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Enbridge Northern Gateway Project Joint Review Panel Enbridge Northern Gateway Project

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Enbridge Northern Gateway Project Joint Review Panel Enbridge Northern Gateway Project IN THE MATTER OF : ENBRIDGE NORTHERN GATEWAY PROJECT JOINT REVIEW PANEL NORTHERN GATEWAY PIPELINES INC. Application for ENBRIDGE NORTHERN GATEWAY PROJECT Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Hearing Order: HO-4-2011 “…it’s going to gain for somebody, but it’s not going to gain for any of us that live here.”* WRITTEN EVIDENCE OF THE INTERVENORS UNITED FISHERMEN AND ALLIED WORKERS’UNION-CAW (UFAWU-CAW) January 2012 Submission: UFAWU-CAW 1.5 Fish and Fisheries: Salmon Chinook - Steelhead Pages 64 - 75 UFAWU-CAW 869 Fraser Street Prince Rupert, B.C. V8J 1R1 Phone: 250 624 6048 Head Office: Fax: 250 627-7951 United Fishermen and Allied Workers’ Union-CAW E-mail [email protected] First Floor 326 12th Street New Westminster, B.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHINOOK SALMON (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) .................................................................................. 64 Central/north coast chinook harvests ........................................................................................................ 66 Catch figures: ............................................................................................................................................ 67 Coho salmon products: ............................................................................................................................. 67 Conservation and Escapements ................................................................................................................ 67 STEELHEAD (oncorhynchusmykiss) .......................................................................................................... 72 Central/north coast steelhead harvests ...................................................................................................... 72 Conservation and escapement .................................................................................................................. 75 Endnotes: ....................................................................................................................................................... xi ii CHINOOK SALMON (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) 204 Chinook salmon are the largest salmonid, adults weighing from 3.5-20 kg. Chinook will spawn in running water through-out a watershed and usually in larger rivers than in small creeks. Chinook stocks are usually numerically small. Chinook also have a complex life history. There are two ‘types’ of chinook. The ‘stream type’ rear in fresh water for one or two years then migrate to the ocean where they travel to the North Pacific, returning to their natal river in the spring or summer, a few months prior to spawning. The ‘ocean type’ migrate to the ocean normally within three months after hatching, spend most of their lives in coastal waters and spawn shortly after arriving back to 127 their natal rivers.(Healey,1991) 205 Most Skeena chinook are stream-type and spend three winters at sea although they can return after 128 one to five years at sea (Gottesfield and Rabinet ) . Most Atnarko chinook, located further south on the 129 central coast, are ocean-type fish which spend 4 years at sea. (Velez-Espino et al 2010 ) 206 Chinook are heavily harvested by recreational fishers in many places on the central/north coasts. In the commercial fishery, chinook are harvested off of Haida Gwaii by trollers in a mixed stock fishery and in small terminal gillnet fisheries on Atnarko and Skeena chinook. 207 Most north coast chinook, including Yakoun River chinook on Haida Gwaii and Nass and Skeena chinook return to their natal rivers from May to July and spawn in August and September. Atnarko chinook (Bella Coola) have an early run that returns in May and June and a later, smaller, run which 130 returns in August; both runs spawn in September. (Healey 1001) Females will remain on the spawning grounds and spend as many as 18 days defending their redds (egg nests in the gravel). 131 (Healey, 1991) 208 Chinook spawn in larger streams and spawn in faster moving water with coarser gravel than other salmon species. Skeena chinook spawn in large tributaries, on tributary alluvial fans in the mainstem 132 of large rivers or in rivers at lake outlets. (Gottesfield and Rabnett) Spawning chinook seek out gravel with a good sub-gravel water flow; chinook have the largest eggs of all salmonids and therefore have a smaller surface to volume ration that requires a larger volume of oxygen brought by good water flows through the spawning gravel. Siltation of the spawning grounds, problematic for survival of 133 any salmon egg, is particularly perilous for chinook eggs. (Healey 1991) 209 Fry emerge from the spawning gravel in March to May and upon emergence are swept and/or swim downstream. Especially for the stream-type which rear in fresh-water, this is thought to be a dispersal mechanism to distribute fry among the suitable rearing habitats. 210 Ocean-type chinook that out-migrate as fry will hold in the river for up to a month to feed and grow, but then will migrate to the estuary where they spend their early juvenile lives. Many ocean-type fry, however, feed long enough in fresh water to migrate out to the ocean as fingerlings (larger than fry) in April to June of their first juvenile year. 64 211 Ocean-type chinook fry will rear in fresh water marsh areas in the estuary or estuarine areas with very low salinity until they develop into smolts. As smolts, they are able to adjust to salt water and move out into in-shore and near shore marine areas. The chinook that out-migrate into the estuary area fry- size grow fast enough to move into the marine part of the estuary by the time that the later out- migrating fingerlings (which are also ocean-type) arrive in the estuary in June and July. Ocean type chinook make extensive use of estuarine habitat; they arrive small (compared to stream-type) and 134 grow into smolts and larger juveniles in the estuary or in near-estuary environments.(Healey 1991) 212 Stream-type chinook juveniles hug the shoreline of larger rivers or reside in the top 3 metres of slower channels. Steam-type chinook have similar life stories as coho with whom they compete for food and for territory and like coho, are territorial. These juveniles live in fresh water for 1-2 years before they become smolts and out-migrate to the sea. While living in fresh water, and as they grow, they will change their feeding and rearing territories a number of times; especially during the winter when they will usually move out of smaller shallower systems into pools in the larger tributaries or 135 the mainstem rivers. (Healey 1991) 213 In fresh water, the principal foods appear to be larval and adult insects with Cladocera, Diptera, Copepoda, and Chironomidae. Chinook and coho juveniles are usually segregated by habitat, so although they eat similar foods, they are not in direct competition. Other fish, including larger coho 136 and chinook juveniles and trout predate on chinook fry.(Healey 1991) 214 Stream-type chinook migrate out to salt water as smolts when they are one or two years old. They may spend some time in the seaward portions of the estuary to feed but they migrate to the open ocean soon after they arrive at sea. 215 The type of food eaten by juvenile chinook in the estuary and near-shore marine environments appears to be dependent on size. Smaller fry and fingerlings will eat chironomid larvae and pupae, crab and herring larvae and harpacticoid copepods. Larger chinook juveniles eat juvenile herring and salmon fry and other small fish as well as insects and chironomids, In general, chinook appear to 137 prefer larger organisms than other similar-sized salmonids in the same area.(Healey 1991) 216 Ocean-type chinook, as older juveniles and adults will reside in the coastal areas in the general vicinity of their natal river system to feed and grow until they return to spawn after 3-6 years at sea. Stream-type will arrive in salt water as one or two year old juveniles and quickly migrate to the North Pacific to return after 2- 5 years at sea. Chinook, like sockeye, do not exhibit straying behavior when returning to spawn; they are precision spawners and return with few exceptions to their natal beds. 217 Adult chinook depend heavily on other fish as food. Herring, pilchards and sand lace are the primary foods of both the ocean and stream type chinook. Euphausiids are important at times, likely when they are present en-mass.138 65 218 Spawning chinook are complex as to age classes and life-history. For example, Atnarko chinook are 72% ocean-type. Sixty-two percent of the spawners are age 3 and 4 and most (95%) are ocean-type. Only one percent of Atnarko chinook come back as 6 year olds and 70% of these are stream-type. (Velez-Espino 2010)139 On the other hand, most Nass and Skeena are stream-type chinook that spend 140. one year in fresh water and arrive to spawn as predominantly 4, 5 and 6 year olds (Morrell 2010) Central/north coast chinook harvests 219 In the commercial fishery, most chinook are harvested by trollers off of Haida Gwaii. This is a mixed stock fishery and harvests primarily Vancouver Island, Fraser River, and Washington and Oregon stocks. Skeena, Nass and central coasts stocks play a relatively minor role in the troll harvest menu of stocks. 141 (Winther, 2011) 220 The number of chinook that the troll fishery is permitted to harvest is set by the Pacific Salmon Treaty (PST) and by DFO’s concern over West Coast Vancouver Island (WCVI) chinook stocks. As this chart shows, the PST set a total allowable catch (TAC) of 132,400 chinook
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