was demonstrated by his 1940 speech psychological make-up, sex life, etc. — instead of President. This, too, amounted to an exoneration threatening tenfold retaliation for early RAF on the led. Granted that they both featured of the war-lords responsible for defeat; in addi­ raids on German cities. His climacteric cry Ich numerous individuals who recalled their reactions tion the perennially uniform-clad Hindenburg werde sie ausradieren! (I shall erase them, i.e. the at the time — but the overall picture ofthe society mocked the very office — intrinsically civilian — English towns, from the face of the earth!) that made Nazism possible was only sketchily to which he had been elected. elicited an almost orgiastic response from the filled in. Much was made of Hitler's skill in The elevation of the "wooden titan', moreover, audience, which, largely comprised of nurses and handling the media, but, though important, in the occurred at a time when the economy showed a welfare workers, was an all-female one. last analysis this mattered less than that he was a distinctive upswing. This far from insignificant Until account is taken of the almost psycho- medium; he incarnated in his own psyche the detail calls to mind an important oversimplifica­ sexual dimension of Hitler's appeal to the impulses of frustration, self-pity and vindictive­ tion conveyed on TV — namely that it was solely Germans the Nazi phenomenon will not be ness slumbering in the national subconscious. the Depression which catapulted Hitler to power. properly understood. Though Schiller, that prominent figure in the Yet the crucial electoral breakthrough, when German pantheon, had written Die Nazi representation in the Reichstag increased ^eltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht (world history is almost tenfold, from 12 deputies to 107, occurred the supreme court), the Germans showed a in mid-1930, i.e. before the massive onset of the READ ABOUT OUR deepseated reluctance to accept history's verdict slump. (On polling day the unemployed num­ about the outcome of the First World War. A bered just over three million out of a total country that had enjoyed spectacular military population of sixty-five million.) NEW ADVICE CENTRE aggrandisement and economic growth for a solid- The fact of the matter is that the Nazis already half centur)' simply could not reconcile itself to achieved a quantum leap in votes unprecedented ON PAGE 9 defeat in battle. Hence the ready acceptance in the electoral history of any country at a time ofthe stab-in-the-back myth by which the generals when the German jobless figure only stood at page 2 AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 Melodies of his last years. In one of his last poems on Jehuda Ben Halevy, Heine ironically describes the great medieval Spanish-Jewish poet who was HEINE — A SCHLEMIHL? accidentally killed by a Moslem as a schlemihl. Disregarding the flippant irony in Heine's words Ritchie Robertson: HEINE (Jewish Thinkers' Series) Peter Halban, 1988 Robertson concludes that Heine believed that "in the real world of conflict and greed the poet is a schlemihl, fated always to be defeated without 'What good to the people are closed granaries to Dusseldorf, where Heine was born in 1797 as dignity'. Robertson concedes that the image of which they have no access? The people are hungry the son of Jewish parents, had no ghetto like the poet as schlemihl is not Heine's last word, for knowledge and are grateful to me for every bit Frankfurt and other German cities of that period. though he finally pontificates: "He (Heine) has no of spiritual bread which I honestly share with Even before Diisseldorf was occupied by the last word, no final message transcending the them'. French in 1795 his parents tried, without aban­ antimonies round which we have seen his thought doning Judaism, to become assimilated to their restlessly circling'. One might expect that the first paperback in non-Jewish environment. The generation after In his letter to Campe of June 1850 Heine English about Heine would follow his maxim and Moses Mendelssohn saw the walls of medieval rejected the idea that in editing his collected present to the English-speaking public a piece of discrimination begin to fall; Jewish emancipation works he would delete anything in them: 'Quod this "spiritual bread'. However, Ritchie inaugurated the great, though ultimately tragic, scripsi, scripsV ('What I have written, I have Robertson sets out to present Heine's thoughts period of an attempted Jewish-German written'). It is therefore legitimate for the "not as a set of conclusions, but as a series of symbiosis, to which we survivors can look back purpose of ascertaining Heine's final message to conflicts and dilemmas, displayed both in his with sadness and pride. recall words written by him whilst still at the poetry and in his prose', and in the end arrives — When in the post-Napoleonic period Prussia re­ zenith of his strength: nowhere. introduced anti-Jewish legislation which antici­ "I doubt whether I deserve a laurel wreath, for In his chapter "Poetry versus Politics' pated Hitler's racial laws of one hundred years poetry has always been merely an instrument with Robertson analyses the influence of German later, Heine and many of his contemporaries me, a sort of divine plaything. If you would Romanticism on Heine's thought. He draws imagined they could avoid the effect of this honour me, lay a sword rather than a wreath upon attention to Heine's fascination with folk tales legislation by conversion to Christianity, a cow­ my coffin, for 1 was, first of all, a brave soldier in and superstitions, but maintains that unlike the ardly and opportunist step which Heine described the war for the liberation of mankind'. nationalists who claim that the Germans' deepest as an entry ticket to European civihsation, and Let us leave it at that! convictions were conservative, Heine adopted which he then regretted for the rest of his life. F. HELLENDALL folk-poetry and folk-tales "so as to bring out their Robertson rightly points out that it "solved latent revolutionary content, link it to the politi­ nothing'. cal programme of emancipation and thus deprive A full report on the A.G.M will be published the German nationalists of one of their most in the July issue. fMDtent weapons'. Grim Prophecy In the chapter "Between Revolutions' In his analysis of Heine's attitude to Judaism Robertson describes the poet's participation in Robertson quotes Heine's letter to Moses Moser the pre-revolutionary activities of the early 1840s, of the 23 August. 1823, where the poet claims: "I when Heine created perhaps his most powerful will enthusiastically support the rights of the Jews works, e.g. Germany, a Winter's Tale, and poems and their civic equality .... But the born enemy such as Nachtgedanken (Denk ich an Deutschland of all positive religions will never champion that AJR in der Nacht . . . ) the Silesian Weavers, and religion which first introduced the fault-finding others. The revolution of 1848 and its failure with human beings (Menschenmdkelei) that now CHARITABLE coincided with the onset of Heine's fatal illness causes us so much pain; and if I nevertheless do it which confined the poet to his "mattress grave' after a fashion, there are special reasons: tender TRUST and overshadowed the last eight years of his life. emotions, obstinacy and the precaution to main­ Robertson alleges "it cannot be doubted that in tain an antidote', and he might have added, some strange way his illness did bring Heine back sentimentality. Robertson thinks that Heine CONTRIBUTIONS to God' although the evidence for this contention believed that the anti-Semitism of his day would is scanty and Heine's references to his alleged disappear when economic equality was estab­ UNDER COVENANT return to God are mostly expressed with the lished and that he considered the racialist element A BEQUEST healthy irony Heine preserved to the end of his in German nationalism unimportant. Robertson IN YOUR WILL days. Thus Robertson admits that Heine "seems believes that Heine was wrong and that he failed to have enjoyed puzzling his visitors with his new­ to anticipate the genocide of our days. But in his GIFTS IN found piety'. One might well add the explanation letter to Moses Moser he anticipated as "inevi­ YOUR LIFETIME that in the enforced loneliness of his mattress table' "bad times' for the Jews when "the grave the poet searched for an imagined partner Germanic mob will hear my voice resounding in Your donation will help to ensure the and chose "somebody to whom I can describe in German pubs and palaces'. Robertson evidently continuation of our vital services to the tears the liturgy of my suffering'. In a letter of the overlooked amongst other Heine prophecies his 1 June, 1850, he urges his publisher Campe "not to grim forecast of the holocaust "If Satan, sinful community. These include: believe' that he had "become a pious lamb'. In his Pantheism — against which all saints of the Old last will made in 1848 he expressed the wish, most and the New Testament and of the Koran may DAY CENTRE unorthodox at that period (and later to be protect us — should ever be victorious a thunder­ SOCIAL SERVICES repeated in "Commemoration Service'), that storm of persecution will threaten the heads of FINANCIAL SUPPORT there should be no religious ceremony at his thepoor Jews which will far exceed anything they FOR THE NEEDY funeral — a wish fulfilled in the end. In his letterto suffered before" (Shakespeare's Women and Georg Weerth of November 1851. Heine stated: Girls — The Merchant of Venice, Portia). "I die as a poet who needs neither religion nor Space donated bv Throughout his life Heine's work was devoted Arnold R. Harwell'Ltd. philosophy and who has nothing to do with to Jewish themes, and his baptism made no either of them." Does that sound like a 'return to difference to this — from Belshazzar in his God'? earlydays, and the Rabbi of Bacharach to Hebrew AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 page 3 was actually born in the UK (although only the COMMUNAL CARTOGRAPHY two last-mentioned are refugees). On the general topic of 'Continentals' he makes Stephen Brook: THE CLUB, The Jews of Modern Britain (Constable £15.95) various assertions which, while not actually wrong, are no more than approximations to the At 440 pages this study of a 330,0(K)-strong Other charismatic rabbinical personages he truth. Is it really correct to describe German and community is more than a mere book — it is a delineates include Schlomo Levin, who "turned Austrian refugees as overwhelmingly middle- veritable Royal Ordnance map in prose. round' near-moribund South Hampstead, and class, and therefore unfamiliar (at the time of Doubling as a cartographer, the author familiar­ Michael Rosen, whose blending of radical form their arrival) with the technique of boiling an egg? ises us with a strange region called Anglo-Jewry, with Orthodox content has made Yakar a power­ Does Eva Figes, who feels totally detached from that is both confusingly fissured and prone to house in the community. Israel — her Jewish consciousness derives solely landslips around the edges. Intermarriage is Rather less than charismatic in Stephen from being a Nazi victim — deserve inclusion as a reducing the community in size, while sub terrain Brook's estimate is Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits, representative figure? Is the reason why "conti­ the collision of tectonic plates named Orthodoxy whom he characterises as "swooningly in love with nentals' frequent the AJR Day Centre rather than and Reform causes worrying tremors and erup­ his own voice'. The Chief is commended for his the Sobell Centre their preference for listening to tions. All this seismic activity gives the scene a dovish stance on the Middle East conflict, but his Brahms over practising handicrafts? bewildering aspect: where, the uninitiated may "Thatcherite" pronouncements on social issues While Aimez-vous Brahms hints at the refu­ ask, is the boundary between Chasidism and — from the Innner Cities to homosexuality — gees' cultural superiority. Brook's thumbnail Aguda, the watershed between United rouse the left-inclined author's ire. sketch of his Austrian-born termagant of a Synagogue and Federation, the fault line between If the spiritual head of Anglo-Jewry receives grandmother — with its subliminal suggestion Progressive and Liberal? scant praise in these pages, the lay leader of the that she typified the species — conveys the Answers to these, and many more, questions community. Dr. Kopelowitz, fares even worse. contrary impression. can be gleaned from Brook's study, which is both Pace Mr. Brook the President of the Board of It seems to me that the authorial image of the informative and impressively up-to-date: Belsize Deputies has an "impossible public manner', refugees as, at one and the same time, commen­ Square's Declaration of Independence appears in parries questions with non sequiturs, and treats dably culture-orientated and oddly embarrassing, the text, as do Maureen Lipman's British sections of his audience with 'booming owes more to a striving for journalistic effect than Telecom advertisements. The opening section condescension'. to thorough sociological analysis. deals with the ultra-Orthodox, the fastest growing However, it is not only Establishment figures But this defect does not substantially detract section of Anglo-Jewry (although in their case the who receive stinging authorial reproof. Rabbi from the value of the book. The terrain Brook term Anglo is hardly apposite). The Rayner "squirms' in defining his attitude to maps out is so variegated that in my anything-but- Fundamentalists owe their growth to a preterna- Halacha, while Hugo Gryn's services take place brief review I have left out large stretches, such as turally high birth rate coupled with energetic in a 'dustladen atomosphere'. social welfare provision, 'communal' geography, missionising among tepid or lapsed Jews. What, one might ask, is Brook looking for the role of women, attitudes to Israel and, most Lubavitch missionaries are truly "fishers of souls', when he attends synagogue service? His answer, intriguingly. the prognosis for Anglo-Jewry in the and Brook provides an illuminating pen portrait if I read him aright, is a combination of the year 2000. What I hope to have done instead is of Rabbi Vogel. head of their UK operations. warmth generated in Chasidic shtiebls with a whet the appetite of potential readers. R.G. theology of the spirit — rather than the letter — of the law. The spiritual leader he would undoub­ tedly have preferred as Chief Rabbi is Louis Jacobs of the New London Synagogue, to whom he ascribes "a bleary-eyed look as if he routinely Israel's pored over Talmudic commentaries half the night'. A similarly puckish turn of phrase characterises Very finest Wines the author's treatment of the "parliament' of Anglo-Jewry, the Board of Deputies. He SHIPPED BY describes ad hominen attacks (in plain English — BELSIZE SQUARE SYNAGOGUE personal insults) as an "enjoyable feature' of Board of Deputies sessions, and quotes Ian 51 BELSIZE SQUARE, NW3 Mikardo's punning epithet — the Board of Dead HOUSE OF Bodies — with some relish. We offer a traditional style of Mikardo's obiter dicta lead on to another HALLGARTEN religious service with Cantor, simultaneously entertaining and instructive Choir and Organ aspect of the book: the self-perception of promi­ nent Jews, and their view of relations with the host community. Mikardo. whose YARDEN and GAMLA Further details can be obtained Cockney-accented pronouncements at Labour AVAILABLE NOW from our synagogue secretary Party conferences once commanded the respect Greeks accorded to oracles, turns out to have Telephone 794-3949 started life as a Yiddish speaker; to-day he still Please write or phone for feels most at home in the company of Jews. For all full information that, the ex-Member for Poplar is British-born; Minister: Rabbi Rodney J. Mariner Sir Claus Moser, former Head of the Statistical Cantor: Rev Lawrence H. Fine Office, hails from Berlin. He, for his part, recalls HOUSE OF HALLGARTEN being asked by a senior official at Whitehall Regular services: Friday evenings at 6.30 pm. 53 HIGHGATE ROAD Saturday mornings at 11 am "What's it like working here as a German?'. Sir Claus is one of a number of luminaries of LONOON NWS IRR Religion school: Sundays at 10 am to 1 pm refugee origin whose membership conferred extra 01-267 2041 Space donated by Pafra Limited cachet on The Club. Brook points out that none of the four Jewish recipients of the Order of Merit, the highest British honour, — Isaiah Berhn, Solly Zuckerman, Ernst Gombrich and Max Perutz — page 4 AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 OUR' MEN OF MUNICH 1919 Jews in the Raterepublik German political commentators are fond of using The war added another "attraction'. The muni­ Its six months lifespan was punctuated by the term Weichenstellen — switching the points — tions industry spawned an industrial proletariat, upheaval, hostage taking and assassination. The which, given the country's history of fatal crashes, and lengthening casualty lists and food queues first to fall victim to an assassin's bullets was the is hardly suprising. The pointsman who set the engendered anti-Prussian, and even separatist, founder of the new state, Kurt Eisner. His course for the first crash was Bismarck, architect sentiments. In the last days before the Armistice, murderer, Count Arco Valley, had dubbed of unification through foreign wars, and framerof when a power vacuum yawned at Munich, Kurt Eisner "a Jew, not a German'; curiously enough a constitution that combined autocratic substance Arco Valley himself had a less than pure Aryan with the shadow of democracy. pedigree, and is assumed to have done the killing Yet, for all the authoritarian thrust of to overcome the taint in his own ancestry. Bismarck's policy, Imperial Germany was suffi­ The Jewish issue was, in fact, much to the fore ciently susceptible to the spirit of the age to in the general German perception of the permit some interplay between government and Rdterepublik. This owed a great deal to the fact opposition. This limited pluralism found expres­ that a number of its leaders were Jews — but even sion partly in Reichstag debates, and partly in the more to the subsequent rightwing backlash which North-South contrast between Prussia on the one made Munich the cradle of Nazism, and militant hand and Bavaria and Baden on the other. While antisemitism, in interwar Germany. Even in the Berlin, the official capital of the unified Reich, early Twenties Bavaria grew so Judophobic that incarnated power-oriented Prussianism, Munich Bruno Walter resigned as Generalmusikdirektor — arty and pleasure-loving — and liberal, of the Munich Opera, and Nobel laureate reformist Heidelberg served, so to speak, as its Richard Willstatter gave up his university chair. counter-capitals. In both counter-capitals indivi­ The best depiction of Bavaria during the period dual Jews played quite an important role. At when the province incubated the brown disease Heidelberg their number included Professor appears in Lion Feuchtwanger's novel Erfolg Gundolf, Gertrud Jaspers, Georg Lukacs (model (Success). By the late 1920s Bavarian-born for Naphta in Thomas Mann's Magic Mountain) Feuchtwanger, too, felt he was choking in the and the brilliant Russian, Eugen Levine; at Kurt Eisner poisoned atmosphere and moved to relatively Munich the cultural elite included Professor civilised Berlin; his flight marked another stage of Pringsheim, Bruno Walter and Franz Marc. To Eisner, a Berlin-born Jewish leftwing journalist, the fatal deterioration of Munich from "counter- Munich there also came, either before or during seized the initiative and proclaimed a Bavarian capital' of the Second Reich into capital-in- the Great War, a number of Jews who could be Free State — a polity without King, virtually waiting of the Third. labelled dissenters: socialists, pacifists and independent of Berlin and deriving its legitimacy TTiose events, and the even more horrific Bohemians. They gravitated to the Bavarian from Workers' and Soldiers' Councils. This succeding ones, have overlaid awareness of the captial which boasted several political cabarets Republic of Councils, or Raterepiiblik, lasted, in diverse Jewish personalities — politicians, poets, and the satirical magazine Simplicissimus, and various manifestations, only from November visionaries and academics — who played a key possessed, in the artists' quarter of Schwabing, 1918 till April 1919 when it was bloodily put down role in the RUterepublik. We print an appreciation Germany's closest approximation to by a combination of Reichswehr and Freikorps of some of them below. Montmartre. irregulars.

ciated, rotting corpse he felt a transformation of consciousness: 'Ein toter Mensch ist hier begra- ben. Not: a dead Frenchman. Not: a dead ERNST TOLLER German. A dead human being ... At last I knew Toller was born in 1893 in the small town of German', and to have his name struck off the that all the dead French and Germans were Samotchin. Posen province, to well-off and Jewish register. brothers and that I was their brother'. socially highly respected Jewish parents (his Looking back at his younger self in 1933 he He had a breakdown and in 1917 was invalided father was a local councillor). Like most of the regretted this conduct. 'Am I not also a Jew? out of the army. Studies at Munich and Jewish community they adopted German culture Does that make me a foreigner in Germany? . . . Heidelberg brought him into contact with and ways of thought, as distinct from the Poles, If someone asked me where I belong I would Thomas Mann, the sociologist Max Weber and though Jewish-German relations remained cool answer: a Jewish mother bore me, Germany Kurt Eisner. He became active in pacifist student and distant. For Toller's powerful Geltungsdrang nurtured me, Europe formed me and the world is groups and supported a munition workers' strike his religious and social Jewishness proved a my fatherland'. (These memoirs published at resulting in several months' imprisonment. hindranceand he reacted strongly against it, albeit Amsterdam in 1933 carry an author's preface Postwar he followed Kurt Eisner to revolutionary without the animosity bordering on Jewish self- which ends: "Completed on the day my books Munich and became Second Chairman of the hatred. His fascinating autobiography, Eine were burnt in Germany'.) Executive ofthe Bavarian Workers, Peasants and Jugend in Deutschland, while prone to exaggera­ He describes the educational system he was Soldiers Councils. tion, hindsight, selectiveness and some self- exposed to as in equal measure bourgeois, When his chief adversary on the Left, Eugen glorification, provides a reveahng account of the nationalist and authoritarian. "My schooling — as Levine, seized control of the RUterepublik he images and experiences of these early years. He stupid as it was dust-laden — was designed above became regional commander of a Red Army hardly refers to his rehgious upbringing, but re­ all to inculcate obedience and subordination'. But section stationed near Dachau. The imperative of members anecdotes indicative of the social stigma he became increasingly aware of the discrepancies war brought him into serious conflict with his of being Jewish. Towards the end of the book, in and injustices in society, and reading the works of profound pacifist convictions. Tilla Durieux. the exile, he reflects on the question of identity, Hauptmann, Wedekind, Ibsen, Tolstoy and actress married to a Socialist publisher whose recollecting 'the terrible joy' he felt when he Dostojewski enhanced this awareness. After his house he frequented, reported how one day he wasn't recognised as a Jew. This flight from enthusiastic enlistment in 1914 the experience of appeared in uniform with a red band: 'Toller. . • identity made him volunteer for the front in 1914 real fighting led swiftly to disillusionment and Sie sind doch Pazifist!' 'Wir werden auch nicht to prove that he was "a German and nothing but a revulsion. One day when digging up an ema- schiessen, . . . wir werden die feindlichen Soldaten AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 page 5 fangen, ihnen die Waffen wegnehinen, sie init final scene was described by Stephen Spender in The truth about Landauer was, of course, quite unseren Ideen bekanntmachen und darauf wieder his autobiography World within World (1951): different. This gentle man had something of the Zuriicksenden'. 'Shortly before the war, the German poet Ernst aura of a prophet; his passion for social justice had And this is. moreover, what he did. When Toller came to see me. He had some scheme a quasi-religious fervour. Indeed, one of his unit, briefly victorious at Dachau, took 41 which he wanted to discuss, about an appeal Landauer's closest friends was Martin Buber, prisoners he defied an order from Red Army through high functionaries to the conscience of whose religious socialism and mysticism clearly C-in-C Egelhofer at Munich to court-martial the world on behalf of the Spanish Republicans. betray Landauer's influence. Through Buber, them. Merely keeping five officers prisoner, he let He had a whole suitcase full of documents about Landauer's influence spread to the Hashomer all the other go free (whereupon some of them this, and he was tremendously excited and full of Hatzair youth movement, and thence to the promptly rejoined the Whites). his own importance, telling me that he had been Kibbutz movement. Far from being the savage received by President Roosevelt and the evil genius of the Rdterepublik, Landauer was a Archbishop of Canterbury . . . Indeed there was pacifist humanist. He espoused a cosmopolitan something fascinating about him with his large form of Zionism which, while emphasising brown eyes like a doe's, and his pale skin like an Jewry's special cultural identity and mission, American Indian's . . . dedicated that mission to the service of all A few days later Toller hanged himself. mankind, as one nationalism in a plurality of HANS SEELIG equal but different nationalisms. Here again the nobility of Landauer's thinking mocked the sterile fanaticism of his murderers. GUSTAV LANDAUER ERICH MUHSAM Gustav Landauer came to the Rdterpublik with twenty-five years of anarchist activity behind him. Erich Muhsam was more the political activist, He worked through such organisations as Neue with little of Landauer's mystical profundity and Gemeinde for a society in which man's humanity and creativity would be realised to their fullest extent. In his own wide-ranging activities Ernst Toller Landauer exemplified this attempt to actualise every facet of human creativity. He was a noted After the collapse of the RUterepublik Toller literary critic, with studies and translations of went into hiding but was captured and put on writers as varied as Shakespeare. Walt Whitman trial. Although eminent personalities testified to and the mystic Meister Eckhart to his credit. Of the purity of his character — Thomas Mann his political writings. Exhortation to Socialism granted him "profound ethical conviction'. Max (1911) is the best known; its title conveys the Weber said "God made Toller a politician in his intense ethical imperative behind Landauer's wrath, — he was sentenced to five years' vision of a respiritualised community of free men. imprisonment. Landauer entered active politics only near the In jail he composed his most profoundly felt end of his life. Initially fired with enthusiasm by poetry and plays. Practically everything he wrote the Council movement, with its promise of a was closely linked to this own inner development, restructuring of society from the bottom up. he and mostly to particular events in his life. There joined his friend Eisner in Bavaria, where the Were two cycles of poetry, Gedichte der latter was Prime Minister. The ebbing of the Gefangenen and Das Schwalbenbuch, inspired by Erich Miihsam a swallow nest's survival struggle against prison bureaucracy. Die Wandlung is a drama concern­ religious consciousness. Typical of the Bohemian ing a young Jewish bourgeois, whose war exper­ circles in Munich's Schwabing, where he lived iences convert him into an ardent pacifist crying from 1909, Miihsam belonged to anarchist euphorically for non-violent revolution. It is groups, edited an anarchist monthly, Kain, and expressionist in form and content, with anony­ generally flouted the conventions of bourgeois mous characters, dream sequences and agonised society. He was a writer of considerable distinc­ Oh-Mensch pathos. (Fritz Kortner played the tion and great wit: his best known poem, Der lead at the first performance in Berhn 1919.) Revoluzzer, is a splendid satire on the pseudo- Masse-Mensch. a year later, is similar in style, but revolutionary antics of the pre-war SPD. contains a passionate debate between advocates Radicalised by the war, Muhsam threw himself of non-violent and violent revolution. Die into left-wing politics in November 1918; he was Maschinenstiirmer took the Luddite movement in active on the far left of the Council movement, England for its theme. Hinkemann (1922) was first on the Revolutionary Workers' Council, then Toller's most successful, and probably finest, also in his own Organsiation of Revolutionary play. It is more realistic and without the bhnd Internationalists. Miihsam adopted a radical belief in universal transformation, or over- working-class anarchism, hoping to establish a idealisation of the proletariat. Gustav Landauer link with the Communist Party, as the force most On his release from jail Toller found that the likely to drive the Bavarian workers to the left. revolutionary tide had ebbed, giving place to self- revolutionary wave plunged Landauer into But his plan for a Communist-anarchist alliance delusion and complacency. Many had accommo­ despair, but in the political radicalisation that failed; the Council government that he pro­ dated themselves to the situation and become followed Eisner's assassination he threw himself claimed on 7 April 1919 lacked Communist resigned. This development is closely mirrored in behind the radical cause. Following the coup of 6 backing. Arrested on 13 April. Muhsam played Hoppla, H/r/efce^i.'(produced with Erwin Piscator April 1919, he assumed the position of no further part in the tragic events of the in 1927). He engaged in a vehement but doomed Commissar for 'Enlightenment and Public Rdterepublik. He was sentenced to 15 years campaign against the rise of Nazism; after 1933 he Instruction'. Though he took no part in the imprisonment, but amnestied in 1924. was forced into exile, where he restlessly con­ second. Communist-led, regime. Landauer was After his release from prison, Muhsam tinued his campaign giving, inter alia, an cast as one of the hate-figures of the right, whose returned to anarchist poUtics, but his insistence impassioned address to the PEN Congress. The troops killed him with sadistic brutality. on preserving the pristine purity of his anarcho- page 6 AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 syndicalist principles cut him of from the main­ death Neurath was appointed director of the Mr. Noon, Lawrence depicts Jaffe under the stream of left-wing politics. Miihsam was always Central Planning Office for the Republic of name Professor Alfred Kramer — thus bestowing to the fore in supporting left-wing causes — his Bavaria as an unpolitical administrator. a sort of immortality on him. play Staatsraison (1928), for example, excoriated Thus did Otto Neurath, after the fall of DOUGLAS WEBSTER the trial and execution ofthe American anarchists Levine's second Soviet Republic, find himself (University of Salford) Sacco and Vanzetti — but he attracted only arrested on 15 May and held in prison. He was insignificant political support. As late as 20 found guilty of aiding and abetting high treason February 1933, he spoke alongside Carl von and sentenced to 18 months' fortress imprison­ DISPARATE DOPPELGANGER Ossietzky at an anti-fascist demonstration, where ment. At the intervention ofthe Austrian Foreign The curious circumstance that the century's he fearlessly attacked the Nazis — though not Minister Otto Bauer he was, however, banished greatest laughter-maker and its greatest death- without sideswipes at his Communist allies for from Germany to Austria and released. bringer shared a moustache and birthday (almost) their deviation from the true path of anarchism. But that was not the end of Otto Neurath. He has been widely remarked of late. The temporal Arrested on the night of the Reichstag fire, 27/28 was a very large flamboyant man, who signed his coincidence has inspired the exhibition Chaplin February 1933, he survived months of maltreat­ letters with sketches of an elephant, and until und Hitler currently being staged at Munich. The ment before being brutally done to death in 1926 he wore a full red beard; he was the centre of exhibition about the inter-relationship of the two Oranienburg in July 1934. Like Landauer. any group. In Vienna he founded first a Museum near lookalikes is full of interesting connections Muhsam achieved little politically; like Landauer, of Housing and Allotments, then in 1924 the and observations. In Chaplin's view, for instance. he was savagely murdered for his beliefs. But Museum of Society and Economy which he Hitler's face appeared "obscenely comic ... a bad Landauer's high moral appeal for a better, directed until 1934. Both he saw as means to imitation of my own'. (Weimar's anti-Nazis humane society and Muhsam's uncompromising instruct the public in visualizing social problems likewise tended to satirise the prospective adherence to his radical principles deserve our and how to solve them — which later he Fuhrer's face. 'He wants to be dictator' mocked recognition and respect. developed in a vast range of manuals, using Klaus Mann 'with that nose!', while Die ANTHONY GRENVILLE pictures and diagrams to display statistical Weltbiihne wrote 'Chaphn has asked Hitler to (University of Bristol) argument (the Isotype system, used worldwide return his moustache; negotiations are in today). He was also a leading member of the progress'.) When Chaplin expressed the intention Vienna Circle of scientific philosophers (the to shave off his moustache to avoid being 'logical positivists'). In 1934, Neurath and his mistaken for Hitler the Nazi press displayed wife moved via Holland to England, where he paroxysms of rage. They asserted that Chaplin worked in Oxford and died in harness in was Jewish — a supposition to which the actor had December 1945. already reacted in 1921 by stating "I m not Jewish, but I must have a drop of Jewish blood in me. At least I hope so'. EDGAR JAFFfi Chaplin ultimately squared his account with Like Neurath, Jaffe came of well-to-do bourgeois Nazi antisemitism in the 1940 film The Great stock. His father, ran a prosperous firm of traders Dictator. Later, when details of the Holocaust and shippers in Hamburg, and the sons had tours emerged, he felt like the Rider across Lake of duty abroad. Accordingly Edgar Jaffe worked Constance of legend. 'If I had known the horror in Spain, and for 10 years in Manchester. Then, of the camps' he said "I could not have made The having made money, he did not retire to live as a Great Dictator; I would not have been able to country gentleman, but entered the University of make fun of the murderous madness of the Nazis'. Heidelberg, gained a doctorate, married a stu­ It remains unclear whether Hitler ever saw the dent of Max Weber, bought a large house, and in film, although the advancing Russians came upon Eugen Levine 1904 obtained his teaching habilitation. Also in a copy in the Propagandaministerium in 1945. In 1904 he bought Braims Archiv, which became the following year General Lucius Clay, U.S. OTTO NEURATH known as the Archiv fUr Sozialwissenschaft und Commandant in Berlin, arranged a screening Neurath's father was professor of economics in Sozialpolitik, a leading joumal in the social before a selected German audience; they neither Vienna; when a boy. Otto estimated there were sciences. In 1910 Jaffe became professor of laughed at the humour, nor showed themselves 13,000 books in his father's study, to which he had economics at the polytechnic in Munich. From moved by the tragedy. On its general release in free access. 1914 he was financial adviser to Ludwig, regent the Bundesrepublik a dozen years later the film To these books Neurath added thousands more and later king of Bavaria, and became increas­ had quite a different reception, prompting the of his own, reading, he reckoned, two books ingly more anti-war and socialist. Jewish Allgemeine Wochenzeitung to comment every day on average. He attended university, So in 1918 it was natural that Kurt Eisner knew "What is past history in other countries remains becoming professor of economics at the Academy him, and from 9 November 1918 the Eisner echoing reality here. Laughter alone is not of Commerce, and saw war service as officer in cabinet contained Jaffe as Finance Minister. enough". the Austro-Hungarian Army. Fellow students, After Eisner's death Jaffe stayed in office only The contest between the moustached "tramp' teachers, and army superiors — all were in awe of until the first re-shuffle, and then faded from and the moustached tyrant — the respectively his abilities. His published paper and books view. His health was poor; he was ignored by the greatest prompters of laughter or tears in our time numbered over 270, and in 1917 he was granted court-martial tribunal and died in a nursing home — continues ad infinitum. German habilitation and became Privatdozent at in April 1921. Heidelberg. By 1918 he was working in the War Edgar Jaffe is intriguing because he is the exact Ministry in Vienna, and was also director of the antithesis of Neurath. Though he played a part in HAIDER'S PET HATE Museum for War Economy in Leipzig. several significant events and movements and German newspapers often feature questionnaires The time was ripe. In December 1918 a friend everyone mentions his name, he himself is almost where prominent people indicate their favourite persuaded Neurath that he should work out invisible. Noone describes him. He does not seem flower, colour, composer, author and so on. practical plans for systems of socialization (a thing to register on the eye; only a sentence here and These questionnaires sometimes go on to ask the Social Democratic Party had never done), there suggests he was not easy to know or to like. respondents which historic personalities they hold join the SPD, and propagate his ideas. He did so, Indeed the only vivid first-hand account of Jaffe in greatest contempt, the standard answer being first in Saxony, then in Bavaria. is by the novelist D.H. Lawrence. Oddly enough, "Stalin and Hitler'. When an Austrian paper In Munich his views on the political aspect of Lawrence and Jaffe were brothers-in-law: they recently put that same question to Freedom Party socialising the economy were sought by Finance had married Frieda ^nd Else, the two most leader Jorg Haider he, too, listed Stalin — but, Minister Jaffe and Kurt Eisner; after the latter's striking von Richthofen sisters. And in his novel instead of Hitler, he added Churchill. AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 page 7 David Maier reports on Anglo-Jewish institutions however much we may wish that it were. So we must be ready to adapt our response. And we would always rather prevent than cure, although, of course, we do both. "Thus a number of CARING FOR THE CHILDREN important projects are under active consider­ ation. They include the setting up of a child adoption agency, the establishment of hostel Part 1. Norwood facilities, the expansion of existing ties with provincial communities to provide a truly national Jewish child care service. But the most ambitious Stuart Young House in Golders Green Road, purposeful lives in.their own homes, demonstrat­ project is the creation of a family centre to deal N.W.11, is the nerve centre of some of the most ing to them how much they are valued by the even more effectively with an annual caseload important Jewish social service activities in this Jewish community as well as by those nearest to which currently stands at some 3(X)0 young country. One of the independent, but closely co­ them. Oualified specialists in child care, the persons. Located in North London, the proposed operating, organisations, whose work is directed teams' Social Workers — some twenty in all establishment would dispose of such resources as from there, is Norwood Child Care, created by — carry out a comprehensive range of tasks, from the provision of sanctuary accommodation in Royal Charter in 1795. When its orphanage in skilled personal counselling to liaison with other crisis situations, a teenage "drop-in" advice point, South London opened its doors to the "handi­ agencies and Local Authority offices. Their own a toy library and play area, a therapy centre and capped, neglected, rejected or underprivileged' background and knowledge of Jewish culture and family meeting room, as well as adequate space children of the Jewish community it inaugurated a tradition provides them with the ability to for the existing counselling and training activities new era in infant welfare, since this was a genuine approach each case with the insight to open doors — all under one roof. home for them, rather than one of the of understanding and mutual confidence which As its directors proclaim in their 1987-1988 workhouse-type establishments to which such might otherwise stay closed. Where problems are Annual Report. Norwood has come a long way unfortunates were customarily consigned at that 'for Jewish ears only', this is a vitally important from its origins in South London, nearly 200 years time. Norwood's first patron was the then Duke attribute. Whenever practical assistance is called ago. The way it has met its many challenges of Sussex, one of King George The Third's sons, for, appropriate help is mobilised: a holiday is during that time, augurs well for a future full of who thus expressed his good intentions towards arranged or a family occasion, such as a barmitz­ promise for the children of our people whose his father's Jewish subjects. Alone among Jewish vah or a seder at home, is made possible. Here, needs will be met bv Norwood's care. charities Norwood retains this Royal favour: its too. the primary concern is to keep families present Patron is H.M. The Queen. together if at all possible. If it is not, then In 1860. the original building was replaced by a Norwood has available two family houses with new one to keep pace with the growth of the accommodation for up to 16 children. It has a A STONE IN THE MOSAIC Jewish population, soon to be boosted by the fostering service run by an experienced panel with a full-time officer, who can arrange both short and Edgar Mais: DIE VERFOLGUNG influx of new immigrants from Eastern Europe. It DER JUDEN IN BAD-KREUZNACH, is an interesting fact that, well into the early years long-term placements. Under the recently intro­ Verlag Fr. Fiedler, 1988 of the 20th century, a sizeable number of the duced respite care arrangements, handicapped poverty-stricken parents struggling for survival in children can be looked after for brief periods by This quite unique book tells the story of the Jews London's East End sought a place at Norwood for so-called link families, so that when the parents in Rheinland-Pfalz, stretching back to the time at least one of their children, not only for decent take a much-needed occasional break, the chil­ before the Crusades. Of the approx. 600 Jewish shelter, but to give them the chance of a good dren are not surrounded by strangers, but can citizens in the town of Kreuznach. where I was education and a worthwhile start in life. spend time with people whom they know and born, only a few now remain, forming a small According to Ruth Fasht, Norwood's Director of trust. In this context, the "Jewishness' of community. The author, putting events into their Social Work, a few of these 'children' are still Norwood's activities is of particular importance. right historical perspective tells in detail what alive: "From time to time, one or the other of Mrs Fasht stresses this point: "We naturally happened to those people and provides many case these, our ""scholars", gets in touch with us. Many operate right across the religious spectrum of the studies, pictures and illustrations, documents, have had successful careers, and it is most Jewish community without any leanings one way lists and surveys, because, as he says "This gratifying for us to know that they give so much of or the other. But it is vital that any fostering which happening must not be forgotten". He shows great the credit for their achievements to our we arrange respects the wishes of the child's personal courage by instancing a number of trials predecessors." family and reflects the degree of orthodoxy to in which local people were sentenced (though, on As the Jewish population of London shifted which the child is accustomed. We are also at the evidence, neither frequently nor severely from East and South to North and North West, pains to draw the importance of this to the enough). Quoting eyewitness accounts, Mais the workload of the Norwood charities had to be attention of Local Authorities, charged with reports their crimes with praiseworthy disregard transferred to the new areas of concentration. implementing Care or Place of Safety Orders for the fact that many of them are still alive and Today, the organisation disposes of four local issued by Justices of the Peace, so that the his fellow citizens in Kreuznach and Birkenfeld. possibility of Jewish children going into an area teams, strategically placed at Golders Among the stories of victims listed as deported, unfamiliar environment or, indeed non-Jewish Green, for North West London, Stamford Hill, missing, or driven into emigration is that of the homes, can be avoided.' for North East London. Ilford, for Redbridge and brothers Baruch. I knew^ both well, as they were District, and Edgware. To each of these teams our decorators and I remember enjoyable rides there is attached a qualified Child Development Future plans on their broad backs when I was a small boy. Advisor, whose task it is to visit Jewish homes in The various Norwood services are funded entirely Returning from World War I. they became active order to help parents to care for emotionally, by voluntary subscription by way of cash dona­ in local sport; Julius eventually became European physically or mentally handicapped children, tions, testamentary gifts or personal involvement, weightlifting champion, and his younger brother promoting their development through home- and, so far, the community's generosity has not German wrestling champion. Julius died in based programmes, and, equally important, failed to provide the necessary means. But the Buchenwald, Hermann in Auschwitz, where he offering practical advice and counselling to other needs of a changing community are unlikely to was deported in 1944. family members and sharing with them some of diminish and significant forward planning is in The amount of detail, result of many years of their emotional burdens. Whenever necessary, hand. As Ruth Fasht points out: "The Jewish painstaking research, that has gone into this book further assistance can be rendered by calling upon community is not immune from the stresses which is astonishing; a brilliant presentation by a non- outside professionals to deal with any particular pervade society as a whole. One-third ofthe cases Jewish German, most generously supported by difficulty. The basic objective here is to give these we handle at present concern one-parent families. his hometown and district administration. children an opportunity to pursue active and Child abuse is not a thing unheard of among Jews, P. YOGI MAYER page 8 AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 of pine trees leaving a small entrance for visitors. To my amazement, in place of the former graves REMOVING JUSTICE'S BLINDFOLD are now the identically laid out graves of German and Austrian soldiers, each mound bearing a They call the Holocaust 'the time when God was him, had said 'Nobody will ever believe that these cross with the name, regiment and the date of on leave'. Neither survivors nor those who record things happened. Even we ourselves can hardly death — May 1945. Then I noticed three large the event to the best of their ability can make any believe it.' Among the scenes Wiesenthal pieces of rock bearing plates inscribed in Hebrew real sense of it. On Monday and Tuesday, April recorded was an SS man's demonstration how to and German, and recording the number of 24/25, ITV attempted the near-impossible by kill two prisoners with one bullet. Another scene victims of what can only be called a death march. screening the film Murderers Among Us. that recurred in Wiesenthal's nightmares is the No sign of their former graves. TTie subject of the attempt was one of the execution of some twelve naked men, with heroes of our time, 80-year old Simon himself sixth in line. Mere seconds before his Wiesenthal, an East European Jew who emerged execution he is ordered away from the killing from the pit to become the scourge of the ground to paint decorations for the Fuehrer's surviving murderers. birthday. It is miraculous escapes like this which The awesomeness of the subject tempts the convinced him that he was chosen to mete out critic to heap nothing but praise on the filmic justice on behalf of those that were not delivered. effort. A superb actor, Ben Kingsley, who Revenge is not in his philosophy and he recently succeeded in doing justice to the role of repeatedly prevents non-judicial retribution. He Mahatma Gandhi, portrayed the Wiesenthal of himself traces and arrests a camp guard who is forty years ago to the reported satisfaction of the hiding in a rooming house. In his physically stil' original himself; in fact, the film was made under weak condition Simon collapses, and in a bizarre the latter's supervision. Simon Wiesenthal is also scene the arrested man carries the arrester down on record as saying that the events are essentially the stairs and to his own imprisonment. correct; one or two, he felt, had been over- The two halves of the film are rather different dramatised; one character had been dovetailed from each other. The first is dramatic and brimfull with several others (we shall return to that later), of horror, offset by bright sunflowers waving in a and occasionally it transpired that an breeze outside the camp. The second part which Anglo-Indian actor is, after all, not a comprises the Nazi-hunting, the heart-searching Polish-Jewish architect. Still, these difficulties are and disappointments is less stirring. Its real centre inherent in any screen portrayal, and the viewer piece is the trial of Franz Murer, the 'butcher of has to adjust to this. Vilna', who had been tried and imprisoned by the The fact that the film was based on Simon Russians, and then released after five years. Wiesenthal's own writings made the characters Armed with new evidence Wiesenthal fought with Not one to let the grass grow under my feet, I authentic and the situations ring true. What we the Austrian estabhshment long and hard to wrote to the local Tourist Office, and the Mayor's saw were events remembered and then retold, not secure a retrial. office, for an explanation, and was referred to the just reconstructed. Inevitably there were flash­ At its conclusion Murer was acquitted on Osterreichische Schwarze Kreuz as the custodians backs; the medium cannot deal in any other way seventeen counts. Defence counsel had made of the cemetery. In their lenghty reply they listed with the psychological reasons for a man's iron mincemeat of the sick, demoraUsed, often hys­ a large number of costly alterations to the original determination to discharge a task to which he had terical witnesses and Murer retained his good cemetery and enclosed a cutting from an dedicated himself. name. The Murer episode, incidentally, has a Innsbruck newspaper with a description of the "Who has elected Simon Wiesenthal?' (to British major arresting Simon as an Irgun suspect. consecretion ceremony in the presence of rep­ deliver retributive justice) asks his wife Cyla. It is a pity that the only British character to appear resentatives of the Jewish communities and miH­ Simon cannot really answer this; he just reiterates in the film — the few military policemen don't tary dignitaries. Amongst the former was David that he must persevere with his task. Cyla, count — is shown as objectionable, when even Bibering, who in his address declared the families another fine piece of acting, by Renee Nazis are depicted in gradations of light and of the victims looked upon these graves not as an Soutendijk, was the loyal supporter rather than shade. JOHN ROSSALL accusation of the crimes committed against direct helper, the way good wives used to see European Jews, but as a bridge toward peace themselves. Help in running the Vienna office amongst nations. (As the victims were 'nameless' came fron another woman, a gentile German who A DIGNIFIED MEMORIAL? one wonders how he could speak for their pretended to be a cousin so that the Wiesenthals' In 19491 first visited Seefeld, Tirol, to be reunited famihes.) The ceremony ended with a salvo and daughter should not feel the lack of a family so with relatives. On that occasion I discovered a the singing of Der gute Kamerad. I was sent three keenly. Another German — the composite char­ primitive burial place in the near-by woods. It photographs of the memorial stones. acter mentioned earlier — who had actually been contains a large number of graves of former I was assured that the three rocks were placed in the Waffen SS while concealing his part-Jewish inmates of Dachau who, in May 1945, had been on the site of the former graves, but the area they ancestry, was involved in the eventual abduction driven south ahead of the advancing US armies occupy could hardly have accommodated 63 of Adolf Eichmann. and had perished along the way. I well remember graves. The question remains unanswered: what The film opens with the liberation of my emotion standing in that lonely spot, reading had really happened, and why were the names, Mauthausen by the Americans seen through the the inscriptions on the wooden crosses: Ein some of which I well remember, not recorded? eyes of Wiesenthal. Like many of the other unbekannter Sozialist. some Polish-sounding My suggestion that the signpost should be liberated survivors he has waited for this moment, names, but most of them nameless. altered to point to the KZ victims was rejected on but he all but dies. An American major realises In 1988, at the very time of the Waldheim the grounds that they were sufficiently honoured that Wiesenthal has documentary evidence affair, I went out of my way to revisit that by the three memorial stones! But who, except a against the criminals and is instrumental in cemetery, but to my surprise found a notice on a chance visitor, is to know of them and what they keeping him alive. (This is the beginning of the tree pointing to a Kriegerfriedhof. My curiosity commemorate? Soldiers have to take precedence, Documentation Centre.) Wiesenthal, the skilled was aroused: what had happened in the interven­ crimes must not be advertised. draughtsman, had made sketches, at his peril, of ing 37 years to change the burial place for victims I hope future visitors to beautiful Seefeld will the torturers; these led to the arrest and trial of of Nazism to one dedicated to soliders, or rather not fail to direct their steps to this the middle-rank Nazis who bade fair to escape 'warriors'? This, I found, now forms a corner of a Kriegerfriedhof, where tragedy lies as near to the justice for lack of evidence. A friendly SS guard, much larger cemetery serving the whole of surface as does anti-semitism in Austria. who gave food to Simon and who liked to talk to Seefeld village from which it is separated by a row RUTH BLEASDALE-HAUSMANN AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 page 9

VROP IN'ADVICE SERVICE PAUL BALINT — AJR We are delighted to announce that Aggie Alexander, AJR Social Worker, will DAY CENTRE hold twice weekly advice sessions at Hannah Karminski House and at Cleve Road. JUNE Monday 12th 'Jewish Life in Services offered include help with: Gibraltar' — Regina FILLING IN FORMS Lawton CHECKING BENEFITS RECEIVED Tuesday 13th 'Switzerland From A Different Angle' — CHECKING ENTITLEMENTS Talk by Marianne CLAIMING BENEFITS Meier FUEL PROBLEMS Wednesday 14th •Why We Should Live MONEY MATTERS More Dangerously' — etc, etc. Talk by Professor Heinz Wolff The service will be available from Tuesday 4th July as follows: Thursday 15th Musical Posy For Summer — Victoria TUESDA YS 10 am-12 noon at 15, Cleve Road, London NW6 Carlisle Monday 19th Sharona Applebaum THURSDA YS 10 am-12 noon at Hannah Karminski House, 9 Adamson Road, (Vocalist) from Trinity London NWS College of Music Entertains No appointment necessary, but please bring along all relevant documents, Tuesday 20th 'Music Hath Charm' — such as Benefit Books, letters, bills, etc. Angela Presman — Philippa Smith & Sally Popperwell Wednesday 21st 'A Smile & A Song' — Do you enjoy Eddv Simmons DAY CENTRE Thursday 22nd "An Afternoon At The PLAYING CARDS? Piano With Ken SINGING GROUP Penney' If so, why not join the Day Centre Monday 26th Godfrey & Joyce and play your favourite game? Entertain You With You need not have performed at La Magic Scala — but if you enjoy singing, Tuesday 27th Hair Care & Card tables will be available Demonstration by a Monday to Thursday, as from 3 please join us at the Day Centre. Stylist From Vidal July. Sassoon For more information telephone Wednesday 28th Show-Time with For further information telephone Helena Guest Edie Klempner 328 0208. Thursday 29th Trinity College of Mrs S Matus 328 0208. Music

JULY AJR CLUB NEWS DRIVERS Monday 3rd 'Destination Everywhere' — Gladys Sunday, 11th June, 3.30 p.m. FOR THE DAY CENTRE Godley Tuesday 4th Music by Mozart — VISITS TO AFGHAN REFUGEE CAMPS are needed urgently, so that elderly and Dvorak & Kreisler — isolated members can be taken to the ATalk by KARLHEINZ GUTTMANN Jeremy Henderson & Centre and driven home. Sharon Chao Entrance fee: SOp (incl. tea) Wednesday Sth 'A Classical Medley of The Club is open at 15 Cleve Road on PLEASE WILL YOU HELP? Contact Songs' — Francoise Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays from Ren^e Lee on 328 0208 Andre & Sally 2 to 6 for socials and games, tea and (on Popperwell weekdays) sandwich suppers. Thursday 6th 'A Look At Russia Live entertainment one Sunday a month Today — From A Visit optional taped entertainment on other bv Rena Behrman' Sundays. AJR member, living Millbank SWl, Monday 10th "The Phillosans needs volunteer 'befriender'. Entertain" Free attendance at Day Centre entertain­ Tuesday 11th Recital of Vocal Music ments on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 2 p.m. — Gillian Brandon and Please 'phone LAURA HOWE. AJR office, Membership fee £4 p.a. Guests welcome. i William Hancox 483 2536 for details. Wednesday 12th •Pot-Pourri of Music' — 1 Valerie Hewitt Thursday 13th "Music by Marcello, Vivaldi, Giuliani & 'ARTISTES' NEEDED FOR DAY CENTRE! Benjamin Britten' — Do you sing or play an instrument? James Westall (Violin) Have you interesting anecdotes to relate? and David Caswell Are you able to give a demonstration? (Guitar) Please contact Hanna Goldsmith on Wednesdays between 9.30 a.m. and 3 p.m. 328 0208 or evenings 958 5080. page 10 AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 Miro's work at the Whitechapel earlier this year, the Berkely Square Gallery is mounting a retro­ ART NOTES spective exhibition of Miro's graphic work (13 SB^s Column June-1 July). Miro created an immense range of Emanuel Levy, who died in 1986, was a very good prints which are eagerly sought after by collec­ America's most productive dramatist of to-day. artist whose work is to be found in many galleries tors. The exhibition includes some of the rarest Superlatives are dangerous, yet all reports from and public collections. In his life-time he never and most expensive (!) of his works. The Manor the States indicate the indefatigable productivity achieved the fame of such contemporaries as House Society is showing paintings by Bryan and unceasing popularity of Neil Simon, who has Bomberg. Kramer. Meninsky and Wolmark, but Senior (7 June-9 July). Senior was born in Bolton been nicknamed "Balzac of Broadway'. Simon is a his stature is becoming increasingly recognised. A to a tailoring family. He studied modern lan­ Jewish-American writer whose plays have drawn major exhibition of his work is being held at the guages at Cambridge during which time he held the crowds and achieved record audiences ever Ben Uri Art Gallery in association with the his first art exhibition. Since then he has exhibited since his first work Come Blow Your Horn was Fieldboume Gallery (6-26 June), and will be widely and is repesented in many public staged in 1961. After Barefoot in the Park, Plaza opened by Lord Ardwick. Bernard Sternfield, collections. Suite. Sunny Boys and The Odd Couple director of the Fieldbourne Gallery, and an old The Tate Gallery, Liverpool, is mounting an Londoners enjoyed Brighton Beach Memoirs (a friend and admirer of the artist, will also speak. exhibition, Kolnkimst, (24 May-28 August), It National Theatre production) in 1986. This play After the Bakst exhibition in their Islington comprises the work of 12 artists living and — a moving self-portrait of the author's child­ Gallery, Leinster Fine Art will be showing working in Cologne, and some vintage prints by hood amid pre-Second World War immigrants in Comtemporary Art from the Duchy of two Cologne photographers August Sander and New York, combining romantic sentimentality, Lichtenstein (June to September). In their Chargesheimer. Photographs by Robert Capa, astute reasoning and traditional Jewish family Mayfair Gallery they have recently been display­ one of the world's greatest war photographers, affection — has just had its Austrian premiere at ing Contemporary Artists from Austria and are to be shown at the Barbican (27 July-3 Vienna's Volkstheater, where Cornelius Obonya, Germany. Rare Prints by John Piper are to be September). Capa, born Endre Friedman in grandson of Paula Wessely, scored his first seen at Marlborough Fine Arts (26 June-4 July). Budapest in 1913, was the son of fashionable triumph as a young actor. The exhibition will include the beautiful Brighton dressmakers. He was exiled from Hungary in aquatints, screenprints of flowers, views of 1931 for political actvities and moved to Berlin. In Garmisch. Richard Strauss days will be held in French churches and English country-houses as 1933, with the advent of Nazism, he fled to Paris. Garmisch, where the composer died 40 years ago. well as the dramatic backdrop for Benjamin There he worked as a photographer covering the During June (8-11) George Pretre will conduct Britten's opera Death in Venice. Spanish Civil War, China during the Japanese the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra playing One of the most important exhibitions in invasion, the London Blitz, the Allied landings in Alpensymphonie and Till Eugenspiegel, while London is the Berggruen Klee exhibition at the North Africa and Italy, the entry into Germany, Felicity Lott and Hermann Prey will give recitals. Tate (17 May-13 August). This collection of Paul the Israeli War of Independence and. finally, The event, organized by the family of the Klee's work (11 paintings, 71 watercolours and 8 Indo-China in 1954, when he trod on a landmine composer, was instigated by Strauss' ('Non- black and white drawings) was assembled by and was killed, aged 40. Aryan') daughter-in-law. Heinz Berggruen between 1937 and 1984, when The 100 Years of Russian Art exhibition at the Maria Callas. She was unique and endured a he donated it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Barbican continues until 9 July and should not be great deal of suffering in her private life. Thus New York. A further 13 works given by Mr. missed, since it reveals a whole facet of modern reads the description of the celebrated prima­ Berggruen to the Musee National d'Art art with which most of those in the West are donna about whom several books have already Moderne, Paris, together with several works still unfamiliar. been written. The latest, issued by Schweizer in his possession, will also be on show. ALICE SCHWAB Verlagshaus, Zurich, Callas, Biographie einer There is an enormous exhibition to be seen at Diva by Nadja Standoff (in German from the the Hayward Gallery Art in Latin America (18 WRITER REWARDED American original) is not for readers interested in May-6 July). It includes more than 400 works by The first Heinz Galinski Prize — endowed in 1988 an enumeration of operatic highlights, but the some 170 artists from Argentina to Venezuela, to mark the seventy-fifth birthday of the story of a woman, victim of unwanted publicity, paintings, sculpture, folk art, caricature, graphic Chairman of the Central Council of Jews in who had climbed to the height of fame and ended art and photographs. The South Bank Centre has Germany, and worth DM 40,000 — has been her relatively short life a lonely and unhappy also organised a travelling exhibition of the awarded to Siegfried Lenz. The citation describes figure, perhaps unaware of the fact that the Mexican graphic artist Jose Guadaloupe Posada. Lenz's work as 'suffused by the spirit of concilia­ numerous records made during her halcyon days It opens in Oxford in May and will be at the tion and tolerance'. were to become much sought-after treasures for Camden Arts Centre 3 July-3 September. opera lovers everywhere. 1989 is the 200th anniversary of the French OSMOND HOUSE revolution and to commemorate the occasion the Birthday. Austrian actress Heidemarie British Museum is holding a major exhibition The The Bishop's Avenue Hatheyer, who started out in 1936 in a non- Shadow ofthe Guillotine (12 May-10 September). London N2 speaking part alongside Zarah Leander in The exhibition demonstrates Britain's response to Benatzky's musical Axel an der HimmelstUr, had events across the Channel, paintings, caricatures, her 70th birthday. mugs, medals, broadsides and a small group of OPEN DAY gory and macabre objects brought over from Obituary. The death is announced of Margot France by Madame Tussaud in 1802. There will Sunday, 2nd July 1989 Lion, the French film actress and chansonnette be a concurrent exhibition in the British Library who was well known in Berlin during the of printed books and manuscripts about the Doors open at 2.30 pm Twenties when appearing together with Marlene Revolution. And the Brighton Corn Exchange Dietrich. She was 90. In 1931 she played Jenny in has an interesting exhibition A Tale of Two Cities Fabulous Raffle prizes the Dreigroschenoper film directed by W. (4 May-1 July) to mark the same event. Gift and Cake and Flower Stalls Pabst. —International baritone Robert Kerns, The Prunella Clough exhibition at Annely Juda who has died at the early age of 56, was a most Delicious tea and cakes! finishes on 20 May, and will be followed (25 reliable member of the Vienna State Opera since May-24 June) by a showing of the work of David Entrance incl. tea £2.00 1962. American-born, but at home in all major Nash. And our old friend Lily Freeman will be opera houses, he repeatedly appeared at Please put the date in showing at Burgh House 26th May to 9th June. London's Covent Garden, where he sang both Hours of opening are 10-5, not Mondays or your diary now. Figaro roles (Mozart and Rossini), as well as Tuesdays. Following the major exhibition of Joan Britten's B(7/v Budd. AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 page 11 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR SO WHERE DO YOU BELONG? Suddenly the conversation faltered. NOBLE CAUSE 1948. the term 'Palestine' has not been heard We had been chatting for well over an hour, on much, although over the years, the name 'Pales­ Sir — Herewith my remittance for the noble cause ground that by now was familiar to us: our tinians' has. Since Mr Arafat's recent initiative, of AJR. Although a Christian, I suffered Nazi feelings at being children of Jewish refugees, and this has changed, and world public opinion seems persecution because I refused to join the Party. I our response to that identity. This particular to be edging back towards the decision made forty had been happily employed for many years by a discussion was taking place at the request of a years ago by the United Nations — partition of Jewish paper firm, Gebrueder Levi in Mannheim, film-maker, whose television series on the Jews of the area so keenly fought over for centuries, into a the town where I was born. Over the years we had Britain is to be screened in autumn next year. Jewish State and an Arab State. Who is to say if become firm friends and I was often invited to In the three and a half years since the founding this development would make the condition of their home. Now, under this new regime I was of the ACJR, talking about this subject had the Jews in Israel more secure or less? supposed to treat them as my enemies and not provided some of the most intense experiences, It affects us even here. Just as. at the time of even to look at them if I met them in the street. I because for the first time we were able to discuss Entebbe, we were able to bask in the glory of a did not see how a government had any right to our backgrounds with people who shared them, widely admired rescue, so during Israel's soul- choose who should be my friends and who not, so who understood. And so it was that for much of destroying troubles, we are also identified with I continued to visit my friends as before. our conversation this time, we were able to that country. And so. of course, it should be. Because of my refusal to join the Nazi party I recount familiar stories, and to transmit that There is no reason why, as fully integrated was summoned to appear before various Nazi unforgettable excitement that we had all felt in citizens of our country here, we should not feel a authorities, and threatened with concentration turn, on discovering this new, embryonic special relationship with Israel, however we may camp Kislau. From then on I was hunted from city community of our own generation. We were all feel about its government policy at any one time. to city until at last I succeeded in escaping to members of the ACJR committee, and thus at One likes to think, these days, that the image of Switzerland. least nominally representative of the group, but the Wandering Jew is of the past. Our Jewish film­ As my wife was British by birth we were later undoubtedly a similarly varied, yet linked, collec­ maker seemed not so sure, but it will be able to settle in this country. We made friends tion of experiences could have been gathered interesting to see the results of his research, as he with some Jewish people here and they intro­ from any five members of the ACJR. seeks out one group of Jewish society after duced us to the AJR. And then, by his quiet, nudging question, the another — he had already spoken to the Clyde Road, E. FREEMAN producer led us to what he must have seen as the Lubavitch about questions of identity, and also to West Didsbury heart of his enquiry. It was all very well, he a group of cab drivers in Ilford. In the meantime, accepted, for us to have this new identity — or at we continue here. Undoubtedly the arrival of the DEIR YASSIN least, a newly discovered one — as children of ACJR has added a new dimension to my life: for Sir — In 1948 the Irgun and Stern Gang combined refugees, but did we belong here? Did we really the first time, it has made me part of a definite to attack the village of Deir Yassin: the entire feel that this was our homeland? And for how community within British Jewry — a minority population — old men, women and children — long? And what about antisemitism? Suddenly, within a minority, if you like. For at least some of Were killed. Many families were blown up in their the issues were wider, perhaps more universal, as us, it encourages us to hold our heads up as Jews, own homes. This was done to frighten the Arab we found ourselves giving a surprising range of rather than keeping them down. population and make them flee to vacate land for responses. For some, the answer may have been JOHN DUNSTON Jewish settlers. Such attacks also occurred at straightforward: here is where I was born, and John Dunston is Vice-Chairman ofthe Association other villages. this is where I belong. One member, however, of Children of Jewish Refugees. Anyone in their Therefore. Mr. Waldegrave is right in calling felt much less secure — the experience of the twenties or thirties who is a child of refugees from Shamir a reformed terrorist, and has not debased parents' generation had, if anything, heightened Nazi Europe, and would like to know more aboul the currency of language. I hope you are not awareness of how illusory Jewish involvement in a the ACJR, should contact the Secretary, Anne suggesting that the Nazi massacre of European non-Jewish secular society may prove to be. Salinger, on 01-579 9906. Jews could in any way have excused this type of Another reaction was to feel a genuine sense of terrorism. belonging here — at the moment, but coupled Roy Gardens, PETER PRAGER with this was the knowledge that it could only be JOB SECURITY Ilford. Essex hoped that this would last a lifetime. There were Jekkes. a play by Israeli author Eran Baniel Disclaiming the intention imputed to me in the last no guarantees. recently broadcast on German radio, featured sentence. I would like to point out that Deir Yassin Of course, these very answers led on to another this newspaper ad from the 1930s: 'Private had some strategic importance; also, pace The question: if not here, then where would you live? teacher of Hebrew wanted — a position for life'. Guardian's Eric Silver, the Jewish attackers kept "There was no pretence that this was a new open a corridor for would-be escapers from the question for Jews. Ever since the psalmist wrote village. Ed. during the Babylonian exile; 'How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange land?', Jews have had A CORRECTION to ask themselves anew, in every generation. And JadIsmam n Sir — Your note concerning Alfred Kerr, who there is no easy answer, not even Israel, it seems died 40 years ago. states "His experiments with at present. (At that point in our discussion, I was the German language prompted Karl Kraus, a reminded of a taxi-driver who had once driven me m§i life-long adversary', to accuse Kerr of writing a from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv. He was saving up, he associates form of gobbledegook that merited the designa­ told me, to get out, to get to America, to be able Chartered surveyors, tion Desperanto.' to live a decent life, free from all the troubles, the valuers and estate agents Please let me point out that these 'experiments army, the inflation and Mea Shearim. There was with the German language' and the designation not much left in him of the vision, the Zionist 26 Conduit Street 'Desperanto' have nothing to do with Alfred dream — I found it rather sad to be hearing this London Wl R 9TA from a young Jew in the Jewish state.) Kerr, but with Maximilian Harden, editor of Die Telephone 01 -409 0771 Telex 8814861 Zukunft. It is clear that one could always be a Zionist, Be assured that I read AJR Information with without wanting to live permanently in the State great interest and pleasure. of Israel. But just now, as Israel's birthday We buy sell let value survey and manage commercial property for Clients Alexandra Place. KONRAD WEIL approaches again, the fundamental questions of London NWS its existence are being raised once more. Since page 12 AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 reality behind this word no longer existed, that future decay, in that the young have gone or are BURIED TREASURE every such community had perished in the going, and that no one will take the place of the Holocaust. However, a recent book, worth read­ present ever-ageing population. If this tinges the R. M. Erich and E. Hofer: OITSER — das Schted ing and studying, makes clear that fortunately this picture with melancholy, further sadness is added in der Moldau und der Bukowina Heute (Christian is not quite true. by specifically Romanian factors, such as the Brandstdtter, Vienna, 1988) We owe the knowledge of what survives to the mania for rebuilding; whether it is for modernisa­ Even within Ashkenazy Jewry there is much Austrian journalist Renata M. Erich, whom the tion of town centres and 'housing units', or in difference in culture and tribal custom, promoting venerable Chief Rabbi of Romania, Dr. Rosen, order to clear agricultural villages, all over the ignorance of those of other backgrounds. Readers terms one of the just gentiles and "a modern country historic and other old buildings yield to of Chaim Bermant's autobiography may recall Ruth'. From the illustrated volume she has pickaxe and bulldozer. Dr. Rosen, himself a how this Latvian Scot, had never seen a Jew of published jointly with a local photographer, we member of Romania's National Assembly, has non-East European origin; and was vastly per­ learn of the survival of traditional Jewish commu­ been successful in preserving the large and plexed, when introduced to his patrician nities in Northern Romania, and probably also historic synagogues, but the small old squares, Anglo-Jewish future in-laws, that they dined on in Soviet-occupied Northern Moldavia and streets and school buildings are being torn down good Anglo-French food. How could one have Bukovina. They are not really hke the Shtetl of even when they are in sufficiently good shape to kosher food which was not of the Russo-Polish romantic and nostalgic memory, essentially justify conservation or rebuilding. The wistful type? Much the same ignorance may apply to Jewish communities with at least a measure of look at the last generation of a very old and once- Central Europeans, who, unlike most British and internal autonomy, as these survivors live in numerous community has other parallels in American Jews, have no background in the East. towns and villages with a non-Jewish majority, Romania: the Hungarian community is probably I must confess that until I saw Fiddler on the Roof but there are still synagogues and schools, ritual too large for expulsion or forced assimilation; but in my fifties I had never heard the word Shtetl. baths and slaughter houses, other meeting places, the same cannot be said of the ethnic Germans in When those like me came to know the term and families, and the cycle of the year with its fasts Transylvania. F.S. what it stands for, we could sadly reflect that the and feasts. They bear in themselves the seeds of

ATTENTION

EHEMALIGE SCHULER DER JUDISCHEN MITTELSCHULE GROSSE John Denham HAMBURGER STRASSE, BERLIN SiGallery We are planning a reunion of former classmates for the Spring of 1990, the fiftieth anniversary of the school's last graduation. 50 Mill Lane, West Hampstead If you are among those who entered our school in 1934 or later and were scheduled to graduate in 1940, please London NW6 TNJ 01-794 2635 contact us as soon as possible. Also, should you know the whereabouts of anyone who attended our class, let us know. We have located the following classmates: Gerd Engel, Hilde Grynbaum, Kurt Ingwer, Hannelore Kittel, Erwin I wish to purchase paintings Klotzsch, Hans Kumik, Edgar Lax, Max MuskatbliJth, Gerhard Steinhagen, Gerhard Wachsner, Heinz Wiener and and drawings by German, Helmuth Wiener. Austrian or British Artists, Reply to either one of us: pre-war or earlier, also Jerry (Gerd) Bocian, 901 Colony Point Circle, Apt. 321, Pembroke Pines, FL 33026, USA paintings of Jewish interest. Bernie Burton (Bernd Burstein), 142 Monterey Dr., Manhasset Hills, NY 11040, USA

WALM LANE NURSING HOME HILLCREST LODGE Walm Lane is an established Registered Nursing Home providing the 40 Shoot-up Hill BELSIZE SQUARE highest standards of nursing care for all categories of long and short- London NW23QB GUESTHOUSE term medical and post-operative surgical patients. Lifts to all floors. All 24 BELSIZE SQUARE, N.W.3 rooms have nurse call systems, telephone and colour television Choice HOME FOR THE ELDERLY Tel: 01 -794 4307 or 01 -435 2557 of menu, kosher meals available Licensed by Brent Health Authority Beautifully furnished Double and and as such recognised for payment by private medical insurance Single Rooms at Reasonable schemes Rates. Qualified Nurses For a true and more detailed picture of what we offer, please ask one of MODERN SELF-CATERING HOLIDAY always in attendance. ROOMS, RESIDENT HOUSEKEEPER your fellow members who has been, or is at present here, or contact MODERATE TERMS Matron directly at Please telephone Matron: NEAR SWISS COTTAGE STATION 141 Walm Lane, London IMW2 Telephone 4508832 452 6201

B O f* (ELECTRICAL , —-. FOR THOSE YOU CARE MOST ABOUT ANTIQUE R. & U. INSTALLATIONS) LI U. FLRMTURE 199b Belsize Road, NW6 AND OBJECTS 624 2646/328 2646 Springdene BOUGHT Members: E.C.A. N.I.C.E.I.C. A modern nursing home with 26 yrs of excellence in health Good prices given care to the community. Licensed by Barnet area health authority and recognised by BUPA & PPP, HYDROTHERAPY & PHYSIOTHERAPY PETER BENTLEY WHY NOT cares provided by full time chartered ADVERTISE IN AJR physiotherapists for inpatients and ANTIQUES INFORMATION? outpatients. SPRINGDENE 55 Oakleigh Park North, Whetstone, London N.20 Please telephone 01-446 2117 22 Connaught Street, London, W2 Tel: 01-7239394 the Advertisement Dept. SPRINGVIEW 6-10 Crescent Road, Enfield. Our completely new purpose built hotel style retirement home. All rooms with bathroom 01-483 2536 en-suite from £305 per week. 01-446 2117. AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 page 13 Book Review Republic, "success and danger signals were the co­ ordinates of Jewish existence". Without its Jews the city would not have figured so prominently in THREE CENTURIES OF JEWISH LIFE the fields of entertainment, journalism, literature, science, art. commerce and industry. In 1925, the JUDEN IN BERLIN. 1671-1945. Ein Lesebuch. Md Beitragen von Annegret Ehmann, Rachel 175,000 Jews of Berlin constituted over 4 percent Livne-Freudenthal, Monika Richarz, Julius H. Schoeps, Raymond Wolff. 1988. Nicolai, Berlin. (350o f the city"s population. The community took on pp. inc. illustrations, bibliography and name index.) social work in addition to its religious tasks, maintained homes for the aged and for children, a In recent weeks, a number of AJR members, trade and commerce and the modernisation of hospital, schools and libraries, as well as syna­ along with others who, before their emigration, Prussia"s hopelessly bureaucratic state apparatus gogues and cemeteries. All the major Jewish were Berliners. have received through the mail, brought better conditions of life for Jews as well organisations had head offices in Berlin. But and with the compliments of Eberhard Diepgen, as the population as a whole. The Statute of around them, the flames of anti-Semitism were Mayor of Berlin, a copy of a new and rather Emancipation of 1812 gave Jews civil liberties, fanned by right-wing political parties, whose hate unusual book. It is the story ofthe rise and fall of a but released a movement away from Jewish campaign did not shrink from violence and large and important diaspora centre, of its begin­ tradition, if not, indeed, to outright conversion. murder. The stage was set for the final chapter. ning, its growth, its achievements. It is a record of And yet, economic progress was not the only The deadly seriousness of the situation was not its brilliance, its hope and its despair. As its goal. There was a good deal of consolidation of at once appreciated by all Jews. But the horrors of subtitle indicates, it is intended to provide the "Jewishness', much cultural activity. The name of Kristallnacht dispelled all false hopes. Berlin's reader with a new insight into the multifaceted Leopold Zunz is associated with the drive towards Jews gave a valiant lead to their co-religionists in world of Jews in Berlin during their three hundred the academic study of Judaism based on modern the rest of the country by the creation of the years of life in the city. scholarship, those of Rahel Varnhagen, Reichsvertretung and the Kulturbund, two expres­ As a sourcebook, the volume is, of course, the Dorothea Veit-Mendelssohn and Henrietta Herz sions of the absolute need for unity and for some work of several contributors whose introductions with the intellectual and literary salons. The form of self-assertion. Sadly it all came to an end to major chapters trace the striking aspects of this failure of the 1848 revolution did not prevent the when emigration had depleted the numbers and history, from the time of the Great Elector and his further improvement of the status of Jews and the deportation had become the fate of most of those invitation to fifty Jewish families, expelled from strengthening of the community. By 1871, the who remained. Vienna, to accept his protection and settle in his Jews had achieved social integration into the bourgeoisie of the capital of Prussia and of the To say that it is not easy to share the hope of capital, to the years of suffering and death. And in Mayor Diepgen, that 1945 was not the end of the putting together the material, chosen from a new German Empire. But their prosperity and national pride was threatened by a new wave of history of Berlin"s Jews, is not to doubt his multiplicity of sources, the editors sought to sincerity. But, as evidenced by the book's two produce, not another item of Holocaust litera­ anti-Semitism. No longer based on religious predudice, but motivated by political principles epilogues, the divided city now also has a divided ture, but a positive commentary on the times seen Jewish community of very modest numbers. It is from the Jewish point of view. and racial theories, it alarmed the Jews and led to the formation of the Centralverein deutscher difficult to imagine that there will ever again be a Thus it contains "readings' taken from diary Berlin of Mendelssohn and Friedlander and Zunz entries and private letters, from official proclama­ Staatsbiirger jUdischen Glaubens. The Zionist alternative gained adherents, too, but was not and Geiger, of Zondek and Rathenau and tions and public pronouncements, from relevant Joachim Prinz and Leo Baeck — the list could go statutes and other legal documents, from writings supported by the majority of German Jews. And when war came in 1914, some 100,000 fought for on. This book, this kaleidoscope of Jewish life, is and speeches by Jews or about Jews, of poetry therefore, a kind of memorial. It addresses itself and prose. Each entry is provided with brief the Vaterland and nearly 12,000 did not return. That the Prussian government nevertheless not only lo those who were once part of it, but to annotations and references to give depth and all of us. And it gives us much food for thought. meaning to the text. Chronologically, the mater­ carried out a "Jew-count" in its army boded ill for ial is divided into fivemai n sections. In discussing the future. Thus, in the Berlin of the Weimar DAVID MAIER the first "instalment", the period from 1671 to 1786. the commentator speaks of "the dark of the enlightenment". She suggests that the Hohenzollern dynasty"s Jewish policy during 'OPEN DAYS' IN THE HOMES those early years was positive as far as the Jews" economic usefulness was concerned, but negative in respect of their socio-political integration. Thus OSMOND HOUSE OTTO SCHIFF HOUSE the developing Jewish community faced civil disabilities which were imposed upon its members Sunday Sunday by the rulers of the State, but slanted so as not to lie too heavily upon the better off, and hence most 2nd JULY 6th AUGUST taxable, among them. When the first synagogue was consecrated in 1714, in the presence of members of the Prussian royal family, a payment HEINRICH STAHL HOUSE LEO BAECK HOUSE of 3000 thaler was exacted. During the "en­ lightened" reign of Frederick the Great, the Jews Sunday Sunday of Prussia were exposed to further discrimination 27th AUGUST 10th SEPTEMBER against the poorer elements among them. On the other hand, the genuine enlightenment of the age found an echo in the minds of many Jews, and the spirit of Moses Mendelssohn spread rapidly from Berlin to other parts of the kingdom, thus BELSIZE SQUARE SYNAGOGUE Annely Juda Fine Art preparing the ground for the development of the 51 Belsize Square, London, N.W.S 11 Tottenham Mews. London W1P9PJ concept of "Germans of the Mosaic persuasion". Our communal hall is available for cultural 01-637 5517/8 Then came the "struggle for reform and emanci­ and social functions. For details apply to; CONTEMPORARY PAINTING pation", the period, that is, from the death of Secretary, Synagogue Office. AND SCULPTURE Mendelssohn and Frederick to the end of the Tel: 01-794 3949 Mon-Fri: 10 am-6 pm Sat: 10 am-1 pm Franco-Prussian War in 1871. Liberalisation of page 14 AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 CONFLICTING SIGNALS MOCKERY OF JUSTICE 'OBJECTIVITY' According to a poll by Moscow's Institute of the After a Wuppertal court had given former "Noone who has not personally lived through the Book hitherto banned authors Russians would Auschwitz guard Gottfried Weise a life sentence year 1938 can possibly make an objective judg­ most like to read are, in order of preference, for, inter alia, using children for target practice, a ment about what happened' runs the review of Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Galitsch and Josif superior court granted the ex-SS man Robert Knight's Ich bin dafiir die Sache in die Brodski. Their choice, given that Solzhenitsyn's Haftverschommg (exemption from custody) while Ldnge zu ziehen (Athenaum Verlag, 1988), a mythologising of "Holy Russia' occasionally his appeal was being heard. When police came to study of official Austrian attitudes to Jewish shades off into antisemitism, hardly augurs well rearrest Weise on 20 April — centenary of Restitution, in Die Presse. It continues 'Robert for Jewish-Russian relation under perestroika — Hitler's birth — they found that he had abs­ Knight is a historian with pronounced anti- but this impression is contradicted by the fact that conded. This latest scandal earned the judicial Austrian bias who failed to obtain an academic both the balladeer Galitsch and the poet Brodski authorities a stinging reproof from many news­ post in his native England and managed to are Jews. papers in the Federal Republic. procure a job in Vienna'.

passed away on 12 April 1989, aged King"s Road (two rooms, own bath, ADVERTISEMENT RATES 85. Deeply mourned by family and WC) in return for being there and friends. occasional companionship. Suit FAMILY EVENTS First 15 words free of charge, £2.(X) per Newman:—Margot Newman, sister person (M/F) working from home or five words thereafter. of Mrs. H. Sabatzky, passed away on semi-retired. House owner female, CLASSIFIED £2.(X) per five words. 5 May after long suffering. late 60's. Tel. Mr. Monina 835 1155 BOX NUMBERS £3.00 extra. Rosenberg:—Dr. Alfons Rosenberg, 9 am-5 pm. born in Hohensalza, passed away SELF-CONTAINED furnished flat, DISPLAY per single 16 ems (3 columns per page) £8.00 peacefully on 16 May 1989, aged 87. column inch 12 ems (4 columns per page) £7.00 5 mins. Golders Green station. Will be loved and remembered by all Bedroom (twin beds), sitting room, his family and friends for his mind, kitchen, dining area, bathroom/ wit and great humanity. FAMILY EVENTS Klompus:—Ison Klompus. Happy toilet, own telephone. Would suit 83rd Birthday. Wishing you good CLASSIFIED mature, responsible couple. If Acknowledgement health and happiness. With love from Situations Vacant possible in part exchange for some Collins:—Henry Collins would like brother George and Mina, Helga and COMPANION required for my housekeeping, cooking and shop­ to thank all the friends who were many friends. mother aged 75, living in North-West ping for professional lady. kind enough to express their sym­ Seligmann:—Dr. Erwin Seligmann is Rent/remuneration negotiable. pathies on the death of his sister London, 1-2 days a week, car driver celebrating his 96th birthday on 11 Cleaner available. Refs. required. Ellen Collins. preferred. Tel. 0727 63993 evenings. June at his home in Golders Green. Box 1163. Situations Wanted ELECTRICIAN. City and Guilds Birthdays LADY available as companion,twice Golden Wedding qualified. All domestic work under­ Berkovitz:—Lilo Berkowitz. Happy weekly, afternoons. Tel. 286 5058 Roberts:—(formerly Rosenstern- taken. Y. Steinreich. Tel: 455 5262. 85th Birthday wishes. With love from (mornings). Heymann). Vernon and Hilde REVLON MANICURIST. Will visit Edith. Roberts (previously Hamburg and Miscellaneous your home. Phone 01-445 2915. Sutton, Surrey) will celebrate their Frankfurther:—Best wishes to CURTAINS made to measure. I AM a collector who is looking for Mutti, Granny and Great-granny Golden Wedding on 11 July 1989 at Pinch pleats, Austrian blinds, etc. 17 Berrydale, Northampton. old Jewish and Palestine picture post­ Nina on her 90th Birthday from her Expert work. Very reasonable cards. Even single cards purchased. family. Deaths prices. Tel. 435 0557. David Pearlman, 36 Asmuns Hill, Goldschmidt:—Mrs. Gertrude Gold­ Mollrich:—Johanna (Hansi) Moll- ACCOMMODATION offered in London NWl 1. Telephone 455 2149. schmidt. of Wembley Park, cele­ rich, nee Pessel, my beloved wife. Victorian House, Chelsea, near brated her 90th birthday on 19 April Information Required 1989. KERSCHBAUMER. Information sought on the whereabouts of paint­ IRENE FASHIONS ings by Anton Kerschbaumer (1885-1931) for completing an oevre formerly of Swiss Cottage ALTERATIONS catalogue. Please contact Konstanze Sizes 10 to 48" hips Wetzel-Kerschbaumer, 11 Den- OF ANY KIND TO invite you to see the new Summer Collections of Dresses, ningerstrasse, 8000 Munich 80 or 11 LADIES" FASHIONS Coordinates, Jackets, Slacks, Shirts and a snappy range of Blouses Pilgrims Lane, London NW3 ISJ. I also design and make and Tops. Cotton and Polyester Dresses at affordable prices. children's clothes For that special occasion, something unusual, as always. West Hampstead area FOR FAST EFFICIENT FRIDGE For an early appointment kindly ring before 11 am 328 6571 & FREEZER REPAIRS or after 7 pm 346 9057. 7-day service All parts guaranteed

'SHIREHALL' J. B. Services Licensed by the Borough of Barnet ANTHONY J. NEWTON Tel. 202-4248 Home for the elderly, convalescent and until 9 pm incapacitated &C0 * Single rooms comfortably appointed SOLICITORS * 24-hour care attendance 22 Fitzjohns Avenue, Hampstead, NW3 5NB SATELLITE INSTALLATION * Excellent cuisine SALES & REPAIRS * Long and short-term stay INTERNATIONAL LAW AGENTS Television - Videos - Aerials - Radios - Stereos- Electrical Appliances Telephone: with Offices In: Europe Jersey USA NEW & SECONDHAND TVs/VIDEOS Matron 01-202 7411 or SPECIALISTS in all Legal Work: FOR SALE Administrator 078 42 52056 Conveyancing/Wills/ProbateTrusts/Company Tel: 01-909 3169 Answerphone 93 Shirehall Park, and Litigation AVIS TV SERVICE Hendon NW4 A. EISENBERG • (near Brent Cross) Telephone: 01 435 5351 01 794 9696 AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 page 16 lived in his house with her baby daughter, never reach out to him and to bring him some comfort to IN AMALEK'S TENT once abandoning her fervent faith and religious ease his pain. But his fate was already sealed and commitment, keeping as many of the command­ she herself was compromised. Nevertheless, she I met Hannah Banet at a wedding in Jerusalem. ments as she could, above all avoiding all was saved, as were her children. She witnessed She is an elderly lady, soberly dressed, as befits forbidden food. Her diet thus consisted of the chaos in the aftermath of the war and scenes the granddaughter of a Hasidic rabbi, the learned nothing more than bread, butter and cheese. On of pogrom-like outrages perpetrated by newly and pious Aharon Marcus of Hamburg. She Sabbath Eve she would, because she had no liberated Poles. She decided to leave Poland and smiled with understanding and warmth at the candles, strike two matches and, holding them lived for a while in Germany, where she made young people around us and their sometimes aloft, hurriedly recite the blessings over light. To contact with her erstwhile employer, who had, highspirited celebration. avoid discovery she had to leave her husband and after all, not given her away. She arrived in Israel I already knew something of Hannah Banet, small son in another town in Poland. Plans to be just before the proclamation of the State, to live, before this brief meeting in Israel. I was aware of reunited with him failed when his supposed at last, in a land which she can call her own. her remarkable story, of the extraordinary cir­ rescuer betrayed him to the Gestapo, and, but for She is much concerned for its future, and in the cumstances of her survival in war-time Poland. I chance, would have betrayed her too. When she concluding chapters of her book, pleads for its had read a translation of her autobiography learned of his imprisonment in the local jail, she recognition and for peace with its neighbours, as (published in Hebrew under the title Under the made a desperate, but ill-advised, attempt to she has made her own peace with mankind. As we Nazi's Roofhy "Aleph", Tel-Aviv, 1987). In it, she parted, the wedding feast drawing to a close, she describes in simple, but frequently impassioned told me that she now only had one more wish. terms, her roots in the Hasidic tradition, her "Everything I have written is the truth. I should childhood, her marriage and the birth of her two R & W CARS like to have my book published in the English children, a son and a daughter. She recalls the (Russell Heymann) language. Not for money, but so that people outbreak of war and Poland"s defeat, the German everywhere can know what happened, and learn." occupation and the relentless round-up of Jews. Courteous and Friendly Drivers DAVID MAIER Her own "Aryan" looks allowed her to assume a No Distance too Small or too Great! false identity. Pretending to be the widow of a Please book in advance for a Polish officer killed in the fighting, she was taken Guaranteed Service RESIDUARY LEGATEES on as housekeeper to a prominent Nazi, a German army doctor with the highest Party Tel. 450 3020 According to a joke current in the DDR West and credentials and connections, whose work at the (Answering machine available) East Germany shared out Karl Marx"s inheritance time would eventually lead to his conviction and in the following manner; the one got Capital, and imprisonment as a war criminal. For two years she the other The Communist Manifesto.

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REST HOME From £180 per week Please telephone 01-44.S 1244 Ollke hours (Hendon) sister-in-charge, 450 4972 01-455 I.V^5 olher times for Elderly Retired Gentlefolk 17 IVIapesbury Road, N.W.2 B. HIRSCHLER— 39 Torrineton Park. N.12 Single and Double Rooms with wash JEWISH BOOKSELLER basins and central heating. TV Jewish Books in any language lounge and dining-room over­ Buecher in deutscher RELIABLE & CAPABLE looking lovely garden. and Hebrew Books Sprache, Biider und PLUMBER Highest prices paid 24-hour care—long and short term Autographen Licensed by the Borough of sucht Telephone; 01-800 6395 offers a complete 24-hour Barnet A. W. MYTZE plumbing service. Small Enquiries 202 2773/8967 1 The Riding, London NWll. jobs welcome. Please ring GERMAN BOOKS JOHN ROSENFELD BOUGHT on 837 4569 WHY NOT Tel: 01-586-7546 ADVERTISE IN AJR Art. Literature, typography, generally pre war non classical INFORMATION? Ich bitte um detaillierte GERMAN BOOKS Please telephone Angebote B. HARRISOI\l BOUGHT the Advertisement Dept. The Village Booltshop Metropolis Antiquarian Books 46 Belsize Lane, N.W.3 01-483 2536 Tel: 01-794 3180 Specialist Dealers in German Books ALTERATIONS C. H. WILSON Always Buying Carried out efficiently. Also DRESSMAKER Books, Autographs, Ephemera Carpenter customers own material HIGHLY QUALIFIED Painter and Decorator made up. VIENNA TRAINED Eric Brueck French Polisher St. Johns Wood Area 115 Cholmley Gardens Antique hurniture Repaired Willesden area London NW6 Tel: 459 5817 Phone for appointment: Tel: 452 8324 01-328 8718 Tel 01-435 2753 page 16 AJR INFORMATION JUNE 1989 THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF FRANKFURT OBITUARY A genealogical Study 1349-1849, by Alexander Dietz. Editor: Isobel Mordy EMILIO SEGRE This tome is not going to be a best-seller. It a centre of rabbinical learning. There was an The son of an Italian-Jewish industrialist, Emilio weighs over 7 lbs. The cloth edition costs £95, the insatiable demand for accommodation in the Segre was born in 1905. He studied physics at leather bound voiume £200, and the publishers ghetto which originally contained relatively spa­ Rome under Enrico Fermi, with whom he worked wisely did not proceed with its production until cious houses but which became a hopelessly in seminal nuclear research, and was appointed they had secured 90 subscribers whose names are overdeveloped and cramped area. A visitor in professor at Palermo University at the age of listed. They mainly originate from Frankfurt, and 1747 described it as follows: thirty-one. At Palermo he discovered one of the 'missing elements' from the periodic table. In include a plethora of Rothschilds. Sir James Picture to yourself a long street, more than half Goldsmith, Eric Beecham (Bischheim), Felix 1938 Mussolini's antisemitic legislation forced a quarter of an hour long (to walk), shut in by him to go to Berkeley, California, where he Posen, Fred Worms, and a number of learned houses at least five or six stories high. Think of institutions. The book itself is a magnificent continued to make pioneering discoveries. With a these houses as having houses at the back of colleague he split an atom of uranium into two production, a veritable tribute to the printing them with scarcely enough yard space to admit craft. The colours are black and red on yellowish equal parts, and in 1943 he joined the Los Alamos daylight, every nook up to the roof full of team charged with developing the atom bomb. vellum with the names of the 625 featured families rooms and chambers in which are crowded highlighted in red capitals. Postwar, as Professor of Physics at Berkeley together 10,000 (sic!) human beings, who think University, he participated in, and received the The original German version, first produced by themselves fortunate when they leave their Nobel Prize for, the discovery of the anti-proton. Alexander Dietz in 1907, is a work of consider­ dens to be able to breathe the air on their dirty Since this anti-matter particle may well furnish able scholarship, often consulted by historians damp street . . . There you have an approxi­ power for spaceships of the future Emilio Segre and geneologists. The new English edition mate idea of the Jews' quarter! could conceivably earn a place in scientific history includes a short history of he Frankfurt commun­ as a pioneer of flight to the stars. ity written by Professor Robert Liberies of During the 18th century some of the leading Ben-Gurion University, various illustrations, and families such as the Wertheims, Oppenheimers, He was married twice. His first wife, who died a detailed plan featuring every house in the Goldschmidts, Worms and Rothschilds, deve­ in 1970, was Elfriede Spiro, a cousin ofthe former ghetto, houses some of whose names have been loped a close relationship with various Princes in Hon. Treasurer of the AJR. immortalised by the fame of their tenants. Germany. This growing connection with noble families led to a desire for better secular educa­ Statistics are provided relating to the taxes paid OFFENBACH'S LAST RABBI by the Jews. There are special chapters which give tion. In 1804 after Napoleon had swept away many restrictions, a modern Jewish School — the HONOURED the origins of the families before they came to On April 10 Offenbach-am-Main commemorated Frankfurt and the destinations of their subse­ Philanthropin — was founded. It remained one of Germany's best schools until it was closed down the 50th anniversary of the death of their last quent migration. Apart from the celebrated rabbi, Dr. Max Dienemann. The ceremony took banking families who have made such an impact during the Hitler period. Many of my contempor­ aries had their education there. After the walls of place in the former synagogue of the town — now in the City of London and on Wall Street, many a smart theatre after the interior of the synagogue bearing the same names moved to the nearby the ghetto had been battered down in 1790, Frankfurt became the cradle of the struggle for was burnt out during the Kristallnacht. Many countryside, particularly at a time when only the people, both old and young, attended. The Lord eldest son was allowed to marry and stay in emancipation. In the 1830s there was played out the usual scenario that can be observed so often in Mayor gave a moving address, reminding the Frankfurt, a regulation strictly enforced by the assembly to be vigilant that such a tragedy may authorities. Jewish history that when outside pressures cease the community finds time to engage in internal never happen again. Other speakers were District If one wished to pursue the antecedents of a squabbles. The newly created Reform Movement Rabbi Lipschitz, historian Klaus Werner and a particular family, one could with advantage look split from the traditional community with the former pupil of Dr. Dienemann's. at the Worms, of whom there are no less than 9 support of the local Senate which ruled Frankfurt. In the morning, the new 900-strong congre­ different branches. The first one — Lieb.ermann In 1848 a number of the original orthodox families gation of Offenbach honoured their last rabbi in Worms — came to Frankfurt from Worms in grouped themselves together and obtained an emotional service at their new little synagogue. 1365. Others drifted in during the following three Senate support for the formation of the The town had invited my sister and me — centuries. Their association with the various Israelitische Religion Gesellschaft that developed daughters of the rabbi — and made every effort to houses in the ghetto are clearly indicated, as are ultimately into the classic model of orthodoxy, make us forget the past. their ramification and marriages into other Jewish the IRG. famihes in the town. One Visus Worms who PAULA SCHINDLER-DIENEMANN resided at the 'Baer' paid sixty guilders tax in In 1851 they invited Samson Raphael Hirsch to 1498, an enormous amount only exceeded by the become their rabbi. He opened the school bear­ GUARANTORS OF SURVIVAL family of Rabbi Epstein who lived at the 'Buchs- ing his name and began to exert his worldwide In the perennial Israeli debate about the rights baum" and the Wertheim family. influence although his powerbase was less than and wrongs of exempting yeshiva students from 300 families. Judging by the impact which the miHtary service Rabbi Yehuda Amit stated 'We Chequered history Frankfurt Jewish community has made during the are not parasites, but are saving the lives of the The history of the Jews of Frankfurt is a last 150 years, one is inchned to think that they Jewish nation. Filhng the yeshivot with eager chequered one. Their steady progress was occa­ comprised vast numbers. The fact is that, in 1867, students is as important to the survival of the sionally interrupted by short spasms of violent the total number of Jews who were living in Jewish state as staffing the armed forces'. persecution. In 1241 the very small community Frankfurt was 8,238; in 1900, 21,874, and their Amplifying the rabbi's remarks, an Orthodox was wiped out by a pogrom. Those that came back total never exceeded 25,000. The book is a fitting historian averred 'We would number 250 million had their quarters destroyed in 1349. The resettle­ tribute to, and record of, a vanished community. today, not 15, but for assimilation'. ment of the Frankfurt Jews dates from 1360 when Is history about to repeat itself? When I visited the local Council and the Emperor asked the Jews Frankfurt some two years ago I found virtually no to return. It was only in the middle of the 15th native-born Jews. The members of the commun­ CAMPS century that Emperor Frederick III introduced ity were relaxed in Yiddish but their German was INTERNMENT—P.O.W.— the ghetto. In 1612 Vincent Fettmilch, the leader obviously of non-local vintage, yet their children FORCED LABOUR—KZ conversed in the unique local Frankfurt accent I wish to buy cards, envelopes and folded post­ of the Peasants Revolt, caused the destruction of marked letters from all camps of both world wars. a number of houses in the ghetto although the which simply cannot be picked up later in life. Is Please send, registered mail, stating price, to: Jews had nothing to do with his campaign. On the this 1360 all over again? 14 Rosslyn Hill. London NW3 PETER C. RICKENBACK whole progress continued and Frankfurt became FRED WORMS

Published by the Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain, Hannch Karminski House, 9 Adannson Road, London NW3 3HX, Telephone 01-483 2536/7/8/9 Printed In Great Britain by Black Bear Press Limited, Cambriridgd e