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A Review of the Kitimat River

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A Review of the Kitimat River .' .. · .- Fisheries and Environment Canada Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans , t~: ~ .. · . · . · '. *~ . A Review of the Kitimat River .: .. ' .. Watershed , ; o ~'... .' s' '. D.O. MacDonald and . B. G. Shepherd • • Internal Report A REVIEW of the KITIMAT RIVER WATERSHED compil ed by D.O. MacDonald and B.G. Shepherd New Projects Unit Facility Operations Salmonid Enhancement Program Department of Fisheries and Oceans 1090 West Pender Street Vancouver, British Columbia V6E 2Pl -:May, -1983- i ABSTRACT The Kitimat River, which flows some 75km from the southwestern slope of Mount Davies (in the coastal mountains) to Kitimat Arm (of Gardener Canal), has been considered for the first stage of an integrated strategy to enhance Area 6 salmon stocks. Investigation to determine the feasibility of large scale enhancement operations in this watershed have been undertaken by SEP personnel through water quality testing, watershed reconnaissance, juvenile and adult salmon enumeration programs and pilot hatchery operations. The present review serves to desegregate the existing DFO data and combine it with background information obtained from additional sources. Surface water in the watershed is characterized by extreme softness (and related problems)· and elevated levels of non-filterable residues. In addition, aluminum, iron, and mercury concentrations are high, especially in the upper portions of the watershed. Phosphate levels are high in the lower section of the mainstem. River water will require aeration (and heating in the winter) before use in enhance­ ment facilities. Groundwater resources in the watershed are limited and largely of poor quality. Elevated levels of iron, zinc, copper, and manganese with low pH and total hardness are the major problems. The only known acceptable groundwater source in the watershed is at the proposed hatchery site. Water from this source will require aeration before use. As groundwater resources are insufficient to support a major facility, it has become apparent that the balance of the flow requirements must be supplied from a surface source (Kitimat River). The river 3 is subject to large variations in streamflow (46.3 m /sec in March to 274 m 3 /sec in June during spring freshet), and correspondingly large variations in sediment .loads. Surface water must, then, be filtered before use for incubation or early rearing. ii The Kitimat River watershed supports all five species of east coast Pacific salmon, as well as anadromous trout species. Escapement takes place during July and August for chum (Oncorhychus keta), pink (Q. gorbuscha) and sockeye (g. ~). The chinook run (Q. tshawytscha) begins in June continues through to mid August, while coho (Q. kitsutch) escapement takes place from late August to mid Novemeber. Spawners (of one 'species or another) can be found utilizing the entire mainstem to just above Davies Creek, and nearly all accessible tributaries (the Anderson Creek watershed is not used). There has been a decline in abundance of almost all species of salmon returning to the Ki timat system, most noticeably chinook and coho stocks. Emergence of chum, pink, and chinook fry occurs largely from April 1 to 20. Coho fry emerge somewhat later, usually throughout May and June. The Kitimat River and estuary are used extensively for rearing by juvenile salmonids. Hi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...•...•...•..........•••..............•.••..•..•.........•...... i Acknowledgements ................................................•........ v Introduction .............................................................. 1 Climate •........•. , .•..•...............•........•..•........••.....•..... 4 Geology .......•.........•...........••.....•••......•...•..........•.•... 6 Topographgy •.......•...............•.•••....•.........•.............•.... 7 Watershed utilization History ..........................•...•...•.........••.........•..... 12 Logging •........•...•.......•..........•.••.•............•.......... 13 Mining ....•.•.•.•...•............•....•.•......•...•....••....••..•• 14 Population .............•.......................•......••............ 15 Industry ....•...........•.........•..................•.............. 16 Capability Ratings Agriculture ......•..................•..........•.•......•.•......... 18 Ungulates ....•....•...•......••.....•.......•.......•...........•... 18 Waterfowl .••.•....••................•......••......••.•.•.•......... 18 Recreation •...•...•...... : ....•..•..........•....•.•..•••...•.•....• 19 Forestry ...................•.••.. ' ................••.••.•............ 20 Streamflows •.............................•...•......•...•.....•........• 22 Water Quality Surface Water .••...•.•.....••.•..................•.....••...•......• 26 Groundwater .....•......••........•...•..•...•••......•••••••........ 38 Estuarine Water ..•....•.......•.....•••..............•.••..........• 43 Pollution Potential ...•••.................•....•...••••.•...••...•.. 44 Watershed Temperature •.........•..••...............•.•.•.•.....•...••••• 45 Sediment Loads •.......•.•.........•........•..•.••..•...•.••..•...••.... 49 Past Biophysical studies ...••....•.....•.•.•.......•••.•.....••......••. 51 Species Composition and Predators .•.....•..•..•.•..••.•.....••....•••.•. 52 General Watershed Reconnaissance ..... ..•• •...•••..•.....••.••.•..•...... 53 Salmon Resource Escapement and Spawning Timing .......... ~ ........... '" .............. '" ............................................. .. 56 Distribution ....•...•.•••..•..•....•...••.•....••.•••••••.••.••.• 59 Abundance •••••.•..•..•.•...••....•..•..••••.•..••.•...•.•••••...• 71 Migration Timing of Salmonids •......•.....••••.••..•.••.•.....•••..• 84 Annual Catch Sport ••...•.•.•.........••........•.....•....•..••.•......•••••.. 86 Indian ~ \II (> Go .. Go \II • (> co 00 ...... (> ..... '" .. " " .................. Q .... 0 <t ...... II \II q .... \II ... \II '" ..... \) '" 86 Commercial .•.........•.....•......•••.•..•..•.•••••.•..•••.••.... 88 Biological Surveys Juvenile Summary •.....•...••....•...•...••..•..•..••....••..••...•.• 91 Chinook Salmon Fry Emergence Timing and Growth ....•.•••.......•••••....••.••••.• 91 Post-Emergent Fry Distribution and Abundance ••••••••..•••••••.... 92 Coho Salmon Fry Emergence Timing and Growth ..•.•...•..••••....•..•.•.••.•.... 93 Post-Emergent l!'ry Di.stribution and Abundance ••..••••.••.•••.•.•.. 93 iv Chum Salmon Fry Emergence Timing and Growth •...• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 95 Post-Emgergent Fry Distribution Abundance ........••........•..... 95 pink Salmon Fry Emergence Timing and Growth......... • . • . • • . • . • • • • . .. 96 Post-Emergent Fry Distribution and Abundance ....•........•....•.• 96 Spawner Characteristics Sex Ratios •... 'c' ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 97 Age Composition.................................................. 98 Lengths .••...•..•...•.....•.......•..•.••...••.•..••.••....•.••.. 100 Fecundi ty •........•.......•..•••..............•..•.•.•.•..•.....• 102 Egg Retention and pre-Spawning Mortality .....••...............•....• 104 References ....•....•.....••....••..•........•••...•......•.•••...••..•.. 106 Appendices lao Temperature and precipitation, Type of Normal Code •••.•.•....•.•..•. 110 lb. Means of Temperature and precipitation for Kitimat ...•....•...•.•... lll lc. Means of Temperature and Precipitation for Kitimat Townsite ...•••... l12 2a. Kitimat River below Hirsch Creek, Mean Discharge ....•.••••...••...•• 113 2b. Kitimat River below Hirsch Creek, Extreme Discharges ••...•....•.•••. 114 2c. Little Wedeene RiVer below Bowbyes Creek, Mean Discharge •....••..... 115 2d. Little Wedeene RiVer below Bowbyes Creek, Extreme Discharges .•.••••. 116 2e. Hirsch Creek at Mouth, Mean Discharges •••..•...•.•.•..••.•.•••...... l~7 2f. Hirsch Creek at Mouth, Extreme Discharges ..•.•.•.•.••..••..•••••..•. ll8 3a. Geological Survey Canada q Data List Legend •..••••...••••.•••••.••... ll9 3b. G.S.C./ Accelerated streamflow Data, Kitimat River Tribs ••...•..•... 120 3c. G.S.C., Accelerated Streamflow Data, Wedeene River Tribs ••••...•.••. l2l 4a. water Temperatures-Kitimat River below Hirsch Creek ..•••••..••••.•.. 122 4b. Water Temperatures-Little Wedeene River below Bowbyes Creek ••...•••• 123 4c. water Temperatures-Hirsch Creek near Mouth •.•.••..•..•••..•..•.•.•.. 124 Sa. Dala River Salmon Spawning Particulars ....•.•••....••••.•...••.••... 125 5b.Kildala River Salmon Spawning Particulars .•..••..•• " ••• o ••...•..••• l29 5e. Bish Creek Salmon Spawning Particulars ••...••••..•••••..•.••.•••••.. 133 5d. Hirsch Creek Salmon Spawning Particulars •..•.•.• , ••••••.•.••.•..•.•• l37 5e. Little Wedeene River Salmon Spawning Particulars ••..•••.••...•.•.•.. 140 Sf. Wedeene River Salmon Spawning Particulars .•••.••..••..•...•••.••.... l43 5g. Nalbeelah Creek Spawning Particulars.o .•.•. o .•.•.•..••...•••.•••••.. 146 5h. Humphreys Creek Salmon Spawning Particulars ...••••.•.•••.•.••••..•.. 148 5i. Chist Creek Salmon Spawning Particulars .••.•..••••.•.•.•...•.••••••• l51 6a. Kitimat River Tributaries-Est. Chinook Escapement ••..••..••..•..•••• 152 6b. Kitimat River Tributaries~Est .. Coho Escaperoent .•••.•.••••......••.•. 155 6c. Kitimat River Tributaries-Est. Odd Year pink Escapel!lent •.••...••••.. 156 6d. Kitimat River Tributaries-Est. Even Year pink Escapement.3 •..••••••. 157 6e. Kitimat River Tributaries-Est. Chum Escapement .•.•..•.•.. o •...•.•••• 158 7a. Conditions Affecting Stream •..•••.....••.••.•...••.•••.•••• 0'""" .159 7b. Biolog ieal Conditions
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