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Peces Pulmonados Osteichthyes o peces óseos Los peces más pequeños Paedocypris progenetica Schindleria brevipinguis (10.3 mm; 7.9 mm) (8.4. mm; 2 mg.) Los peces marinos más grandes Mola sp. (3 m; 2300 kg) Xiphias sp. (3-4 m; 500 kg) Thunnus sp. (3- 8 m; 900 kg) Los peces de agua dulce más grandes Siluris glanis (5m; 300 kg) Arapaima gigas (4.5 m, 200 kg) Huso huso (5 m. 2000 kg) Diversidad de ambientes de los peces óseos Abyssobrotula galatheae (8.373 m.) Triplophysa stoliczkai (5.200 m. s.n.m.) Orestias sp. (3.800 m. s.n.m.) Lucifuga (20 m.) Diversidad de ambientes de los peces óseos Cyprinodon diabolis Cyprinodon salinus (44.6° C) (+ 4 salinidad del mar) Notothenia sp. Poecilia mexicana (- 1.8° C) (H2S) El pez más largo Regalecus glesne (11 m; 272 kg) Diversidad morfológica Diversidad morfológica 1060 350-550 2850 3000 500 8000 Océanos: 70 % 58 % especies marinas + 27.000 especies Aguas dulces: 1 % 41 % especies de aguas dulces 1% especies en ambos ambientes Osteichthyes = Hueso Osteichthyes = Hueso, pero endocondral Reducción secundaria de la osificación Acipenseriformes (esturiones) Dipnoos (peces pulmonados) Caracteres de los peces óseos Patrón de huesos dérmicos en el cráneo, incluyendo los huesos maxilares y premaxilares y un opérculo óseo Patrón de huesos dérmicos de la cintura escapular y radio dérmicos o lepidotricos que sostienen la aleta Radio blando Radio espinoso Escamas dérmicas Tipos de escamas dérmicas Hueso Tejido fibroso Elasmoideas Cicloideas Ctenoideas Esmalte Hueso laminar Ganoideas Esmalte (ganoina) Dentina (cosmina) Hueso esponjoso Hueso laminar Cosmoideas Peces sin escamas Peces con placas Siluriformes (bagres) Anguiliformes (anguilas) d a) Acipenseridae (esturiones); b) Gasterosteridae (peces espinosos); c) Carangidae (jureles); d) Callichthyidae (cascarudos) Batrachoidiformes (pez sapo) Saco conectado con el tubo digestivo: pulmones o vejiga natatoria (en las formas derivadas) Pulmón Esófago Dipnoi (peces pulmonados) Polypteriformes (bichires) Saco conectado con el tubo digestivo: pulmones o vejiga natatoria (en las formas derivadas) Vejiga fisóstoma Volumen: 7 % peces de agua dulce 5 % peces marinos Vejiga fisoclista Ausente: Peces bentónicos Peces de ríos de montaña Sin soportes endoesqueléticos externos a las branquias S: septo; a: arco branquial Aleta caudal Homocerca Heterocerca Dificerca Aberturas nasales pares Válvula espiralada en grupos primitivos o ciegos pilóricos Reproducción •Ovíparos (viviparidad y fertilización interna raras: 3% de las especies ) • Anamniotas •Alta fecundidad (alta mortalidad) •Períodos de incubación cortos • Embriones no encapsulados •Con estado larval •En general, sin cuidado parental ACTINOPTERYGII (actino= radios, pteros= alas, aletas) SARCOPTERYGII (sarco= carne, pteros= alas, aletas) ACTINOPTERYGII SARCOPTERYGII cintura Aletas arquipterigias ACTINOPTERYGII SARCOPTERYGII ACTINOPTERYGII SARCOPTERYGII Los Actinopterygii Actinopterygii primitivo Aletas impares: dorsal y anal lepidotricos radios lepidotricos endoesqueléticos radios endoesqueléticos: primitivo derivado Radios espinosos (derivado) Aletas impares: caudal Heterocerca Homocerca primitivo derivado Ubicación aletas pares Abdominal (primitivo) Torácicas/ yugular (derivado) Estructura de las mandíbulas maxilar premaxilar maxilar primitivo derivado Radios branquiostegos “Mandíbulas” faríngeas DIVERSIDAD DE LOS ACTINOPTERYGII CLADISTIA o BRAQUIOPTERYGII Polypteriformes CHONDROSTEI Acipenseriformes NEOPTERYGII CLADISTIA o BRAQUIOPTERYGII Polypteriformes (n/v: bichires) CHONDROSTEI Acipenseriformes (26 especies de esturiones) Acipenser cf.baerii NEOPTERYGIII “Holósteos” Lepisosteiformes (peces lagartos) Amiiformes TELEOSTEI (96 % de los peces actuales) • Escamas elasmoideas Cicloideas Ctenoideas • Opérculo con 4 huesos • Con radios branquiostegos • Aleta caudal homocerca • Vértebras completamente osificadas • Premaxilar puede ser móvil; 3 o 4 huesos en mandíbula inferior • Puede haber dientes faríngeos • Vejiga natatoria con función hidrostática (respiración aérea) Osteoglossomorpha (220 especies) paraesfenoides (pas), basihial (bhtp) Distribución de Osteoglossomorpha Elopomorpha (800 especies) Notacanthiformes (anguilas espinosas) Saccopharyngiformes Anguilliformes (anguilas de mar, congrios) Elopiformes (tarpones) Larva leptocéfala Notacanthiformes Saccopharyngiformes Elopiformes Anguilliformes Clupeomorpha Clupeiformes (360 especies de anchoas y sardinas) Sin línea lateral Isospóndilos Distribución de los Clupeiformes Siluriformes Ostariophysi + 6500 especies 27 % de los peces óseos 93 % de las especies de Characiformes agua dulce Cypriniformes Gymnotiformes Ostariophysi Aparato de Weber Feromona del miedo Distribución de los Ostariophysi Acanthopterygii (13.500 especies) En general: Escamas ctenoideas Huesos operculares armados Posición derivada de las aletas pares Mandíbula protrusible Mandíbulas faríngeas Radios espinosos Marinos (aguas dulces) Atheriniformes Cyprinodontiformes (+ 800 especies; 15 cm.) Lebistes Xiphophorus Synbranchiformes (87 especies) Synbranchus sp. Perciformes (˜ 9200 especies; 149 familias) Pleuronectiformes (570 especies) Cara cenital Cara nadiral SARCOPTERYGII Actinistia (= Coelacanthimorpha) Dipnomorpha (= Dipnoi) Actinistia (= Coelacanthimorpha) Latimeria chalumnae (1938) Distribución geográfica de las dos formas actuales del género Latimeria Dipnomorpha = Dipnoi (dos respiraciones) Lepidosiren Protopterus Neoceratodus Nivel del agua .
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