10636-Ecological Report.Doc

Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd Reg. No. 2002/007104/07

FLORIDA PO Box 2131, Florida Hills, 1716 South Africa 25 Main Avenue, Cnr Die Ou Pad, Florida, 1709 Tel +27 011 672 0666 Fax +27 011 672 0008 http://www.golder.com

REPORT ON

Ecological Status Report for ESKOM Kappa Study Area

Report No : 11437/11569/1/E

Submitted to:

Zitholele Consulting Pty Ltd Client Address

DISTRIBUTION:

2 Copies - Zitholele Consulting 1 Copy - Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd – Library

July 2008 11437

Directors: P Onley (Australia), FR Sutherland, AM van Niekerk, SAP Brown LOCAL OFFICES IN JOHANNESBURG AND PIETERMARITZBURG GOLDER COMPANIES LOCATED IN AFRICA, ASIA, AUSTRALASIA, EUROPE, NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA July 2008 i 11437/11569/1/E

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Zitholele Consulting was contracted by ESKOM to conduct and to compile an ecologicl Assessment Report (as is required by the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations: Regulations No. 1182 & 1183 of the EnvironmentConservation Act, 1989 (Act No. 73 of 1989)) of the possible sites for a Power Substation in the Tankwa Karoo area of the Western Cape. Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd was in turn sub-contracted by Zitholele Consulting to conduct the ecological assessment for the study area.

The object of this study was to assess and identify species and habitats that will be potentially impacted by the proposed activities, including any Red Data Book species. The area consists of a number of possible impact sites. This area is not currently managed through a fire regime and no agriculture is practiced, but some grazing occurs on site.

The karoo vegetation is sensitive to disturbance due to various factors. The low rainfall, high temperatures and evaporation rate within the study area leads to a low production phytomass and hence slow nutrients cycle and low organic content of soils. Establishment of seedlings and eventually adult plants is slow because of a low survival rate in such harsh conditions. The many scars on the karoo landscape (erosion gullies, denuded land etc.) caused by overgrazing and insensitive development practices of the past, bear testimony to the sensitivity of the vegetation and the slow rate of recovery in the absence of proper rehabilitation measures.

The vegetation communities on site have been highly impacted by over 200 years of overgrazing. Generally the area can be classified as being of low to moderate ecological function and moderate to high conservation importance. Most of the species expected to occur were widespread species of little or no conservation concern. Faunal species diversity was very low for all taxa, this may be due to informal hunting in the area and previous impacts. No Red Data avifaunal species were found to inhabit the area and little evidence was found of any other fauna of conservation importance, the possibility of other Red Data faunal species occurring in the area is, however, high for a number of species.

Few, if any, rare species, protected species or Red Data species will potentially be impacted by a development in this area, as the proposed development is due to take place in an area that has been impacted previoiusly and is unlikely to support many (if any) Red Data Species. No Red Data plant species were recorded from the study site and it is unlikely that this area would support rare or threatened species, therefore, it is unlikely that the impact on biodiversity by any development on this site would be severe due to the relatively small footprint of the development.

Although this study does give a good representation of the species richness of the area investigations of this nature are but “snapshot” surveys and results are purely indicative of the biological biodiversity. This data may also serve as useful baseline data for further studies of the area or for further monitoring of the area.

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Strict adherence to specific mitigation measures and general practice during construction and maintenance is the only way to demonstrate commitment to the environmental management principles.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES...... 1 3 LIMITATIONS TO THIS INVESTIGATION...... 2 4 METHODOLOGY...... 2 4.1 General Floristic Attributes...... 2 4.2 Red Data Floral Assessment...... 3 4.3 Floristic Sensitivity Analysis...... 3 4.4 General Faunal Attributes...... 4 4.5 Red Data Faunal Assessment...... 5 4.6 Biodiversity Impact Evaluations...... 6 4.6.1 Assessment of significance...... 6 4.6.2 Description of impact mechanisms...... 8 4.6.3 Development of mitigation measures...... 9 5 THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT...... 10 5.1 Location...... 10 5.2 Distribution...... 12 5.3 Vegetation and Landscape Features...... 12 5.4 Geology and Soils...... 12 5.5 Climate...... 12 5.6 Important Taxa...... 12 5.7 Biogeographically Important Taxa...... 15 5.8 Endemic Taxa...... 15 5.9 Conservation...... 15 5.10 Remarks...... 15 6 FLORAL ASSESSMENT...... 15 6.1 Floral Species Composition...... 15 6.2 Vegetation Communities...... 16 6.2.1 Karroid Scrubland Community...... 17 6.2.2 Acacia Woodland Community...... 18 6.3 Species of Importance...... 18 7 FAUNAL ASSESSMENT...... 19 7.1 Recorded Faunal Species...... 19 7.1.1 Arthropoda...... 19 7.1.2 Reptilia...... 19 7.1.3 Amphibia...... 20 7.1.4 Aves...... 20 7.1.5 Mammalia...... 21 7.2 Red Data Faunal Species...... 22 7.3 Ecological Function...... 22 7.4 Conservation Importance...... 26 8 BIODIVERSITY IMPACT EVALUATION...... 28 9 DISCUSSION...... 29

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: 1:250 000 topograpical map illustrating the location of the study sites...... 11

Figure 2: Location of the Tanqua Karoo (Base image: EarthSat 150m)...... 14

Figure 3: 1:50 000 topographical map indicating the Ecological Function of Site D...... 23

Figure 4: 1:50 000 topographical map indicating the Ecological Function of Site E...... 24

Figure 5: 1:50 000 topographical map indicating the Ecological Function of Site F...... 25

Figure 6: 1:250 000 topographical map indicating the Conservation Importance of the study sites....27

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Consequence and probability ranking...... 7

Table 2: Categories for the rating of impact magnitude and significance...... 8

Table 3: Categories for prescribing and designing mitigation measures...... 10

Table 4: Study areas investigated for the purposes of this survey...... 10

Table 5: Red Data faunal species that may occur in the study area...... 22

Table 6: Table indicating the biodiversity impact evaluation...... 28

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 ...... 33

APPENDIX 2 ...... 38

APPENDIX 3 ...... 42

APPENDIX 4 ...... 45

APPENDIX 5 ...... 49

APPENDIX 6 ...... 52

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1 INTRODUCTION

Zitholele Consulting was contracted by ESKOM to conduct and to compile an Ecological Assessment Report (as is required by the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations: Regulations No. 1182 & 1183 of the EnvironmentConservation Act, 1989 (Act No. 73 of 1989)) of the possible sites for a Power Substation in the Tankwa Karoo area of the Western Cape. Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd was in turn sub-contracted by Zitholele Consulting to conduct the ecological assessment for the study area.

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The biodiversity impact assessment aims to present the client with broad descriptions of floristic and faunal elements occurring within the study area and to highlight sensitive biological and environmental attributes that may be adversely affected by the proposed development.

· To provide a broad description of the ecology of the sites and surrounding areas;

· Identify and describe the biodiversity patterns at community and ecosystem level (plant and animal communities in the vicinity and threatened/vulnerable species and ecosystems), species level (Red Data Book species, presence of alien species) and significant landscape features;

· General comment on whether biodiversity processes would be affected (including comment on how these would be affected);

· Identification of potential impacts and recommendations to prevent or mitigate these.

Terms of Reference for the Ecological Assessment are as follows:

· To provide a floral and faunal study of the site;

· To conduct a survey of threatened species (Red Data faunal and floral species), on the proposed affected study site;

· To conduct a faunal habitat assessment (including habitat potentially suitable for threatened species);

· To provide an indication of the relative conservation importance and ecological function of the study site;

· To assess the condition of the plant communities on the study site;

· To assess the impacts of the proposed activity on the species and ecological integrity and processes of the study site.

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3 LIMITATIONS TO THIS INVESTIGATION

In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of communities and the status of endemic, rare or threatened species in any area, vegetation and faunal assessments should always consider investigations at different time scales (across seasons/years) and through replication. However, due to time constraints such long-term studies are not feasible and most conclusions will be based on instantaneous sampling bouts. Problems with this method of sampling are as follows:

· Temporal changes in biodiversity are not taken into account during instantaneous sampling bouts.

· Variations in biodiversity due to temporal animal movements, such as migrations, are not taken into account.

· Unusual environmental conditions (such as unusually high or unusually low rainfall) may cause unusual states of biodiversity during the period of study, which may not usually exist.

4 METHODOLOGY

In order to enable a characterization of the environment, as well as floral and faunal species that may be impacted by the proposed mining activities, faunal and floral groups were investigated. These species were then later used to determine the possible magnitude of the impact of the proposed activities. The groups of species investigated were:

· Vegetation

· Arthropoda

· Avifauna

· Mammals

· Herpetofauna (Reptiles)

· Amphibia

All methods implemented during this investigation are based on accepted scientific investigative techniques and principles and were performed to acceptable standards and norms, taking the limitations of this investigation into consideration. The Precautionary Principle was applied throughout the assessments.

4.1 General Floristic Attributes

The vegetation assessment was based on a variation of the Braun-Blanquet method whereby vegetation is stratified, by means of aerial or satellite imagery with physiognomic characteristics as a first approximation. Representative areas within these stratifications are then surveyed by means of line-point transects for grasses, sedges and forbs, as well as belt transects for shrubs and trees. Data obtained from these surveys are then subject to analysis to establish differences or similarities between observed units.

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A floral survey was conducted during February 2008 and cognisance was taken of the following environmental attributes and general information:

· Biophysical environment (geology, topography, aspect, slope etc.);

· Regional vegetation;

· Current status of habitats;

· Red Data habitat suitability;

· Digital photographs; and

· GPS reference points.

Phytoscociological data accumulated include the following: · Plant species and growth forms;

· Dominant plant species;

· Cover abundance values; and

· Samples or digital images of unidentified plant species.

The desktop analysis of data was used to establish differences or similarities between vegetation communities, which were then described in terms of floristic species composition as well as driving environmental parameters. Results and species lists provided should be interpreted with the abovementioned survey limitations in mind.

4.2 Red Data Floral Assessment

Baseline PRECIS data, for the 3319BB and 3320AA grid squares, was compared to the literature detailing Protected and Red Data plant species list to compile a list of Red Data plant species that may potentially occur within the study area. A survey of this kind (instantaneous sampling bout or “snapshot” investigation) poses severe limitations to the identification of Red Data plant species. Therefore, emphasis was placed on the identification of habitat that would be suitable for sustaining Red Data plant species, by associating available habitat to known habitat requirements of Red Data plant species.

4.3 Floristic Sensitivity Analysis

Floristic sensitivity analysis was determined by taking two factors into account namely ecological function and conservation importance. This sensitivity was quantified by subjectively assessing the ecological function and conservation importance of the vegetation. These were defined as follows:

Ecological Function:

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· High ecological function: Sensitive ecosystems with either low inherent resistance or resilience towards disturbance factors or highly dynamic systems considered to be stable and important for the maintenance of ecosystems integrity (e.g. pristine grasslands, pristine wetlands and pristine ridges).

· Medium ecological function: Relatively important ecosystems at gradients of intermediate disturbances. An area may be considered of medium ecological function if it is directly adjacent to sensitive/pristine ecosystem.

· Low ecological function: Degraded and highly disturbed systems with little or no ecological function.

Conservation Importance · High conservation importance: Ecosystems with high species richness and usually provide suitable habitat for a number of threatened species. Usually termed ‘no-go’ areas and unsuitable for development, and should be protected.

· Medium conservation importance: Ecosystems with intermediate levels of species diversity without any threatened species. Low-density development may be allowed, provided the current species diversity is conserved.

· Low conservation importance: Areas with little or no conservation potential and usually species poor (most species are usually exotic).

The Precautionary Principle is applied throughout this investigation.

4.4 General Faunal Attributes

Arthropoda

Arthropods were surveyed by means of setting out of pitfall traps, in selected areas within the various vegetation communities, and intensive transects making use of visual identification. Furthermore capture of species on the wing was also undertaken in order to aid identification, this was done by means of sweep-netting. Identification of species was done to the lowest possible taxonomic level using Picker et al (2002).

Suitable habitat was identified for scorpions, spiders and butterflies in order to select areas in which to sample by means of pitfall traps and visual identification, as well as to determine the possibility of the occurrences of Red Data or protected species of these taxa.

Reptilia

Suitable areas were identified and sampled using active search and capture methods, searches were concentrated in rocky areas and disused ant hills were investigated for the presence of snakes or other reptilian species. Snakes and other reptiles are identified visually and only captured if visual

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identification is hampered by swift-moving snakes or if the snake is obscured from view. Branch, 1996 was used as an identification guide where necessary.

Amphibia

Suitable areas for frogs were sampled by means of active search and capture and acoustic identification methods, especially at night when highest amphibian activity is expected. Areas were also netted for tadpoles and amphibian species identified by means of tadpoles. Carruthers (2001) was used to confirm identification where necessary.

Avifauna

Avifauna were surveyed by means of transects and point counts and visual identification and the calls of bird species were used to identify species. Where possible visual identification was used to confirm call identifications. Bird ranges were confirmed using Harrison et al (1997a and b).

Mammalia

Visual sightings and ecological indications were used to identify the small mammal inhabitants of the study area. Sherman traps were set up in three grids per site in order to trap small mammals. Mammals caught in the traps were identified and then released with as little stress caused to the animal as possible. Scats were also collected and used for identification of nocturnal small mammals. Stuart and Stuart (1993) and Smithers (1992) were used for identification purposes.

4.5 Red Data Faunal Assessment

The following parameters were used to assess the Probability of Occurrence of each Red Data species:

Habitat requirements (HR) – Most Red Data animals have very specific habitat requirements and the presence of these habitat characteristics in the study area was evaluated.

Habitat status (HS) – The status or ecologigal condition of available habitat in the area is assessed. Often a high level of habitat degradation prevalent in a specific habitat will negate the potential presence of Red Data species (this is especially evident in wetland habitats).

Habitat linkage (HL) – Movement between areas for breeding and feeding forms an essential part of the existence of many species. Connectivity of the study area to surrounding habitat and the adequacy of tese linkages are evaluated for the ecological functioning of Red Data species within the study area.

Probability of occurrence is presented in four categories, namely:

· Low;

· Medium;

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· High; and

· Recorded.

In order to assess the status of Red Data fauna species in the study area, the following sources were used: · South African Red Data Book – Reptiles and Amphibians (Branch, 1998);

· Red Data Book of the Mammals of South Africa (EWT, 2004);

· South African Red Data Book – Butterflies (Henning, S.F. & Henning, G.A, 1989);

· IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2001);

· IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2003);

· Atlas and Red Data Book of the Frogs of South Africa (Minter, Burger, Harrison, Braack, Bishop & Loafer, 2004); and

· South African Red Data Book – Terrestrial Mammals (Smithers, 1986)

4.6 Biodiversity Impact Evaluations

Any development in a natural or semi-natural system will impact on the environment, usually with adverse effects. This phase of the study assesses the significance of potential impacts of current and proposed future activities at the study site on the receiving environment of the study area, and is intended to achieve the following:

· Describe and assess future impacts arising from activities on the fauna and flora of the study area;

· Recommend mitigation measures to address significant impact;

· Identify aspects which may require further study.

4.6.1 Assessment of significance

From a technical, conceptual or philosophical perspective the focus of impact assessment ultimately narrows down to a judgment on whether the predicted impacts are significant or not (DEAT, 2002). The concept of significance is at the core of impact identification, prediction, evaluation and decision- making (DEAT, 2002). The determination of significant impacts relates to the degree of change in the environmental resource measured against some standard or threshold (DEAT, 2002). This requires a definition of the magnitude, prevalence, duration, frequency and likelihood of potential change (DEAT, 2002). The following criteria have been proposed by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT, 2002) for the description of the magnitude and significance of impacts (DEAT, 2002).

The consequence of impacts can be derived by considering the following criteria:

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· Extent or spatial scale of the impact

· Intensity or severity of the impact

· Duration of the impact

· Potential for Mitigation

· Acceptability

· Degree of certainty/Probability

· Status of the impact

· Legal Requirements

Describing the potential impact in terms of the above criteria provides a consistent and systematic basis for the comparison and application of judgments (DEAT, 2002).

Calculation of the severity of the impact is based on the Department of Environmental Affairs’ guideline document on EIA Regulations, April 1998.

Significance of Impact = Consequence (magnitude + duration + spatial scale) x Probability

Magnitude relates to how severe the impact is. Duration relates to how long the impact may be prevalent for and the spatial scale relates to the physical area that would be affected by the impact. Having ranked the severity, duration and spatial scale using the criteria outlined in Table 1, the overall consequence of impact can be determined by adding the individual scores assigned in the severity, duration and spatial scale. Overall probability of the impacts must then be determined. Probability refers to how likely it is that the impact may occur.

Table 1: Consequence and probability ranking. Magnitude/Severity Duration Spatial Scale Probability 10 - Very high/don't 5 - 5 - Definite/don't 5 - Permanent know International know 4 - Long-term (impact 8 - High ceases after operational 4 - National 4 - Highly probable life) 3 - Medium-term (5-15 3 - Medium 6 - Moderate 3 - Regional years) probability 2 - Short-term (0-5 4 - Low 2 - Local 2 - Low probability years) 2 - Minor 1 - Immediate 1- Site only 1 - Improbable 0 - None 0 - None

The maximum value, which can be obtained, is 100 significance points (SP). Environmental effects are rated as either of High, Moderate, Low or No Impact significance on the following basis:

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SP>60 Indicates high environmental significance;

SP 30 to 60 Indicates moderate environmental significance;

SP<30 Indicates low environmental significance.

SP = 0 Indicated no environmental impact

The descriptors for the ratings are provided in Table 2 (DEAT, 2002).

Table 2: Categories for the rating of impact magnitude and significance.

Of the highest order possible within the bounds of impacts that could occur, High There is no possible mitigation that could offset the impact, or mitigation is difficult. Impact is real, but not substantial in relation to other impacts that might take Moderate effect within the bounds of those that could occur. Mitigation is both feasible and fairly easily possible.

Impact is of a low order and therefore likely to have little real effect. Low Mitigation is either easily achieved or little mitigation is required, or both.

No Zero Impact Impact

4.6.2 Description of impact mechanisms

The International Convention on Wetlands, known as the Ramsar Convention, has developed a conceptual framework for wetland risk assessment (Ramsar 1999). This framework was designed to provide guidelines on how to go about predicting and assessing change in the ecological character of wetlands and promotes, in particular, the usefulness of early warning systems. The Ramsar Convention outlines five broad categories for the causes of adverse change in the ecological character of a wetland, they are as follows:

· Changes to the water regime;

· Water pollution;

· Physical modification;

· Exploitation of biological products; and

· Introduction of exotic species.

It is within these five broad categories that the potential impact assessment will be conducted. More specifically impacts typically associated with mining and construction operations are given in the list below (ICMM, 2005):

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· Vegetation removal, damage and destruction.

· Habitat disturbance due to noise / vibration

· Disturbance to wildlife and local residents.

· Soil erosion along trenches and transects.

· Demand on local water resources.

· Discharge or spillage of contaminants.

· Fauna and flora habitat loss and disturbance.

· Reduction in biodiversity on site.

· Potential loss of heritage sites.

· Decreased aesthetic appeal of site.

· Altered landforms due to construction.

· Altered drainage patterns and runoff flows.

· Increased erosion of site area.

· Increased siltation of surface waters.

· Increased demand on local water resources.

· Contamination from fuel spills and leakages.

· Land alienation from waste rock stockpiles and disposal areas.

· Disturbance from vehicle and machinery noise and site illumination disrupting migration, nesting, etc.

· Windborne dust and radionuclides.

· Spillage of corrosive liquids.

4.6.3 Development of mitigation measures

The quantitative accuracy and precision of impact predictions is particularly important for prescribing mitigation measures (DEAT, 2002). This is especially important for those impacts, pollutants or resources that require the setting of a site-specific discharge limit or need to be within legislated standards (DEAT, 2002). A common approach to describing mitigation measures for critical impacts is to specify a range of targets with predetermined acceptable range and an associated monitoring and evaluation plan (DEAT, 2002).

To ensure successful implementation, mitigation measures should be unambiguous statements of actions and requirements that are practical to execute (DEAT, 2002). Table 3 summarizes the different approaches to prescribing and designing mitigation measures.

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Table 3: Categories for prescribing and designing mitigation measures. Avoidance Mitigation by not carrying out the proposed action. Minimization Mitigation by scaling down the magnitude of a development, reorienting the layout of the project or employing technology to limit the undesirable environmental impact.

Rectification Mitigation through the restoration of environments affected by the action. Reduction Mitigation by taking maintenance steps during the course of the action.

5 THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

5.1 Location

The sites investigated for the purpose of this study are situated to the east of Ceres along the R355, in an area known as the Tankwa Karoo. Further information, pertaining to the sites, is given in Table 4.

Table 4: Study areas investigated for the purposes of this survey. GPS Coordinates S33.1500° Site D E19.8664° S33.1908° Site E E19.7783° S33.1050° Site F E20.0136°

The regional location is represented in Figure 1. The study sites all fall within the Tanqua Karoo and Tanqua Wash Riviere vegetation types (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006), these vegetation types are also known as VT31 Succulent Karoo (Acocks, 1953) and LR57 Lowland Succulent Karoo (Low and Rebelo, 1996).

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Figure 1: 1:250 000 topograpical map illustrating the location of the study sites.

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5.2 Distribution

Western and Northern Cape Provinces (See Figure 2): Basin encompassing valleys of Tanqua and Doring Rivers located between Cederberg (Swartruggens) in the west, the Roggeveld Escarpment in the east and Klein Roggeveld Mountains in the southeast; towards the north this unit borders on higher elevated plains of the Hantam Karoo, Altitude 240-960 m (most of the area at 300-450 m).

5.3 Vegetation and Landscape Features

Slightly undulating intra-mountain basin sheltered by steep slopes of mountain ranges. The plain is interrupted by a series of solitary dolerite butts and elevated ridges, extensive, flat sheet-washes and deeper incised channels of intermittent rivers (these habitats support vegetation from the AZi 7 Tanqua Wash Riviere). The plains are vere sparsely vegetated (low succulent shrubland with Ruschia, Drosanthemum, Aridaria, Augea, Zygopyllum), in extreme precipitation-poor years appearing barren, while the slopes of the koppies and adjacent mountain piedmonts support well-developed medium-tall succulent Euphorbia hamata – Pteronia incana shrubland. Small quartz patches occur in the southern

Tanqua Basin. Annual flora (Gazania lichtensteinii, Euryops annuus, Ursinia nana) becomes conspicuous with sufficient precipitation, while geophytes and grasses play a subordinate role. Stipagrostis ciliata and S. obtusa can become locally dominant in places.

5.4 Geology and Soils

Permian Volksrust Formation mudrocks of the Ecca Group, Carboniferous Dwyka Group diamictites and Ceres Subgroup sandstones (Bokkeveld Group) predominate. Intrusive Jurasic Karoo dolerite dykes occur in the northwest. Sandy-loamy soils of various depths. Quartz patches are a rare phenomenon concentrated in the southern portions of the Tanqua Basin.

5.5 Climate

Winter-rainfall regime: most of the precipitation falls between May and August, while December and January are virtually precipitation-free. The region has high spatial variability of precipitation, with some rainshadows experiencing as little as 40 mm of rainfall per year (in extremely dry years). MAP varies from a low of 72 mm in the central part of the unit (Elandsvlei on the Tanqua River, 41 years of records) to 112 mm in the north of the unit (Reenen on the Wolf River, 79 years) and to 111 mm in the south of the unit (Spes Bona on the Doring River, 29 years) MAT is slightly above 17°C, but in winter the temperature can often fall below the frost mark (15 days in a year). Mean maximum and minimum monthly temperatures of 35.9°C and 5.64°C occur in January and July, respectively. See also climate diagram for SKv 5 Tanqua Karoo.

5.6 Important Taxa

(WWestern distribution limit) Succulent Shrubs: Antimima hantamensis (d), Gibbaeum gibbosum (d), Ruschia spinosa (d), Antimima wittebergensis, Aridaria noctiflora subsp. noctiflora, A. noctiflora

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subsp. straminea, Braunsia apiculata, Cephalophyllum curtophyllum, C. framesii, Crassula subaphylla, C. tetragona subsp. connivens, Drosanthemum delicatulum, D. framesii, . liques, eurphorbia decussate, E. mauritanica, E. multiceps, E. rectirama, Hoodia gordonii, Leipoldtia schultzei, Lycium cinereum, Othonna pteroniodes, Peersia macradenia, Pelargonium crithmifolium, Phyllobolus grossus, P. splendens, Ruschia intricata, Salsola aphylla, S. namibica, Sarcocaulon crassicaule, Scopelogena bruynsii, Tetragonia fruticosa, T. rubusta var. psiloptera, Tylecodon reticulates, T. wallichii subsp. wallichii, Zygophyllm flexuosum, Z. microcarpum.

Low shrubs: Tripteris sinuata (d), Aptosimum indivisum, Asparagus capensis var. capensis, Berkheya spinosa, Chrysocoma ciliata, Eriocephalus africanus, E. ericoides, E. pauperrimus, E. spinescens, Euryops cuneatus, Galenia Africana, G. fruticosa, Hermannia multiflora, Lessertia fruticosa, Limeum aethiopicum, Monechma spartiodes, Pelargonium grandicalcartum, Pteronia aspalatha, P. ciliate, P. erythrochaeta, P. glauca, P. inermedia, P. oblaneolata P. pallens, P. scariosa, P. sordida, Rynchosia bullata, Stachys cuneataW, Zygophyllum microphyllum.

Semiparasitic Shrub: Thesium lineatum. Woody Climbers: Asparagus fasciculatus, Microloma sagittatum. Herbaceous Climber: Cyphia comptonii. Herbs: Gazania lichtensteinii (d), Amellus microglossus, A. strigosus subsp. pseudoscabrdus, Dicoma capensis, Emex australis, Euryops annuus, Hebenstretia parviflora, Helichrysum herniarioides, Lepidium africanum, L. desertorum, Lessertia pauciflora, Leysera tenella, Lotononis parviflora, Lyperia tristis, Oncosiphon grandiflorum, Osteospermum pinnatum, Pelargonium minimum, Plantao caffra, Radyera urens, Ursinia nana.

Geophytic herbs: Drimia intricata, Lachenalia ameliae, Moreaea pallida, M. speciosa, Ornithogalum xanthochlorum, Ornithoglossum viride, Oxalis pes-caprae, Strumaria unguiculata, Tritonia florentiae. Succulent herbs: Brownanthus vaginatus, Crassula muscosa, Duvalia caespitosa subsp. caespitosa, Mesembryanthemum excavatum, M. guerihianum, M. stenandrum, Psilocaulon articulatum, P. junceum, Tetragonia microptera.

Graminoids: Stipagrostis ciliata (d), S. obtuse (d), Aristida adscensionis, Cladoraphis spinosa, Ehrharta calycina, Enneapogon desvauxii, E. scaber, Fingerhuthia Africana.

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Figure 2: Location of the Tanqua Karoo (Base image: EarthSat 150m).

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5.7 Biogeographically Important Taxa

(RHRoggeveld-Hantam endemic, SSouthern distribution limit) Low shrubs: Nenax cinereaRH Stachys aureaRH. Herbs: Alatoseta tenuisRH, Dimorphotheca polypteraS, Nemesia karroensisRH, Geophytic herbs: Haemanthus barkeraeRH, Lapeirousia violaceaRH, Succulent herbs: Stapelia surrectaRH, Tridentea parvipuncta subsp. truncataRH, Tromotriche tudichumiiRH.

5.8 Endemic Taxa

Succulent shrubs: Braunsia stayneri, Cephalophyllum cornculatum, Didymaotus lipidiformis, Drsanemum belum D. lignosum, Eurphorbia gentilis subsp. tanquana, Hammeria meleagris, Hereroa nelii, H. teretifolia, Maleophora crassa, Ruschia tardissima, Tanquana primatica. Geophytic Herbs: Haemanthus tristis, Strumaria karopoortensis.

5.9 Conservation

The veld type status is Least Threatened. Target 19%. About 10% statutorially conserved in the Tanqua Karoo National Park and a further 4% in private reserves, including Inverdoorn, Zwartbosch, Jakkalsfontein, Basjanskloof, Groote Kapelsfontein, Uintjiekraal and Vaalkloof. Only a small portion of this area of low agricultural production has been transformed but due to overgrazing in some places, aliens such as Atriplex lindleyi subsp. inflata have invaded. Erosion is moderate (47%), high (36%) as well as very low (14%).

5.10 Remarks

Tanqua (Tankwa) Karoo is one of the driest forms of the Succulent Karoo Biome, and the whole appearance of the landscape resembles desert rather than semidesert during most of the year (in extremely low precipitation-poor years in particular). The eastern edge (the foot f the Roggeveld Escarpment) and southern parts of the Tanqua Karoo, are wetter and consequently more densely vegetated. The classification status of driest parts of the Tanqua Karoo as rainshadow desert rather than semidesert (Succulent Karoo) remains open for the time being. The role of heavy grazing pressure in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Tanqua Karoo needs to be evaluated in places where it is “terribly tramped out” according to Acocks (1953).

Tanqua Karoo (including the extensive sheet-wash plains) is an important local centre of endemism housing two endemic genera (Didymaotus and Eurystigma) and three near-endemic genera (Braunsia, Hammeria and Tanquana) – all of the family Aizoaceae.

6 FLORAL ASSESSMENT

6.1 Floral Species Composition

In contrast to other regions of the Succulent Karoo Biome, the Tanqua Karoo is poor in species diversity, which might be ascribed to its transitional character towards true climatic desert. Most of

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the area covers a flat to gently undulating plain, with some hilly and "broken" veld although the hilly areas are not found within any of the three study sites.

Historically the Tanqua Karoo was used for the grazing of livestock. Over time, the then lush plains of the region became severely overstocked and consequently overgrazed for hundreds of years. This led to the ‘desertified’ state in which it currently can be found (Rubin & Sachse, 1998; Vlok, 2000). The Tanqua Karoo is still mainly used as agricultural land for grazing by small stock. However, the region is slowly becoming less populated due to the harsh prevailing environmental conditions and the poor economics of farming under such unfavourable conditions.

The vegetation is dominated by dwarf, succulent shrubs, of which the Vygies (Mesembryanthemaceae) and Stonecrops (Crassulaceae) are particularly prominent. Asteraceae are dominant during the spring, often on degraded or fallow lands. Grasses are rare, except in some sandy areas, and are of the C3 type. The number of plant species mostly succulents - is high athough not as high as other areas of the Succulent Karoo biome.

PRECIS information presented by SANBI indicates the presence of approximately 106 species for the quarter degree grid square 3319BB and 3320AA in which the study sites area situated. These data are, however, incomplete and the PRECIS information was augmented by the species recorded during this study in order to create a final floral species list of 117 species (Appendix 1). During the surveys only 81 species were recorded. This illustrates the fact that much of the area has been disturbed due to overgrazing, but also that many of the species, occurring at very specific times of the year (such as the Asteraceae occurring only in spring), were not recorded during the surveys.

The complete plant species list is given in Appendix 1; this list includes all species known to occur in the relevant grid squares (3319BB and 3320AA) and also indicates which species were recorded during the 2008 survey. Although the plant species diversity is average, when compared to the total number of species known to occur in the area, it must be noted, however, that the species recorded in the grid square range over a single veld types and two variations of that veld type. Futhermore, the time of the year in which the study took place was not ideal as many of the species of asteraceae (which are only visible in spring) and bulbous plants (which are visible for a short while in late spring and early summer or other times of the year) were not recorded.

A lage proportion of the species recorded are indigenous with few exotic species occurring in the area, although in areas of higher anthropogenic disturbances, exotic species are more prevalent.

6.2 Vegetation Communities

Based on physiognomy, moisture regime, rockiness, slope and soil properties, two main plant communities were recognised. These are the karroid scrubland area which dominates the majority of the study area and the Acacia dominated woodland along the drainage lines in the area. Graminoid species are almost absent with only a few grass species occurring in the area. No particular species dominate the scrubland and there are variations within the scrubland according to the substrate and levels of disturbance. These variations are not significant enough to classify these variations as

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different vegetation communities. Pressure on the vegetation in the area is mainly due to grazing and in some areas, mainly along the drainage lines, wood is used for fuel.

A number of stream systems run from runs from south to north through the study area. These streams are all tributaries of the Tankwa River and although the vegetation does not change much from the surrounding area, there are a number of more hydrophilic plant species which occur in the vegetation along the stream. These streams may be impacted by the construction phase of the development and it may be important to protect these systems from spillage during construction and operation of the substation.

6.2.1 Karroid Scrubland Community

On the plains a large variety of typical karroo bushes occurs including, amongst others Eriocephalus ericoides, Salsola glabrescens, Zygophyllm flexuosum, Aptosimum indivisum and Zygophylum microcarpum. Few stands of grass occur within this vegetation type. The grass species occurring in the area include Aristida adscensionis, Cladoraphis spinosa, Ehrharta calycina, Enneapogon desvauxii, Enneapogon scaber, Fingerhuthia africana, Stipagrostis obtuse and S. ciliata. Fire does not appear to occur frequently anywhere in the Succulent Karoo biome and this area is no different.

No Red Data species were recorded during the study, but the habitat is considered moderately suitable for the presence of Red Data species.

Sensitivity aspects

· This variation is situated within the Succulent Karoo biome;

· The vegetation of the area is heavily overgrazed;

· Moderate to high species diversity;

· Floristic status of this area is high;

· Suitability of Red Data flora and faunal species is Moderate;

· Likely impacts on the vegetation will be moderately significant on a very local scale;

· Ecological function of this area is Moderate to High;

· The Conservation importance of this area is Moderate.

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6.2.2 Acacia Woodland Community

Along the streams and rivers Acacia karroo often occurs while the reed Phragmites australis is mostly dominant. Furthermore, alluvial shrubs include, amongst others Galenia Africana, Salsola glabrescens and Sarcocornia mossiana. Few stands of grass occur within this vegetation type but the most dominant species in the alluvial areas include Aristida adscensionis, Enneapogon scaber, Stipagrostis obtusa and S. ciliata. Fire does not appear to occur frequently anywhere in the Succulent Karoo biome and this area is no different.

Vegetation in the alluvial areas of the drainage lines does not show much variation. Floristic variations in this vegetation community are mainly due to the duration of inundation in the stream.

Grazing pressure in these areas is high. Overgrazing has occurred throught the last 200 or more years but certain areas appear to be more overgrazed than others. The three study sites also show varying degrees of overgrazing, with Site D being the most overgrazed, Site E being slightly less overgrazed and Site F being the least overgrazed. Another impact noticeable within this vegetation community is the collection of wood for fuel, due to the lack of trees in the rest of the area this vegetation community is heavily utilised for wood to be used as fuel.

No Red Data species were recorded during the study, but the habitat is considered moderately suitable for the presence of Red Data species. This is especially relevant as the study area falls within the Succulent Karoo biome.

Sensitivity aspects

· This variation is situated within the Succulent Karoo biome;

· The vegetation of the area is heavily overgrazed;

· Moderate to high species diversity;

· Floristic status of this area is high;

· Suitability of Red Data flora and faunal species is Moderate;

· Likely impacts on the vegetation will be moderately significant on a very local scale;

· Ecological function of this area is Moderate to High;

· The Conservation importance of this area is Moderate.

6.3 Species of Importance

Note:

· Use of Red Data species information is restricted exclusively to this report and may not be used for any other purpose

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· Red Data information may not be published anywhere

· Red Data information may not be copied, as hard- or electronic copy

· Red Data information is to remain confidential. Any report containing Red Data information must be supplied as an appendix to the main document, marked confidential and may not be attached to any document available for public perusal. The main document may only indicate the number of Red Data species recorded on the site and their statuses, i.e. the species names may not appear in the main document.

The Interim Red Data List of Southern African Plant species (Threatened Species Programme, 2004) indicates a total of 12 Red Data flora species that may occur in the grid in which the study took place.

No Red Data or protected floral species were, however, found during the 2008 survey.

Seasonal and project limitations placed severe restrictions on the location and identifying of Red Data floral species, therefore it must be kept in mind that such species may occur in the area.

7 FAUNAL ASSESSMENT

The faunal assessment was conducted in February 2008.

7.1 Recorded Faunal Species

7.1.1 Arthropoda

The Tanqua Karoo is home to a newly described order of insects, with South Africa hosting some 20 species. This confers on the region high conservation significance for insects. There is a high level of endemism and good representation of Gondwanan taxa. A total of 67 arthropods were recorded during the site investigation and are given in Appendix 2. All of the species recorded during the survey were common species and are not restricted in terms of habitat or distribution.

7.1.2 Reptilia

The Succulent Karoo has a rich reptile fauna, of which many taxa are endemic to South Africa and have restricted distribution ranges. Several southern African endemics, which are generally uncommon, have localised populations in the area. These include the common Long-tailed Seps Tetradactylus tetradactylus and shortlegged Seps T. seps, and the Slender Thread Snake Leptotphylops gracilior (Barnes, 1998). The area is also home to a number of rare and vulnerable species including the Armadillo Girdled Lizard Cordylus cataphractus, Black Spitting Cobra Naja nigricollis woodi, Fisk’s House Snake Lamprophis fiskii, Mclachlan’s Girdled Lizard Cordylus mclachlani and the Namaqua Plated Lizard Gerrhosaurus typicus. Mclachlan’s Girdled Lizard has a highly restricted range and occurs in the region, whilst the Red Adder Bitis rubida (first described in 1997) occurs quite extensively in the Succulent Karoo. The Southern Speckled Padloper Homopus

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signatus cafer and possibly the Dwarf Girdled Lizard Cordylus minor (restricted distribution) also occur in the area (Branch 1988a & b; Baard, 1994; Barnes, 1998: Cilliers et al., 2002).

Four reptilian species were recorded during the February 2008 surveys (Appendix 3). None of the recorded species are restricted in terms of habitat and distribution, or classified as Red Data Species. It is likely that more species occur in the area but due to the time allowed for this survey an extensive survey was not allowed. Appendix 3 also includes a probability index for the species possibly occurring in the area.

7.1.3 Amphibia

Amphibian diversity in the area is low, probably due to the aridity of the region (Cilliers et al., 2002). A number of widespread species are, however, resident in the area including the Cape River Frog Afrana fuscigula, Common Caco Cacosternum boettgeri, Common Platanna Xenopus laevis and the Karoo Toad Bufo gariepensis (Passmore & Carruthers 1995; Cilliers et al. 2002).

Two species of amphibians were recorded as occurring within the study area and are given in Appendix 4. These species are not restricted in terms of habitat or distribution and none of the species recorded are classified as Red Data species. Although riverine areas occur within the study area these rivers are ephemeral and the timing would have made an intensive search of the area futile as amphibian activity is limited when these rivers are not running. It is advisable to do a more intensive search of these areas when the rivers are running or have standing water.

7.1.4 Aves

The karroid vegetation of the Tanqua and Doring River systems supports many bird assemblages restricted to the Namib-Karoo biome, as well a number of other arid zone “specials” (Barnes, 1998). Parts of this region are incorporated into the Important Bird Area SA 101 (Cederberg-Koue Bokkeveld Complex) (Barnes, 1998). A wide assortment of bird species might be encountered in the karoo, including Fairy Flycatcher Stenostira scita, Pririt Batis Batis pririt, South African Shelduck Tadorna cana (a South African endemic), the rare Tractrac Chat Cercomela tractrac, Verreaux’s (black) Eagle Aquila verreauxii, the scarce and elusive Cinnamon Breasted Warbler Euryptila subcinnamomea, Layard’s Titbabbler Parisoma layardi and the ever-present Karoo Prinia Prinia hypoxantha (Cilliers et al., 2002). The newly described Karoo Longbilled Lark Certhilauda subcoronata occurs in rocky parts of the region (Barnes, 1998, Cilliers et al., 2002).

Perhaps the most conspicuous species along these arid stretches is Tractrac Chat. The commonest bird of the adjacent scrub is usually Rufous-eared Warbler, an endemic of southern Africa’s arid west. Spike-heeled Larks are also common here, as well as Thick-billed, Karoo- and Red-capped Larks. Karoo Lark is particularly easy to find in spring, when its rattling call is heard everywhere. The commonest seedeater in the area is usually Yellow Canary; however, nomadic species like Black- headed Canary and Larklike Bunting also occur in the area. The latter can be particularly abundant at times, and is generally present much more regularly further south in the Tanqua Karoo. Namaqua Sandgrouse, another erratic visitor further south, was found at intervals. Ludwig’s Bustard may be

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present in some numbers and are best spotted in flight, while Karoo Korhaans occur year-round. Greater Kestrel, is a scarce bird further south in the Tanqua but fairly regularly seen further north, as well as the commoner Pale Chanting Goshawk, Rock Kestrel and the occasional Black-chested (breasted) Snake Eagle and Martial Eagle. Karoo Eremomela, a Karoo endemic, is remarkably common along here. Small groups of this social species occur in the scrub.

Karoo thicket species, such as Pririt Batis, Cape Penduline Tit (also in the adjacent lower scrub), Rufous-vented Titbabbler and White-backed Mousebird are common along the drainage lines within the study area.

Namaqua Warbler, which in the Tanqua Karoo occasionally also occurs in Acacia thickets far from water, is very common and fairly easily seen in the mixture of reeds and Acacia thicket densely lining the drainage lines. Due to the lack of open water within the study sites water fowl, waders and other birds usually associated with water were absent from the area.

7.1.5 Mammalia

Large mammals including elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus (Berg River), eland and red hartebeest, were recorded in the area before the arrival of European settlers (Cowling & Richardson, 1995), but were soon eliminated. However, smaller mammals requiring shorter ranges are still found, including antelope species such as Grey Rhebuck Pelea capreolus (the largest antelope remaining “naturally” in the area), Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Steenbuck Rhaphicerus campestris and Grysbuck R. melanotis.

Other less visible mammals include Aardvark Orycteropus afer, Cape Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis, Honey Badger Mellivora capensis and Porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, and as well as smaller species such as the Cape Rock Elephant Shrew Elephantulus edwardii and the Spectacled Dormouse Graphiurus ocularis.

A number of bat and smaller mammal species also occur in the region. Uncommon or rare bat species possibly occurring in the area include Eptesicus melkorum Melk’s House Bat and Myotis lesueri Leseur’s Wing-gland Bat. Bats are especially important since they can serve as indicator species of ecosystem health and global climate change (Cilliers et al., 2002).

The threatened Cape Gerbil Tatera afra, Cape Spiny Mouse Acomys subspinosus and Verreaux’s Mouse Praomys verreauxii all occur within the area (sensu Barnes, 1998). Their ranges may in all probability extend into the karroid vegetation of the Tanqua Karoo.

The Leopard Panthera pardus is the area’s largest predator and is afforded protection through a conservation programme which extends beyond reserve areas to private property (Cilliers et al., 2002; Dennis Moss Partnership Inc. 2001). Both the Leopard and Aardwolf are threatened species and protection measures such as these are crucial for their survival. Smaller predators include African Wild Cat Felis lybica, Caracal Felis caracal, Aardwolf Proteles cristatus, Cape Fox Vulpes chama and Small Grey Mongoose Galerella pulverulenta. It is even possible that the secretive Small Spotted

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or Black-footed Cat Felis nigripes might also occur in the region. The omnivore, Otocyon megalotis Bat-eared Fox, common throughout the area, particularly in agricultural lands, is often encountered.

7.2 Red Data Faunal Species

Red Data faunal species that may occur in the area are listed in Table 5. A total of 16 Red Data faunal species may occur in the area.

Table 5: Red Data faunal species that may occur in the study area. Red Data Prob. Of Biological name Common Name Status HR HS HL Occurrence Aethomys namaquensis Namaqua Rock Rat LC L H L Low Dendromus melanotis Gray Climbing Mouse LC L L L Low Desmodillus auricularis Cape Short Eared Gerbil LC M M M Medium Felis silvestris African Wild Cat LC H H H High Malacothrix typica Gerbil Mouse LC H M M Medium Phrynomantis annectens Marbled Rubber Frog LC L L L Low Procavia capensis Rock Hyrax LC H H H High Saccostomus campestris Pouched Mouse LC L M M Medium Tatera afra Cape Gerbil LC H M H High Tatera brantsii Highveld Gerbil LC L M L Low Felis nigripes Small-spotted Cat VU H H H High Botaurus stellaris Spectacled Dormouse CR M H L Medium Gerrhosaurus typicus Namaqua Plated Lizard NT H H H High Ciconia ciconia White Stork NT L L L Low Ciconia nigra Black Stork NT L L L Low Aquila verrauxii Black Eagle VU M H M Medium Red Data Status: VU = Vulnerable; CR = Critically Endangered; NT = Near Threatened Habitats: HR =Habitat Requirements; HS = Habitat Status; HL = Habitat Linkage

The Red Data species that may occur in the study area consist of 1 reptilian species, 1 amphibian species, 3 avian species and 11 mammal species. The habitat suitability for Red Data species ranges from low to medium with a 4 species for which the habitat suitability can be classified as high. No Red Data species were recorded during the 2008 survey.

7.3 Ecological Function

This entire area can be described as having Low to Medium ecological function (See Figure 3 to Figure 5). Sites E and F are considered to have higher ecological function than Site D as site D is considerably more degraded than the former two sites. Riverine corridors in the area can be considered as having Medium to High ecological function.The proposed development should have little impact on the areas with high ecological function. Due to the relatively small footprint of the development, it should have relatively little impact on the ecological function of the area.

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Figure 3: 1:50 000 topographical map indicating the Ecological Function of Site D

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Figure 4: 1:50 000 topographical map indicating the Ecological Function of Site E.

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Figure 5: 1:50 000 topographical map indicating the Ecological Function of Site F.

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7.4 Conservation Importance

The vegetation of the Tanqua Karoo is for the most part in a degraded state, the plains having been subjected to 200 to 300 years of intensive grazing and accordingly has a very low carrying capacity. Even so, with sufficient rest and ‘good’ rainfall, the vegetation might be able to recover to a certain degree in some areas. Seen in this light, the current level of biodiversity protection is wholly inadequate. However, the current land-use trends (the change from sheep to game and/or private nature reserves) should further aid the recovery process (Cilliers, et al., 2002).

The vegetation on the koppies and on foothills of mountain ranges surrounding the Ceres/Tanqua Karoo basin is generally in a more natural state than that of the plains, often exhibiting higher species diversity (Milton et al. 1997). The extent of truly non-natural vegetation in the Tanqua Karoo is minimal since any form of intensive agriculture is severely curtailed by the lack of available water while invasive alien plants are at present largely confined to the watercourses. However, large areas have been heavily grazed, thereby reducing the natural plant cover substantially (Rubin & Sachse, 1998; Vlok, 2000).

The Tanqua Karoo National Park is an extensive protected area (currently >70 000ha) in the Tanqua Karoo area that is quite representative of the eastern part of the area. Although not as rich as many of the other Succulent Karoo centres of endemism, the Tanqua Karoo has 28 endemics, six of which have been recorded by Rubin & Sachse (1998) in the Tanqua Karoo National Park (Vlok, 2000). Other protected areas include conservancies proclaimed within the Western Cape Province.

For these reasons the area is considered as having Medium to High conservation importance (See Figure 6).

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Figure 6: 1:250 000 topographical map indicating the Conservation Importance of the study sites.

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8 BIODIVERSITY IMPACT EVALUATION

Table 6: Table indicating the biodiversity impact evaluation. Significance Score Impact Discussion and recommended mitigation P D SS Mag Total Rating Habitat degradation due The vegetation secures the soil and protects it from erosion. In order to the area the vegetation will to the removal of SBM need to be removed. This will result in a loss of vital habitats due to smothering, increased turbidity vegetation of terrestrial levels in streams and decreased photosynthesis as well as placing physiological stress on aquatic habitats and icrease in 5 5 2 8 75 H and terrestrial organisms. This impact can be mitigated by effective sediment and run-off erosion due to exposure management practices and by clearly demarcating the buffer zone and closely monitoring that it is of bare ground. adhered to. SAM

4 4 1 6 44 M Decrease in biodiversity Although faunal species diversity is low any birds, small mamals, herpetofauna and frogs depend SBM due to disturbance and on the area's habitat for their survival. Disturbances such as noise and vibration will cause some loss of habitat of faunal 5 5 3 10 90 H sensitive species to evacuate their habitats thus decreasing the current level of biodiversity. This species. impact can be mitigated by keeping to a minimum the amount of noise and vibration that is SAM generated during construction.

3 4 2 6 36 M Habitat degradation due Wind blown dust from the exposed ground may result in increased sediment levels in the wetland SBM to dust blown from and aquatic ecosystems, resulting in loss of vital habitats due to smothering, increased turbidity exposed ground. 5 5 2 8 75 H levels and decreased photosynthesis as well as placing physiological stress on aquatic organisms. This impact can be mitigated by effective sediment and run-off management practices. SAM

3 4 1 6 33 M Habitat degradation due Any spilliage from the construction process (e.g. feul or oil from vehicles) to the surrounding to spilliage of poisonous SBM habitats will have a negative effect of the fauna and flora of the area.This impact can only be or toxic substance. mitigated by a) steering clear of drainage lines during all phases of operation and development or b) 4 4 2 8 56 M putting measures in place to prevent spilliage in these areas. SAM 2 4 1 4 18 L

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9 DISCUSSION

Strict adherence to specific mitigation measures and general practice during construction and maintenance is the only way to demonstrate commitment to the environmental management principles.

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A. Hudson D.J. Otto D:\MY DOCUMENTS\PROJECTS\11437 - ESKOM KAPPA TERRESTRIAL SURVEYS\10636-ECOLOGICAL REPORT.DOC

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