DOCSLIB.ORG

6.2017 Turnip News Final.Pub

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
6.2017 Turnip News Final.Pub June 2017 Turnip News Master Gardeners Prince William Editors: Maria Stewart Rebecca Arvin-Colón Inside this issue: Master Gardener Memorial Service 2 Upcoming Events and MGPW 3 MG President’s Message Meetings - At a Glance MGPW Social Committee - Lewis 4 Ginter Botanical Garden and Lunch ACTION CONCERNING FEEDBACK FROM ONE OF YOUR RESPONSES TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE PROVID- Daisies Plant Pollinator Garden 5 ED AT RECERTIFICATION. As mentioned in last month’s MGPW Education Committee - Irises 6 Turnip News, one of the items Association members recom- Research Focus, Cover Crops 7-8 mended was that the “wisdom of departing veterans needs to MG Outreach to the Community 9 be captured by having a cheerful outreach volunteer contact, if Sassafras Trees-History, Habit, & Uses 10-12 possible, each departing veteran and do an informal exit in- Congratulations Eileen Murphy & 13 terview.” Harriet Carter Utilizing Solar Power in the Residential 14-15 Nancy Berlin says that last year only about one dozen veter- Garden ans did not recommit to Master Gardeners Prince Wil- Cook’s Teaching Garden Update 16 liam (MGPW). Most were people who were moving to other lo- Update #1: Possum Point Power 17-19 cations or had developed medical/family issues that required Station Cola Ash Issue their full attention. We need to thank all who depart from their Master Gardener Directory 19 volunteer service and capture their insights so we can continual- Compost Awareness Day 20 ly grow and improve as an organization. Partnerships for the Environment 21-22 Last month Master Gardeners Harriet Carter and Brenda Teaching Garden Blog / 23 Work Schedule Hallam kindly took on this task and were key in developing a Upcoming Events and MGPW 24 feedback guide to be used with our departing veterans. Some of Meetings the principles in the guide are: Garden Fest 25 • Background. High performing units are feedback-oriented. Master Gardener College 26 As a high performing unit, MGPW conducts exit interviews Get to Know a Critter 27 PUZZLER 28 Turnip News with departing volunteers to get honest feedback on what the Association should change and should not change so MGPW can continually provide the best volunteer experience as we evolve into the future. • Approach. An exit interview will be conducted with appreciation for the departing member’s privacy. The phone call or personal discussion with the departing member is done solely to draw upon the individual’s wisdom for the purpose of MGPW improvement. • Questionnaire for Conducting MGPW Exit Interviews. The guide includes a list of com- ments and questions to be used as a broad guide for initiating telephone or face-to-face inter- views with departing Master Gardeners. -Larry Lehowicz, President, MGPW, [email protected] 2 Turnip News Upcoming Events and MGPW Meetings - At A Glance June SATURDAY SATURDAY SATURDAY 3 3 10 Master Gardener Garden Fest 12 Steps to a Memorial Service Greener Lawn TUESDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 13 16 17 MGPW Board Lewis Ginter Saturday in the Meeting Botanical Garden Garden and Lunch THURSDAY- SATURDAY SUNDAY 24 22-25 Irises: Culture and Care in the Integrated MG College Landscape July TUESDAY SATURDAY 11 15 MGPW Board Saturday in the Meeting Garden 3 Turnip News Master Gardeners Prince William Social Committee Announces a Field Trip! 4 Turnip News Daisies Plant Pollinator Garden at Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge by Carina Velazquez, Visitor Services Intern at the Potomac River National Wildlife Refuge Complex small troop of Girl Scout Daisies visited Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge on a gloomy, rainy, Saturday morning to learn about pollinators and help replant the pollinator A garden. The Daisies, ranging from kindergarten to first grade, must earn a set of petals to explore different aspects of the Girl Scout Law. On this trip they were working to help the environ- ment and earn their Clover Petal, which stands for “using resources wisely.” Visitor Services Manager Rosalind Wu started off the pro- gram with a game to explore first-hand how bees, butter- flies, and other pollinators do their job. The Daises pre- tended to be bees, digging for buried candy (nectar) in a bowl of cheese balls (pollen). As they visited different bowls, they could see the cheese ball “pollen” being depos- ited on the paper towel “flowers” in each bowl! The Daisies were little troopers. When it was time to go out to the garden there wasn’t a single complaint about the damp weather. Mother Nature even lent a hand! The rain stopped just long enough for the Daisies to plant. Even though the garden had a couple flow- ering plants that made it through the last year, there was still plenty of empty space to work with. Before the program began, Volunteer Bill Willis organized the plants in ideal locations for each species. The girls picked up their trowels and started digging. The Daisies did a great job at care- fully transferring the plants, and even saved a few errant earthworms that had accidentally gotten uncovered. Once we finished up in the garden the clouds began drizzling again, making for a great weekend for the new plants. After learning about the rain barrels set up to save water for the garden during the hot summers, the troop finished off their afternoon work with some fun in the rain hopping in puddles. The program would not have been possible without the donations from Nancy Vehrs’ (of the PW Wildflower Soci- ety) personal garden and Leslie Paulson of the Prince William Master Gardeners. Plants donated to the refuge include but are not limited to, Mountain Mint, Rudbeck- ia, and N.Y. Ironweed, which are all popular with butter- flies and bees. 5 Turnip News Master Gardeners Prince William Education Committee Announces a Fun and Informative Event! Note New Date: now June 24th 6 Turnip News Research Focus: finding news you can use in academic studies, Cover Crops by Jeff Schneider, Master Gardener sing Cover Crop Mixtures to Achieve crop cocktail” to see if multiple objectives could Multiple Goals on the Farm. M. Bar- be achieved. The four mixtures were: bercheck, J. Kaye, D. Mortensen, C. U • White, M. Hunter, J. Hinds, J. LaChance (Penn 3-species mix for supplying and retaining Ni- State). An eOrganic webinar presented on 21 Oc- trogen. Red clover and Austrian winter peas tober 2014. with a small amount of cereal rye. • Cover crops tend to be an afterthought for most 3-species mix for suppressing weeds in addi- home gardeners, if they think about them at all. tion to supplying and retaining Nitrogen. Ce- They might look to a cover crop to fill in an open real rye, oats, and red clover. area in the garden plot until the next plants are • 4-species mix for attracting beneficial insects ready, or to cover a plot for the winter to prevent in addition to suppressing weeds and supply- erosion. “Just get something growing in there” ing and retaining Nitrogen. Red clover, Aus- tends to be our prevailing attitude. The current trian winter pea, canola, and cereal rye. study, however, demonstrates that we might want to pay a bit more attention to what we se- • 6-species “insurance” mix for accomplishing lect for our cover crop depending on the needs of at least some of the above tasks even if there the bed and what we grow. is a crop failure of one or more of the individ- ual species. In this study, a Penn State team explored tailor- ing cover crop mixtures to achieve one or more of Weed control: Oats, rye, and each of the mix- these four specific goals: 1) suppressing weeds; tures provided good to excellent weed suppres- 2) supplying Nitrogen; 3) retaining Nitrogen; sion including the oats and radishes which died and 4) attracting beneficial insects. For the field during the winter. Red clover had almost no ef- trials, the team selected two varieties each from fect on weeds and had difficulty surviving the three plant families often used for cover crops— competition from the other cover crops when legumes (red clover and Austrian winter peas), planted in a mixture. In a project update pub- grasses (cereal rye and oats), and brassicas lished in May of this year (the link is below), the (canola and forage radishes). The first variety in team noted that they have replaced red clover each pair is winter hardy, the second will usual- with crimson clover because of the latter’s high- ly winter kill. er survival rate. Austrian winter peas also ranked poorly in weed suppression. The team The team measured the effectiveness of each va- concluded that planting rapidly growing grasses riety by itself against each of the four goals and and/or brassicas in the fall was the most effec- then mixed and matched varieties in a “cover tive strategy for suppressing weeds. 7 Turnip News for beneficial insects throughout the growing Nitrogen management: As expected, the leg- year. umes increased the nitrogen content of the soil for the follow-on crop, while the grasses and The original webinar and its update can be brassicas drew up the existing nitrogen into found at these links: their biomass, which prevented the nitrogen from leaching from the field. The biomass could then be tilled in, composted, or left to decompose on the field’s surface to provide nitrogen for the next crop. Interestingly, the nitrogen level al- ready present in the soil and its carbon-to- nitrogen ratio determined which species in the mixtures thrived and which tended to fade. The grasses dominated in fields with high nitrogen levels and low C:N ratios, while the legumes flourished in fields with the opposite conditions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recommended Trees for Winnetka
    RECOMMENDED TREES FOR WINNETKA SHADE TREES Common_Name Scientific_Name Ohio Buckeye Acer galbra Miyabe Maple Acer miyabei Black Maple Acer nigrum Norway Maple Acer plantanoides v. ___ Sugar Maple (many cultivars) Acer saccharum Shangtung Maple Acer truncatum Autumn Blaze or Marmo Maple Acer x freemanii Red Horsechestnut Aesculus x carnea 'Briotii' Horsechestnut Aesulus hippocastanum Alder Alnus glutinosa Yellowwood Caldrastis lutea Upright European Hornbeam Carpinus betulus “Fastigata” American Hornbeam Carpinus carolinians Hickory Carya ovata Catalpa Catalpa speciosa Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Katsuratree Cercidiphyllum japonicum Turkish Filbert Corylus colurna American Beech Fagus grandifolia Green Beech Fagus sylvatica European Beech Fagus sylvatica Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Thornless Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos inermis Kentucky Coffeetree Gymnocladus dioica Goldenraintree Koelreuteria paniculata Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Tulip Tree Liriodendron tulipfera Black gum, Tupelo Liriodendron tulipfera Hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana Corktree Phellodendron amurense Exclamation Plantree Plantanus x aceerifolia Quaking Aspen Populus tremuloides Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Shingle Oak Quercus imbricaria Bur Oak Quercus macrocarpa Chinkapin Oak Quercus muehlenbergii English Oak Quercus robur Red Oak Quercus rubra Schumard Oak Quercus shumardii Black Oak Quercus velutina May 2015 SHADE TREES Common_Name Scientific_Name Sassafras Sassafras albidum American Linden Tilia Americana Littleleaf Linden (many cultivars) Tilia cordata Silver
    [Show full text]
  • Sassafras Tea: Using a Traditional Method of Preparation to Reduce the Carcinogenic Compound Safrole Kate Cummings Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2012 Sassafras Tea: Using a Traditional Method of Preparation to Reduce the Carcinogenic Compound Safrole Kate Cummings Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cummings, Kate, "Sassafras Tea: Using a Traditional Method of Preparation to Reduce the Carcinogenic Compound Safrole" (2012). All Theses. 1345. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1345 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SASSAFRAS TEA: USING A TRADITIONAL METHOD OF PREPARATION TO REDUCE THE CARCINOGENIC COMPOUND SAFROLE A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Forest Resources by Kate Cummings May 2012 Accepted by: Patricia Layton, Ph.D., Committee Chair Karen C. Hall, Ph.D Feng Chen, Ph. D. Christina Wells, Ph. D. ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to quantify the carcinogenic compound safrole in the traditional preparation method of making sassafras tea from the root of Sassafras albidum. The traditional method investigated was typical of preparation by members of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and other Appalachian peoples. Sassafras is a tree common to the eastern coast of the United States, especially in the mountainous regions. Historically and continuing until today, roots of the tree are used to prepare fragrant teas and syrups.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Fishes
    WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE state oF BIODIVERSITY 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 2 Methods 17 Chapter 3 Freshwater fishes 18 Chapter 4 Amphibians 36 Chapter 5 Reptiles 55 Chapter 6 Mammals 75 Chapter 7 Avifauna 89 Chapter 8 Flora & Vegetation 112 Chapter 9 Land and Protected Areas 139 Chapter 10 Status of River Health 159 Cover page photographs by Andrew Turner (CapeNature), Roger Bills (SAIAB) & Wicus Leeuwner. ISBN 978-0-620-39289-1 SCIENTIFIC SERVICES 2 Western Cape Province State of Biodiversity 2007 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Andrew Turner [email protected] 1 “We live at a historic moment, a time in which the world’s biological diversity is being rapidly destroyed. The present geological period has more species than any other, yet the current rate of extinction of species is greater now than at any time in the past. Ecosystems and communities are being degraded and destroyed, and species are being driven to extinction. The species that persist are losing genetic variation as the number of individuals in populations shrinks, unique populations and subspecies are destroyed, and remaining populations become increasingly isolated from one another. The cause of this loss of biological diversity at all levels is the range of human activity that alters and destroys natural habitats to suit human needs.” (Primack, 2002). CapeNature launched its State of Biodiversity Programme (SoBP) to assess and monitor the state of biodiversity in the Western Cape in 1999. This programme delivered its first report in 2002 and these reports are updated every five years. The current report (2007) reports on the changes to the state of vertebrate biodiversity and land under conservation usage.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Name Common Name NATURAL ASSOCIATIONS of TREES and SHRUBS for the PIEDMONT a List
    www.rainscapes.org NATURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF TREES AND SHRUBS FOR THE PIEDMONT A list of plants which are naturally found growing with each other and which adapted to the similar growing conditions to each other Scientific Name Common Name Acer buergeranum Trident maple Acer saccarum Sugar maple Acer rubrum Red Maple Betula nigra River birch Trees Cornus florida Flowering dogwood Fagus grandifolia American beech Maple Woods Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip-tree, yellow poplar Liquidamber styraciflua Sweetgum Magnolia grandiflora Southern magnolia Amelanchier arborea Juneberry, Shadbush, Servicetree Hamamelis virginiana Autumn Witchhazel Shrubs Ilex opaca American holly Ilex vomitoria*** Yaupon Holly Viburnum acerifolium Maple leaf viburnum Aesulus parvilflora Bottlebrush buckeye Aesulus pavia Red buckeye Carya ovata Shadbark hickory Cornus florida Flowering dogwood Halesia carolina Crolina silverbell Ilex cassine Cassina, Dahoon Ilex opaca American Holly Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip-tree, yellow poplar Trees Ostrya virginiana Ironwood Prunus serotina Wild black cherry Quercus alba While oak Quercus coccinea Scarlet oak Oak Woods Quercus falcata Spanish red oak Quercus palustris Pin oak Quercus rubra Red oak Quercus velutina Black oak Sassafras albidum Sassafras Azalea nudiflorum Pinxterbloom azalea Azalea canescens Piedmont azalea Ilex verticillata Winterberry Kalmia latifolia Mountain laurel Shrubs Rhododenron calendulaceum Flame azalea Rhus copallina Staghorn sumac Rhus typhina Shining sumac Vaccinium pensylvanicum Low-bush blueberry Magnolia
    [Show full text]
  • Sassafras in the New World and the Syphilis Exchange Written by Fred L
    Sassafras in the New World and The Syphilis Exchange Written By Fred L. Willard 6/3/2009 Latin American Studies 1492-Present, Dr. Angela Thompson Spring 2009 1 The Syphilis Exchange Syphilis and its rapid blazing spread through the Old World in the late 15th century is controversial, riddled with claims and counter-claims of how, when, and where it originated. Three theories of thought have been proffered and all have enough convincing evidence not to be discarded. The Columbian Theory has gained the most credible following theme of its origin, and places the sexually-transmitted Treponemia pallidum---the spi- rochete that causes venereal syphilis---with the Arwak Indians of Espanola. It was reported in the Relation of Fray Ramon Concerning the Antiquities of the Indians, that ―they had shared their hands with the illness as far back as their memory would go‖1. The Italian physicians Niccolo Leoniceno and Niccolo Massa were the defenders of this theory2. Many accounts place the illness, dubbed ―The French Pox‖, on the sailors that came back from the New World with Columbus3. However, another theo- ry, the Unitarian Theory, postulates that the organism which causes trepone- matosis mutated into several forms, and became a sexually-transmitted vene- real disease only after being transported from Africa into colder climates4. Supporting the above summary is that the three treponemal organisms (all spi- rochetes) most widely reported cannot be differentiated under a microscope5. In addition, if an immunity to one form of the microorganism is attained, the immunity also applies to the other manifested treponemal forms, including pallidum.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist Trees
    Willow Linden, Dogwood Trees Serviceberry / Sarvis V American Basswood S Amelanchier arborea Tilia americana Checklist Cockspur Hawthorn W, O Rough-leaved Dogwood V Crataegus crus-galli Cornus drummondii Chickasaw Plum W, O Flowering Dogwood V Prunus angustifolia Cornus florida Big Tree Plum W Tupelo, Ebony Prunus mexicana Black Cherry V Black Gum V Prunus serotina Nyssa sylvatica var. sylvatica Pea Persimmon O Diospyros virginiana Redbud V Ash Cercis canadensis Honey Locust V White Ash M Gleditsia triancanthos Fraxinus americana Black Locust V Blue Ash S, B Robinia pseudo-acacia Fraxinus quadrangualta Cashew Invasive Non-Native Smooth Sumac V Mimosa / Silktree V Rhus glabra Albizia julibrissin Maple Tree of Heaven V Ailanthus altissima Box Elder L, Buffalo National River Acer negundo Red Maple L, Acer rubrum var. rubrum Sugar Maple M Acer saccharum var. saccharum Walnut, Birch Elm, Mulberry, Magnolia The rugged region of the Buffalo national River contains over one hundred different species of Shagbark Hickory M Sugarberry V trees and shrubs. The park trails offer some of Carya ovata Celtis laevigata the best places for viewing native trees and shrubs. This checklist highlights the more Black Hickory V Hackberry V Carya texana Celtis occidentalis Mockernut Hickory V Winged Elm V Habitat Key Carya tomentosa Ulmus alata The following symbols have been Black Walnut V American Elm M used to indicatethetype of habitat Juglans nigra Ulmus americana where trees and shrubs can be found. River Birch S Slippery Elm V Betula nigra Ulmus rubra W - Woodlands B - Bluffs / dry areas / glades Iron wood S, M Osage Orange V S - Streams /swampy areas Carpinus caroliniana Maclura pomifera M - Moist soil L - Lowlands Beech, Oaks Red Mulberry M Morus rubra U - Uplands Ozark Chinquapin V O - Open areas / fields Castanea pumila var.
    [Show full text]
  • A Field Guide to Selected Trees and Shrubs of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Campus
    A Field Guide to Selected Trees and Shrubs of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Campus Written and Illustrated by: Richard H. Uva Class of 1991 Department of Biology Univeristy of Massachusetts Dartmouth North Dartmouth, MA Edited by: James R. Sears Professor of Biology University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Converted to Web Format by: Sustainability Studies Seminar Class Spring 2012 University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 1 Table of Contents RED MAPLE Ȃ ACER RUBRUM ............................................................................................................. 4 YELLOW BIRCH - BETULA LUTEA ...................................................................................................... 6 GRAY BIRCH - BETULA POPULIFOLIA .............................................................................................. 8 SWEET PEPPERBUSH - CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA .............................................................................. 10 SWEETFERN - COMPTONIA PEREGRINE ........................................................................................ 11 FLOWERING DOGWOOD - CORNUS FLORIDA .............................................................................. 13 AMERICAN BEECH - FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA ................................................................................... 15 WITCH-HAZEL - HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA ................................................................................... 17 INKBERRY - ILEX GLABRA ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sassafras Albidum.Indd
    Sassafras albidum (Sassafras) Laurel Family (Lauraceae) Introduction: Sassafras has exceptional features in all seasons. Small yellow fl owers bloom in early spring. Aromatic leaves are bright green in summer and yellow to orange to brilliant red in fall. Dark blue berries on female trees hang from bright red stems in September. In winter, the tree offers green twigs, red-brown furrowed bark, plump fl ower buds and unique branch architecture. Culture: Sassafras is ideal for naturalized areas, parks or the home landscape. Because it suckers in response to root or trunk damage, it quite easily becomes an attractive thicket. If a single specimen is desired, suckers must be removed. Sassafras performs best in full sun or light shade in slightly acidic, well-drained loamy soil. It tolerates a range of soils but may become chlorotic under alkaline conditions. Sassafras will not tolerate heavy shade and is damaged by road salt, wind, Japanese beetles and sassafras weevils. Botanical Characteristics: Additional information: Native habitat: Maine west to Michigan, The laurel family contains many aromatic tree and south to Texas and Florida. shrub genera from the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Although fossil records show sassafras once Growth habit: Pyramidal, irregular form when young, becoming oval and irregular at was widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemi- maturity. Sassafras suckers freely and often sphere, only two species currently exist: our native Ameri- forms thickets. can species and an east Asian species. The name sassafras was derived from the Span- Tree size: Reaches a height of 30 to 60 feet ish word salsafras, referring to the tree’s alleged medicinal with a spread of 25 to 40 feet.
    [Show full text]
  • Sassafras Albidum) – Part II
    Big Tree of the Month - September 2013 Anne Krantz, Tree Steward and NH Big Tree Committee Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) – Part II We all love the colorful leaves of fall in New England. Among the brilliant leaves are the yellow to red leaves of native sassafras. Its unique mitten shaped leaves are fun for children to find because they really look like a hand. The mitten is one of three random leaf forms that grow on the same tree; the others are the mitten with a pinky finger and a single long oval shape. These strange leaves with unusual smooth edges make identifying sassafras easy, but it is not a common tree in NH and found mostly in the southern part of the state. Look for this medium sized often shrubby tree growing in clumps along roadsides or in field hedgerows in sunny locations. The leaves are not the only strange characteristics of this interesting tree. Its flowers, bark, aromatic qualities and especially its odd fall fruits are other fascinating features. It is classified as a member of the Laurel family along with 3,000 species of flowering plants found worldwide, but mostly in tropical regions in Asia and South America. Most are fragrant like cinnamon and bay. Sassafras is the only Lauraceae family that grows naturally New England. Our Mountain laurel, kalmia latifolia, is a member of the heath family – Ericaceae and not a lauraceae at all. (Little) A clump grows along our roadside so I have observed it over the years. This spring I was amazed to see clusters of greenish flowers on some of the smaller saplings.
    [Show full text]
  • Rooting Sassafras Cuttings
    ROOTING SASSAFRAS CUTTINGS FRANZ L. POGGE Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service Though sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) is were dipped in 0.8-percent indolebutyric acid and of little commercial value, it is important as food and planted upright to a depth of 5 cm. cover for wildlife (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) ; so in our wildlife studies we are searching for an effective method All cuttings were placed in beds of fine topsoil within for rooting sassafras cuttings. 2 hours after collection. Temperatures ranged from 50° Little work has been done on this. Only one pub- to 90° F., and the soil was kept moist. The cuttings were lished reference was found on regenerating sassafras removed after 5 months and examined for live rootlets, from root and stem cuttings, and the results were callus tissue, and presence of stem sprouting or leafing. negative (4). Differences in the percentages of the following characteristics for each type of cutting were examined for: Materials and Methods (1) Stem sprouting or leafing, (2) presence of live Six types of cuttings, collected in Warren Co., Pa., were rootlets, and (3) presence of callus tissue. These tested for sprouting under greenhouse conditions (table differences were tested (a = 0.10) , utilizing a 1) . Forty cuttings (4 replicates in sets of 10) of each type randomized-block design. were tested. Root cuttings were planted vertically and hori- Results zontally. Those placed vertically had the shoot end Most of the stem sprouting and leafing was from root removed with a slanted cut and the tops placed even cuttings that already had a sprout and from large with the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Sassafras a Sixteenth
    The Pre-Columbian Hypothesis The Pre-Columbian Hypothesis states that treponemal disease, which includes syphilis, existed be- fore 1492---but was confused diagnos-tically with other illnesses, particu-larly leprosy. • It was around 3000 BCE, with cultural changes in the Middle East, that promoted the emergence of venereal syphilis, the ne- west treponemal form. It was reasoned that syphilis first ap- peared in the context of early city life: ―Denser settlement, more clothing, and increased sexual laxity as well as decreasing en- demic syphilis might well have assisted climatic change in the selection of mutants towards venereal syphilis treponemes‖ (Hackett 1963: 29). The Columbus Exchange The Columbian Hypothesis • The reason why there was a strong motive to blame the New World for the new disease is because a supposéd cure was located in the New World • The Columbia Hypothesis (named for its alleged protagonist) had its origin in the treatises of Oviedo, de Isla, and las Casas and other 16th- Century accounts (Baker and Armelagos 1988; Crosby 1972; Dennie 1962; Desowitz 1997; Goff 1967; Harrison 1959; Pusey 1933; Williams, Rice, and Lacayo 1927; Williams 1932, 1936). The historian Alfred Cosby (1972) and others (Munger 1949; Quétel 1990; Steinbock 1976: 87) have pointed out an important financial aspect of the 16th-century acceptance of this explanation: the lucrative trade in guiac wood (ironwood) from the West Indies, imported as a treatment for syphilis to replace the mecurial ointments, pills, and fumigations derived from Arabic remedies for lepro- sy brought back to Europe by the Crusaders. It was alleged the Native A- merican inhabitants of Hispaniola created guiacum, a decoction of guiac wood, to treat their ―age-old‖ version of the disease Syphilis‘ Attack Stages Spirochete Organism Treponematosis is a delicate pathogen, and as a result has rather precise humidity and tempera- ture requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Venomous Snakes in Virginia
    Virginia’s poisonous snakes all have and antivenom if needed. If possible, wash swamps, marshes, and deep holes in venom that destroys blood cells, blood ves- the bite with soap and water and immobi- the ground. Most bites happen between sels, and other tissues. If you are bitten by lize the bitten body part. Swelling is likely, April and October, when snakes are ac- one of Virginia’s poisonous snakes, you may so remove constrictive items like jewelry tive. When outdoors, watch where you experience some of these symptoms: or tight clothing near the bite. There are put your hands and feet, or where you sit many myths and folk remedies for treating down. Wear long pants and shoes. • Intense pain spreading out from the snake bites. Experts warn not to cut the Never directly handle a snake, even if bite wound, to use any form of suction to re- you think it is dead. Recently killed snakes move the venom, apply a tourniquet or ice, may still “bite” by reflex. If you encounter • Puncture wounds from fangs or use an ice bath. These “remedies” often a snake, just go around it. • Progressive swelling and bruising do more harm than good. Contact the Blue Snakes can be found around your (may become severe) Ridge Poison Control Center at 1-800-222- home or garden, seeking food. If you can PHOTOGRAPHS BY JACK LOONEY • Sweating 1222 with questions. eliminate the food source, the snakes If someone has been bitten, DO NOT will go elsewhere. To eliminate attraction • Weakness try to catch or kill the snake! This often for mice and cover for snakes, remove • Nausea and vomiting results in another snakebite victim.
    [Show full text]