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Dubautia Herbstobatae

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Dubautia Herbstobatae 16-1 16.0 Taxon Summaries 2 Development methods 4 For each of the 28 target taxa (27 plants and 1 snail), background information summaries were compiled. Implementation Team (IT) experts utilized their extensive experience with the target 6 taxa in the field to provide key assessments of the biology, history, and current status of the taxa. Taxon summaries information was further supplemented by biological summaries originally 8 provided in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Biological Opinion (1999b), the Makua Endangered Taxon Stabilization Plan (USFWS 1999), and the Hawaii Natural Heritage Program 10 (HINHP) database. For each taxon, the following information was determined and compiled: 12 • Image: a photograph of the target taxon. • Scientific name: genus and species, with subspecific epithets as necessary, and author. 14 • Hawaiian name: if available. • Family: name of the family to which the target taxon belongs, followed by its common 16 name. • Federal status: official USFWS published status designation (e.g., listed endangered) 18 • Description and biology: habit (e.g., tree, shrub, etc.), life-span (e.g., annual, perennial, short-lived), followed by any details on the biology of the taxon, including pollination 20 biology, dispersal, and specific environmental requirements (if known). This section is largely based on Wagner et al. (1990). 22 • Known distribution: the recorded historic range of the taxon, according to HINHP. • Population trends: the trends in the numbers and status of the taxon, according to 24 HINHP. • Current status: the current distribution of the taxon, and numbers of known plants, 26 according to HINHP. • Habitat: typical elevation, moisture, and habitat details (Lau, Kawelo, Rohrer, 28 Yoshioka, Takahama, pers. comm.). • Threats: known threats to the target taxon are listed, including feral ungulates, rats, 30 predators, insect pests, diseases, fire, and human disturbance, as applicable. • Taxonomic background: variation in morphology and nomenclature, and any issues or 32 ambiguities in taxonomy. • Outplanting considerations: concerns regarding unwanted hybridization with closely 34 related taxa or other potential hybridization relationships are discussed. • Table 1: Current Population Units: This table includes a summary of the population 36 units (PUs), the number of individuals in each PU, and the proposed management status. • Table 2: Site Characteristics for Population Units Proposed for Management for 38 Stability. Only PUs designated for management to stability are included in this table (see Chapter 9.3 for definition of manage for stability). This table contains a summary of 40 information for site characteristics assigned by the IT such as habitat quality, terrain, accessibility, and existing fences. Definitions for table entries are as follows: 42 Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Chapter 16.0 Taxon Summaries 16-2 Habitat Quality Type Habitat Quality Type Definition 44 High >75% native cover in management focus High-Medium 50-75% native cover in management focus 46 Medium-Low 25-50% native cover in management focus Low <25% native cover in management focus 48 Terrain Type Terrain Type Definition 50 Flat 0-10 degrees Moderate 10-45 degrees 52 Steep 45-70 degrees Vertical 70-90 degrees 54 Accessibility Type Accessibility Type Definition 56 High 2 hour round trip or less Medium Day trip, 2-8 hour round trip 58 Low 8+ hour back pack, or helicopter, or cliff site 60 Fence Type Existing Fence Description Small Small fence <10 acres 62 Large Large fence >10 acres None None, no fence yet 64 • Table 3: Threats to Population Units Proposed for Management for Stability. This 66 table summarizes threats to PUs, including ungulates, fire, rats, insect pests, erosion, and human disturbance. Only PUs designated for management to stability are included in this 68 (see Chapter 9.3 for definition of manage for stability). Definitions for table entries are as follows: 70 Pig and Goat Threat Type Pig and Goat Threat Definition 72 High Sign seen each visitation at immediate vicinity and imminent risk of extirpation of population 74 Medium Sign not seen in immediate vicinity but seen within area of management focus (i.e., habitat) and/or risk of extirpation of 76 populations in the foreseeable future Low No sign seen or population within a fence 78 Unknown Research or monitoring needed, but possible threat N/A Not Applicable, not a threat 80 Weed Threat Type Weed Threat Type Definition 82 High Intense competition, high potential for loss Medium Moderate competition 84 Low Minimal competition Unknown Research or monitoring needed, but possible threat 86 N/A Not Applicable, not a threat 88 Rat Type Rat Type Definition High Taxon susceptible, site impact observed 90 Low Taxon susceptible, site impact not observed Unknown Research or monitoring needed, but possible threat. 92 Unknown A Taxon groups not known or suspected to be susceptible, but more information needed 94 Unknown B Taxon susceptible, site impact unknown N/A Best information indicated, taxon not threatened 96 98 100 102 Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Chapter 16.0 Taxon Summaries 16-3 Black Twig Borer Type Black Twig Borer Type Definition 104 High Taxon susceptible, site impact observed Low Taxon susceptible, site impact not observed 106 Unknown A Taxon groups not known or suspected to be susceptible, but more information needed 108 Unknown B Taxon susceptible, site impact unknown N/A Best information indicated, taxon not threatened 110 Other Arthropods Other Arthropods Definition 112 High Taxon susceptible, site impact observed Low Taxon susceptible, site impact not observed 114 Unknown Research or monitoring needed, but possible threat. Unknown A Taxon groups not known or suspected to be susceptible, but more 116 information needed Unknown B Taxon susceptible, site impact unknown 118 N/A Best information indicated, taxon not threatened 120 Slug and Snail Type Slug & Snail Type Definition High Taxon susceptible, site impact observed 122 Low Taxon susceptible, site impact not observed Unknown Research or monitoring needed, but possible threat. 124 Unknown A Taxon groups not known or suspected to be susceptible, but more information needed 126 Unknown B Taxon susceptible, site impact unknown N/A Best information indicated, taxon not threatened 128 Fire Ignition Type Fire Ignition Type Definition 130 Very High Live fire military training, history of arson High Campfires, history of agricultural fires 132 Medium Dirt bikes, off-road vehicles Low General recreational use (hikes, hunters) 134 Unknown Research or monitoring needed, but possible threat N/A Not Applicable, not a threat 136 Fire Fuel Type Fire Fuel Type Definition 138 Very High Continuous cover of flashy fuels High Dry natural community, or natural community/cliff area adjacent to 140 flashy fuels, or south aspect Medium Mesic natural community, or areas buffered by light flashy fuels, or 142 north aspect Low Wet natural community, and/or area geographically separated from 144 light flashy fuels Unknown Research or monitoring needed, but possible threat 146 N/A Not Applicable, not a threat 148 Erosion Type Erosion Type Definition High Immediate vicinity eroding 150 Medium Habitat impacted by erosion Low No erosional impact observed or suspected, minimal threat 152 Unknown Research or monitoring needed, but possible threat N/A Not Applicable, not a threat 154 Human Disturbance Type Human Disturbance Type Definition 156 High Adjacent to road or trail Medium Off trail, or hunting accessible 158 Low Remote or far from trail, or on cliff Unknown Research or monitoring needed, but possible threat 160 N/A Not Applicable, not a threat 162 Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Chapter 16.0 Taxon Summaries 16-4 The taxon summaries reflect the current status of each of the target taxa and are meant to 164 supercede any previous summaries of their status. Population declines, increases, and new populations are included in the summaries. When information was considered incomplete or 166 outdated (using a 10-year general guideline), field surveys by members of the IT and the U.S. Army were conducted. Project surveys investigated historical sites, attempting to confirm the 168 persistence of individuals, and expanded on surveys in the action area (AA). These surveys resulted not only in documentation of additional individuals, but also in the discovery of two 170 endangered taxa requiring stabilization that were not previously documented in the AA (Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana and Hibiscus brackenridgei subsp. mokuleianus). Both 172 taxa were added to the target taxon list and incorporated into the Implementation Plan. 174 To assess the current status of the endangered snail Achatinella mustelina, a combination of field surveys, management assessments, and genetic sampling was conducted throughout the Waianae 176 Mountains. The results are reflected in the A. mustelina taxon summary, and the stabilization plan in Section 2, Chapter 2.1. 178 Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu 16-5 16.1 Taxon Summary: Achatinella mustelina 2 Photographer: M. Hadfield 4 Scientific name: Achatinella mustelina Mighels, 1845 6 Hawaiian name: pupu kanioe, pupu kuahiwi, kahuli Family: Achatinellidae (Endemic Hawaiian Tree Snails are in the subfamily Achatinellinae) 8 Federal status: Listed endangered (all species of the genus Achatinella) 10 Description and biology: Achatinella mustelina is a species of long-lived tree snail. Adults are relatively large, reaching lengths of up to 22 mm at maturity. Shell color is variable, often dark 12 brown with a light band or white with numerous transverse brown or black lines. Shell morphology and geographic location are used to distinguish A. mustelina from other species of 14 Achatinella (USFWS 1993a). 16 A. mustelina is primarily nocturnal, preferring cool, humid conditions when moving about. During the day, the snails usually seal themselves to leaves or trunks and remain motionless until 18 nightfall (USFWS 1993a).
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