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The Case of Sulukule Elif Kevser Özer Istanbul

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The Case of Sulukule Elif Kevser Özer Istanbul MAPPING A NEOLIBERAL TRANSITION: THE CASE OF SULUKULE ELİF KEVSER ÖZER İSTANBUL ŞEHİR UNIVERSITY AUGUST 2014 MAPPING A NEOLIBERAL TRANSITION: THE CASE OF SULUKULE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF İSTANBUL ŞEHİR UNIVERSITY BY ELİF KEVSER ÖZER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN CULTURAL STUDIES AUGUST 2014 ABSTRACT MAPPING A NEOLIBERAL TRANSITION: CASE STUDY SULUKULE Özer, Elif Kevser. MA, Department of Cultural Studies Supervisor: Prof. Ferhat Kentel August 2014, 234 pages This thesis aims to fundamentally cover the subject of the process of localizing neoliberalism through examining one of the state's neoliberal policies, the urban transformations projects, as well as the volunteer work undertaken by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) towards this. By focusing on a Roma district which lies beyond the borders of society, this study examines the urban transformation projects carried out as a result of these neoliberal policies and the reasoning behind them. This study points out NGOs and their activities, the result of these urban transformation projects and the resulting web of power relations, as the main underlying problem. The tendency of the state and volunteers to try to normalize the Roma, under the banner of “empowerment”, is read as a localization of neoliberalism. Keywords: Urban Transformation, Volunteerism, Civil Society, Neoliberalism, Romani Studies v ÖZ BİR NEOLİBERAL GEÇİŞ SÜRECİNİN İZİNİ SÜRME: SULUKULE ÖRNEĞİ Özer, Elif Kevser. MA, Kültürel Çalışmalar Programı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Ferhat Kentel Ağustos 2014, 234 sayfa Bu çalışma temel olarak neoliberalizmin lokalleşme sürecini, devletin neoliberal politikalarından biri olan kentsel dönüşüm projeleri ve buna eşlik eden sivil toplum sektörünün gönüllü faaliyetlerine odaklanarak konu edinir. Toplumun geri kalan kesimiyle sınırları olan bir Roman mahallesini merkeze alarak kentsel dönüşüm projelerinin uygulanma sürecini ve bu projelerin mantığını sorgular. Uygulanan kentsel dönüşüm projesi sonucunda yeniden oluşan güç ilişkileri ağı içinde yer alan gönüllüler üzerinden sivil toplum sektörünü ve bu sektörün faaliyetlerini sorunsallaştırır. Bu çalışma, devletin ve gönüllülerin “güçlendirme” adı altında Romanları normalize etmelerini neoliberalizmin lokalleşmesi olarak okur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kentsel Dönüşüm, Gönüllülük, Sivil Toplum, Neoliberalizm, Roman Çalışmaları vi To my family… vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Ferhat Kentel whose assistance was vital and encouraging. His comments and constructive criticism were helpful in illuminating my thoughts and improving my writing. Despite his busy schedule, his support and engagement with my research was impressive and his friendly attitude made this process easier for me. I am really grateful for his supportive manner and generosity that helped to write and finish this study. I also wish to express my gratitude to my jury members Mahmut Mutman and Irvin Cemil Schick. Mahmut Mutman was always interested and enthusiastic both as a lecturer and as a member of my jury. His engaging courses and critical outlook were especially inspiring for me in explaining certain themes of this study. The same is the case with Irvin Cemil Schick, since his caring attitude, warmest support, and book suggestions helped to focus the theoretical and methodological outlook of my study. I am also deeply indebted to Ebru Kayaalp who helped me to clarify the vital points of my study and sharpen my arguments. Her instructive courses were especially important for theorizing this study. I am also grateful to my editor, David Reed Albachten and Yakoob Ahmed, who patiently and diligently edited the drafts of the thesis. I owe them much for their continued support and interest. The Sulukulelis and the volunteers I interviewed deserve generous thanks. They were welcoming and warmhearted. They shared everything they knew with me. viii A special thanks goes to those close friends who supported me both technically and emotionally. Fatma is a very special friend to whom I owe eternal gratitude. She is not just helpful and kind, but also honest and frank, her constructive criticism was vital for me. I thank Cem for helping me with the translations and for his kindheartedness. Pelin and Vahap were so kind and helpful for creating a brilliant atmosphere in which to study. They have always been encouraging me. I thank Erdi for supporting me with his never-ending friendship for years. Serkan helped me a lot with resources and technical issues while searching references. His supportive friendship and distinctive personality have made life more meaningful. I would like to present my special thanks to my dear friend Esma for sharing and soothing my “thesis pain” during these three years. She is a very special friend both academically and personally and I have learned a lot from her. Kader, Çiğdem, and Filiz, my childhood friends, whose support and love bridges the distance between İstanbul and Şarköy, have always made me happy and hopeful. I especially present my thanks to my dear friend Rahşan. She was always there, in every smile and cry for more than a decade. She has always supported and encouraged me and I could not have done this without her kindness and laughter. And I am especially thankful to my dear Ömer. He has made incredible sacrifices and he has been a constant source of motivation, inspiration and happiness for me even during the most desperate times. He is my dearest, and I am the luckiest. I heartily thank him for being in my life. And my family… Throughout my schooling they have been supportive in fundamental ways and they continuously encouraged and trusted me. Their never- ending patience and unfailing support have always inspired me. I am so lucky to have such a great family. For anything of value I have produced in my life, I owe it to them. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………. v Öz ...……………………………………………………………………….. vi Dedication ..…………………………………………………………………. vi Acknowledgements / Preface .………………………………………………. vii Table of Contents ……………………………………………………............ x 1. Introduction .………………………………………………………… 1 2. Neoliberalism and Neoliberal Urbanism …………………………… 9 2.1.Neoliberalism …………………………………………………… 11 2.1.1 Neoliberalism as an Economic Program ……………………… 11 2.1.2. Neoliberalism as a Governmental Rationality ……………....... 17 2.1.3 Is it possible to Think in an Alternative Way? ……………....... 20 2.2.Neoliberal Urbanism …..………………………………………... 21 2.2.1. Legal Arrangements………………………………………....... 24 2.2.2.Public- Private Partnerships ………………………………....... 29 2.2.3. Gentrification of the Urban Land …………………………….. 34 2.2.4 The Discourse of Urgency ……………………………….......... 38 3. The Unequal Encounters Between Sulukulelians and the State.......... 44 3.1.Sulukule before Gentrification: History of Poverty and Solidarity 45 3.2. Gentrification of Sulukule …….…………………………........... 53 3.2.1. Towards Destructions ..………………………………………. 59 3.2.2. Sulukule Turns into Rent Field…...………………………...... 61 3.2.3. The New Owners of Sulukule ….……………………………. 66 3.2.4. Taşoluk, a Normalizing Project…..….……………………….. 68 3.2.5. European Parliament ….…………………………………....... 73 3.2.6. At the Human Rights Commission of the National Assembly of 74 Turkish Republic.…………………………….………………....... 3.2.7. After the Decision of the Commission .………………………. 76 3.3.The Latest Situation of Sulukule ..………………………………. 79 4. The Unequal Encounters Between Sulukulelians and the Volunteers 81 4.1.Redressive Stage of Sulukule …..………..……………………… 83 4.2.Power, Discourse, and NGOs …..….……………………………. 86 4.2.1 Discursive Formations of NGOs in Sulukule …..……………... 88 4.2.2 The Dual Construction of the Capable Citizen 90 Volunteers and Needy People of Sulukule……...……….............. 4.2.3 Conscious Volunteers vs. Unconscious Sulukulelians………… 93 4.2.4 Conscientious Volunteers ………………..……………………. 96 4.2.5 Kindhearted Volunteers ………..…………………………........ 101 4.3. New Intervention Areas ..……………………………………….. 102 4.4.Empowerment …...……………………………………………… 104 4.4.1 Empowerment as a Depoliticizing Strategy ….……………….. 110 4.4.2 Civil Society, Non- Governmental Organizations, 115 Democratization………………………………………………….. 5. NGOs Between Two Worlds, Locals and Internationals ……...…….. 125 5.1.Sulukule Volunteers Association ….……..…………………….. 125 5.1.1 The Discourse of Blaming ………..………………….............. 128 x 5.1.2 The Educative Activities and Programs of SVA ..……………. 132 5.2.ROMFO – Turkey Roman Rights Forum …..…….…………….. 134 5.2.1 Grant System: Making of the Anti-politics ….……………….. 144 5.2.2 The Fights against Early Marriage ….……………………....... 146 5.2.3 Training Programs …..……………………………………....... 149 6. Conclusion..…………………...……………………………………… 153 Bibliography ……..………………………………………………………….. 156 Appendix A…….……………………………………………….…………… 165 Appendix B………………………………………………………………....... 184 Appendix C………………………………………………………………........ 202 AppendixD…………………………………………………………………….. 214 Appendix E...………………………………………………………………...... 215 Appendix F…………………………………………………………………..... 219 Appendix G……………………………………………..…………………….. 229 Appendix H……………………………………………………………............ 234 xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Neoliberalism, the new form of capitalism, is a political rational that penetrates every level of society by reshaping the structure of political organizations, nation states, and international institutions, and recasts the subjectivities of individuals as well. It is widely accepted, during last few decades, neoliberal globalization has been enouncing its
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