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The Armies of Spain and Portugal 1808-1814

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The Armies of Spain and Portugal 1808-1814 TheArmies of Spain andPortugal 1809-1914 ;lp By G.F.f-.latzigsr lhlshded by M. Gifc€rt TheArmies of Spain and Portugaf 180B-1815 BY G. F. NAFZIGER ILLUSTRATBD BY M. GILBERT :.*-I" Third gAition Text (C) 19gj c.F.|\tafziger Ittustrations 1993 (C) M. Gitbert Privately published Copyrighr 1993 The SpanishArmy 1788-1808 Upcn :he Ceath of Carlos III of Spain, in t?88, the Spanisf. ;rir.! ccir-- sisted of twenty eight. Spanish infant.ry regimencs, twelve foreign infantry regiments, three Iight infantry regiments, twelve line cavalry regiment.s, eight dragoon regiments, and two cazadore (light cavalry) regiments. The Spanish army vras organized, drilled, and fought in the manner estabfished by Fr3derick the Great of Prussia. The Spanish, like the rest of Europe, had irnitated the greatesE warrior of the l8th Century. In 1788 the Spanish army consisted of: Roval Guard cuardias de Corps (4 cos) (1704) (Royal Cavalry Escort) Espaflola Americana I t ali ana Flamenca crardias de Alabarderos (3 cos) (1707) (Palace cuards) Amari 11a Lanzilla Vie j a c.rardias Espanoles (6 battal ions) (1704) cijardias Walonas (6 batcal ions ) Ca:abinieros ReaIes (4 squadrons ) f:iiantry Infantry P.:siment Ba_1sed Reqiment Ra i sed F.ey Imm3morial Espana 1550 Calicia (Reina in 1789) 153? Toledo 1661 P:.incipe 1537 Mallorca I5B2 Saboya 1537 Burgos 1694 Ccr:ona 1537 Murcia 1694 Airica 1559 1,e6n 1694 zamor a 158 0 Cantabria 1703 Scria 15 91 Asturias 1703 CSrdoba 1550 Fijo de Ceuta" 1?03 :P Guadafajara L657 Navarra 1705 S3vi11a f 65'1 Arag6n 1711 Granada f657 America 7'164 vitoria (Valencia in 1791) 1658 Princesa 7765 Lrsboa (Zaragosa in 1791) 1660 Extremadura 1766 Fijo de Or6n" unknown** i Garrison Infantry Regiment -- Dj-sbanded during 1788 ir,rrei crn Rcoiments Raised r''.-randa (Irish) 1698 :-l:bernia (Irish) 17 09 Ultonia ( Irish) L709 l''itl-an (Italian) disbanded in ]-792 FlSndes (Flemish) disbanded in L792 3rabante (Flemish) disbanded in ]-192 1 I Foreiqn Reqiments Raised Bruselas (FLemish) disbanded in I7g2 Ndpoles (Neapoliran) 1572 Schwaller #r (Swiss) ]-734 " Y :: ' R'fctimann #2 (Swiss) 1742 N. Reding #3 (Swiss) 1-742 BetscharE #q (Swiss) :-742 LighL Infantrv Raised Strenqth o 1. oe Arag6n L762 1 battal-ion o 1. de Catalufla ]-762 2 bat.talions 2 -o de Cata1ufla 1762 2 battalions Line Cavalrv Reqiments Raised Regiment Raised Dcrr 1538 AlcS.ntara 1555 Re ina 1703 Espafla r-b5y Prinr-i na 1703 Algarve r701 Infante 1542 Calatrava I /UJ Bcrb5n 1540 Santiago Farnes io 1540 Montesa 11nc Dr agcon Beg.I[en! s Rai sed Reoiment f? crz - l-674 Villaviciosa tbSv R e i-:ia 1735 Sagunto 'l ?n? 7,'l-^-^^ I575 Numancia r7 07 1584 Lusitania 1?na CazaCore or Light Cavalrv Reqiments Raised Olivencia I'735 Volunrarios de Espana I7 67 Roval ArLillerv Reqiment Six Battalions, each with eight companies ' fn addition to the regular army, Chere were a nurnlf,er of provincial Militia Rsgiments (-Regfimentos ProvinciaTes de MiTicias). The 28 oldesc were raised in 1734 and Che 14 remaining were raised in 1?66- They were: R.eoiments Raised in 1734 JaSn Logrofro Oviedo pontevedra Bada j oz Sigirenza Cdrdoba Tuy Sewilla Toro Murcia Betanzos Burgcs Soria Truj illo Mdlaga Lugo Laredo Jerez Guadix Granada Orense Eci j a R.onda Le5n Santiago Ciudad Rodrigo Bujal-ance Reqiments raised in 1?56 Cuenca Lorca Avi l- a Salamanca Val ladol id Plasencia ^.1c5 za: C: S::: -''i:: l4c:'.41;q,1" Qo-rrrpi a Mnnt- arr6\t Ch:nchi 1 ]a ToIedo r rv.rLUA ! vl/ Ciudad ReaI Compostel-a In addition, there was an urban militia They served as garrisons for the various cities in which they were raised. They were: Citv Strenqth Raised Cadiz 2A companies 1752 Puerto de Santa Maria 9 companies 1,762 Campo de Gibraltar 13 companies L762 Cart agena 9 companies 3-762 Ceut a 5 companies 7752 Badaj oz 14 compan:es unknown Albuquerque B companles 1762 A1 cdnt ara 5 compan'es 1752 'l r.rrmnr n- r Al- conche I + vvrrrfrqrr_/ Lt6Z '7 j pq Valencia de Alcdntara , r-rtmn,an- -..'-Y r /bb Corufla 1) ..a\mr1:n'l cq l- /bb -' CiuCad RoCrigo 6 r-nmrran ae l_/bu j rcr! _LLct 4 r-r'rmn:n cq 7769 The Urban Miltfia was the se:ond reserve of the army and consisted of trocps and equipme;rt of an infer-or quality. In addition to a number of invalid companies and other sma11 fornations, there were a number of fixed comcanies (Compania.s fijas) that ',.;:re srationed in various fortresses around Spain. The Escopeteros de cetar3s were founded in 1705 and served in the Can'po de Gibraltar. In Catalufra v/as the Compafiia de fnfanterfa de fa Plaza de -Rosas, in Valencia was the Compaff.:a Sue-Zta de Escopeteros, in Aragon was the Campartia Sue-lta de Fusi-Ieros, and in Ceuta was the Compafria de CabaTTeria de Lanzas de Ceuca, t"'hich was formed :n 1584. In the minor fortresses of Melil- 1a, PeR6n de V61ez de la comera a!--CAlhucemas there were three more fixed or starionary companies. Tn addition, along the coast. of Granada were stationed 3leven companies o: the Compaffjas de Granada - Ten of these companies were form-d in a762 as part of the Urba:: Militia, buL the Royal Order of 24 Febru- t, :i? ary 1780 renamed them the Infaa=eria Fija de -7a Costa de Granada. " The efewenth company was not raised un:il 1799. Not having engaged in any siErificant warfare i.n Che latter half of the l8th Century, t.he Spanish army had begun a steady slide into decay. The dates Lhat the various 1:ne regiments w::-e raised shons very ljttle activity after the l,lar of the Spanish Succession. In fact, only the Lwo cazadore regiments, three Iine infantry regimenls, and :our foreign infantry regiments were raised -.he in period from the end of the l;ar of the Spanish Succession and fhe beqin- ning of the French Revolution- The line infantry and cavalry operated according to the art. of war as established Frederick the creat.. The infancry relied on voLleys of fire and the cavalry relied on shock. The jragoons, however, retained their orjginal role as mounted iniantry and had ::ot been absorbed into Lhe line cavalry as another shock formation - The light infantry and cavalrr/ found their origin in two sources. The first was Lhe increasing need for light troops as experience by Frederick in his Bohemian campa.ign. However, ::ie Spanish needed forces rhat were able Lo r'\nar.t-o i n rugged terrain and deal with the notorious bandits and smugglers that haunted the Pyrenees. They were also needed to deal with the Barbary pirates. In dealing with these two groups, the light forces assumed far more than.the nominal police role that occupied many nation's military in peace- trme. The Spanish artillery organization developed at the same pace as -.-he rnranEry..i-€--Fe' It found itself faced with significant developments in nor:hern Europe and in order to remain viable it had to keep pace. As a resul-t, ex- periments with horse artillery were held in Souch America, the numbers of guns provided to the army were increased, and an artillery academy was establ:shed in Segovia. As Spain was a Bourbon monarchy, France had passed on to ii the benefit.s of the Gribeauval system, which was adopted in its ent,irety in L792. The quality of the artillery's performance, however, was limited by che failure of the army to provide a permanent train. Civilian teamsters were hired to draw the guns into battle, and they were no more rel-iabl-e than those Frirorr ]-rrrE'-1nce r.ravs uJ l !9 and the German states prior to their establishment of mil:tary trains. This arrangement saved the costs of having to maintain such a force in r.\a'a1-aFi m' but there were handicaps, ds Spain had a shortage of sui=able horses. This all-owed the teamsters to collect outrageous fees and caused them to be quicker to desert the army if their precious horses were threatened. If horses !^rere not avail-able, mules and oxen would be hired, oeither of i;rich is noted for its speed. This caused the artillery to slow down the pace:r an already slow army. The Spanish army haC been raised principally from vol-unteers prior- to L710, with the deficiencies in the ranks filled by foreigners. Because o: the low esteem in which the army was held and the poor pdy, the numbers of suit- able.rolunteers was very Iour and the Spanish were obliged to enlisc the "vagabonds" of Europe. They were noted for drunkenness and, because the Spanish Inquisition continued until Napoleon's invasion ended it, the arm'.r was .1tarr/ , *-r -*-r--,-arlana-t- as a nest of Protestants . After I7'10, the foreign volunfeers were insufficient to make up a s19- nificant short fa}1, 72,000 men were drafted from the provincial miI:cia. Further forces were necessary, because of the squabble between Spair- and England over the Falklands, and a limited conscription was established. The entire population of Spain was, for the first time, subject to the d:aft. Measures were taken to limit the discontent this caused, by minimizing the numbers and t)4)es of exemptions that were available. It was hoped that :hese reforms would bring properLy probity" into ranks. "J> "men of and the F:remnFi.ons were allocated to the various useful cl-asses, as wel-1 as to [he Church and the nobility.
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