DOCSLIB.ORG

Dynamics of the Status of Groundwater in the Polish Lowland: the River Gwda Catchment Example

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dynamics of the Status of Groundwater in the Polish Lowland: the River Gwda Catchment Example Izabela Jamorska, Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka, Arkadiusz Krawiec Geologos 25, 3 (2019): 193–204 DOI: 10.2478/logos-2019-0021 Dynamics of the status of groundwater in the Polish Lowland: the River Gwda catchment example Izabela Jamorska*, Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka, Arkadiusz Krawiec Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland *corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The aim of the present study is to monitor changes in the location of the groundwater table in the catchment area of the River Gwda within the Quaternary and Neogene water-bearing level over a 35-year period, between 1981 and 2015. In addition, on account of very diverse total annual precipitation levels in particular parts of the catchment, attempts were made to determine the influence of precipitation on the location of the groundwater table. By correlating groundwater level and meteorological parameters (precipitation), it was discovered that precipitation in the previous year made the largest impact on the groundwater table. Moreover, low precipitation totals in the southern part of the catchment are not discernible in groundwater table fluctuations, which is linked to the location of the observation well within the drainage zone as well as to water ascension from deeper aquifers. Key words: groundwater table, precipitation, River Gwda catchment, hydrogeology 1. Introduction tion and groundwater levels has great significance for quantitative conservation, sustainable manage- The main source of groundwater recharge is pre- ment and more targeted exploitation in future (Do- cipitation and its temporal distribution, which, in bek, 2007). The location of the groundwater aquifer turn, impact the rhythm of groundwater table fluc- is essential from an economic point of view: water tuations (Chełmicki, 1991). Renewability of ground- supply, response time and renewability of ground- water resources is also connected to the geological water resources. structure of an area. Depending on conditions of Assessments of groundwater table dynamics natural occurrence and links to the hydrograph- were conducted for different regions across Poland ic network, groundwater creates local or regional in the past (Zdralewicz & Lejcuś, 2008; Mostowik et water circulation systems (Toth, 1963; Szymanko, al., 2018). However, the greatest interest revolved 1980). A significant problem is connected with the around those areas with water deficiencies such identification of shallow groundwater circulation as Great Poland (Graf, 2008; Grajewski et al., 2014) systems (so-called local systems), which participate and Kuyavia (Przybyłek & Nowak, 2011; Jamorska, in supplying river systems, maintaining their per- 2015) as well as large agglomerations where there manence, especially during periods of drought and is a considerable water demand (Jokiel & Mon- which have an impact on the pace and level of the iewski, 2000; Worsa-Kozak et al., 2008; Tomalski, renewability of deep groundwater resources (Graf, 2011; Bartnik & Tomalski, 2012; Jędruszkiewicz et 2008). The recognition of links between precipita- al., 2016). 194 Izabela Jamorska, Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka, Arkadiusz Krawiec 2. Research area The catchment area is morphologically diverse, representing remnants of the Vistulian glaciation. The study area includes the catchment of the Riv- The emergence of geomorphological forms indi- er Gwda (Fig. 1), which is a fourth-order tributary cates that these formed under conditions of areal that connects with the River Noteć and has a total deglaciation, conditioned by post-glacial land mor- length of 139.95 km, whereas its catchment area phology (Mojski, 2005). In the geological structure attains 4,947.27 km2 (APHP, 2005). It is a lakeland of Pleistocene strata special attention should be catchment, with numerous blind drainage depres- paid to the presence of numerous buried valleys sions and considerable participation of lakes and and tunnel valley structures. Pleistocene deposits forests. The forest area (woodland index) consti- occur most of the surface area of the River Gwda tutes 30 per cent of the total area, while that of lakes catchment (Fig. 2), with the exception of small are- (lake density index) does not exceed 2.5 per cent as in the southern part, where small Neogene sedi- (Kubiak-Wójcicka & Lewandowska, 2014). Agricul- ment xenoliths were identified (Bartczak, 2009). tural farmland constitutes 44.4 per cent of the entire On average, the thickness of Pleistocene depos- catchment area of the River Gwda (Kubiak-Wójcic- its varies between 70 and 150 m; in sub-glacial tun- ka & Kornaś, 2015). According to the physico-geo- nel valleys and glaciotectonic depressions it may graphical division of Poland by Kondracki (2002), exceed 180 m (Dobracka, 2005; Popielski, 2005). In the study area belongs to the following mesore- the wells penetrating Pleistocene strata, deposits gions: the valley of the River Gwda, the Drawsko of the Elster and Warthanian glaciations prevail, Lake District, the Szczecinek Lakeland, the Wałcz forming a complex consisting of strata formed Plain, the Wałcz Lake District, the Krajna Lake land during several, most commonly three, glacial se- and the Charzykowy Plain. ries (Bartczak, 2009). These series are represented Fig. 1. The catchment area of the River Gwda Dynamics of the status of groundwater in the Polish Lowland: the River Gwda catchment example 195 Fig. 2. Hydrogeological cross section by tills along with fluvioglacial and marginal wa- search Institute (PIG–PIB) have been used. This joint ter-logged deposits, which separate till levels and research covers the period between 1981 and 2015. which are genetically connected. Strata formed dur- On the basis of daily precipitation totals, av- ing the Vistulian glaciation are represented by two erage monthly, annual and multi-annual pre- separate glacial levels formed during the Leszno cipitation total values have been calculated. Of and Poznań, as well as the Pomeranian glaciation seven meteorological stations, four are located in phase. They consist of deposits of two glacial series, the catchment area of the River Gwda (Sępólno mainly glacial till separated by water-logged and Wielkie, Szczecinek, Jastrowie and Piła), whereas fluvioglacial strata of varying thicknesses. Deposits the remaining three (Sypniewo, Wierzchowo and of the Pomeranian glaciation phase are represent- Chojnice) are situated in the immediate proximity ed mainly by fluvioglacial sands and gravels that to this catchment. Meteorological conditions in the form extensive outwash covers and, locally, wa- upper River Gwda catchment reflect data presented ter-logged strata. The Pleistocene/Holocene transi- for the meteorological stations at Sępólno Wielkie, tion is connected with the formation of numerous Szczecinek and Chojnice; in the central part of the dunes and aeolian sand zones. River Gwda drainage basin they are data obtained at stations located Sypniewo, Jastrowie and Wierz- chowo, whereas meteorological conditions in the 3. Material and methods southern part of the catchment area are identical to those presented for the meteorological station In the present study, data on precipitation levels at Piła. For the precipitation station at Szczecinek, from seven meteorological stations of the Institute data refer to the period between 1981 and 2009. of Meteorology and Water Management – National Monitoring of the status of groundwater in ob- Research Institute (IMGW-PIB), as well as data on servation wells and boreholes is conducted on a reg- the status of groundwater in six observational wells ular basis every seven days (Table 1). The majority of the Polish Geological Institute – National Re- of observation wells represent the Quaternary wa- Table 1. Characteristics of the observation points Well Aquifer Elevation Water Borehole Groundwater table Location (voivodeship) Lithology number age (m a.s.l.) table type depth (m) elevation (m a.s.l.) I/33/1 Spore (West Pomerania) Ng/M 138.63 perched sands 197.0 137.86 gravels and I/33/2 Spore (West Pomerania) Q 138.80 perched 42.0 137.60 sands II/268/1 Jastrowie (Greater Poland) Q 105.56 perched sands 48.5 101.86 II/401/1 Ujście (Greater Poland) Q 62.21 free sands 30.0 49.20 II/417/1 Turowo (West Pomerania) Q 158.96 free sands 24.0 153.00 II/532/1 Rzeczenica (Pomerania) Q 150.00 perched sands 22.8 144.50 196 Izabela Jamorska, Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka, Arkadiusz Krawiec ter-bearing level, including perched water table (3 the current status of the groundwater table is high- piezometers) and free water table (2 piezometers). er than the mean multi-annual one, while negative Observation well number I/33/1, which monitors values show that the current status is lower than the the groundwater status of the Neogene aquifer, is mean multi-annual one. The calculated values of located in the northern part of the catchment, be- the coefficient allow to determine whether a given tween the lakes of Wierzchowo and Wielimie. year was drier or wetter than usual. On the basis of the data presented above, the The strength of the connection between annual average monthly, annual and multi-annual water precipitation totals and groundwater level has been status in particular boreholes have been calculat- determined on the basis of the correlation and de- ed. The adopted joint 35-year observation period pendence coefficient r. The higher the value of the suffices to determine the variability of the status of correlation and dependence coefficient r,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pomorskie Voivodeship Development Strategy 2020
    Annex no. 1 to Resolution no. 458/XXII/12 Of the Sejmik of Pomorskie Voivodeship of 24th September 2012 on adoption of Pomorskie Voivodeship Development Strategy 2020 Pomorskie Voivodeship Development Strategy 2020 GDAŃSK 2012 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. OUTPUT SITUATION ………………………………………………………… 6 II. SCENARIOS AND VISION OF DEVELOPMENT ………………………… 18 THE PRINCIPLES OF STRATEGY AND ROLE OF THE SELF- III. 24 GOVERNMENT OF THE VOIVODESHIP ………..………………………… IV. CHALLENGES AND OBJECTIVES …………………………………………… 28 V. IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM ………………………………………………… 65 3 4 The shape of the Pomorskie Voivodeship Development Strategy 2020 is determined by 8 assumptions: 1. The strategy is a tool for creating development targeting available financial and regulatory instruments. 2. The strategy covers only those issues on which the Self-Government of Pomorskie Voivodeship and its partners in the region have a real impact. 3. The strategy does not include purely local issues unless there is a close relationship between the local needs and potentials of the region and regional interest, or when the local deficits significantly restrict the development opportunities. 4. The strategy does not focus on issues of a routine character, belonging to the realm of the current operation and performing the duties and responsibilities of legal entities operating in the region. 5. The strategy is selective and focused on defining the objectives and courses of action reflecting the strategic choices made. 6. The strategy sets targets amenable to verification and establishment of commitments to specific actions and effects. 7. The strategy outlines the criteria for identifying projects forming part of its implementation. 8. The strategy takes into account the specific conditions for development of different parts of the voivodeship, indicating that not all development challenges are the same everywhere in their nature and seriousness.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes Between the 13Th and 15Th Century
    The Person and the Challenges Volume 5 (2015) Number 1, p. 219–230 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/pch.936 Waldemar Graczyk Cardinal StefanWyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes between the 13th and 15th Century Abstract According to some historians, Mazovia once had a separate political existence, with a different form of economy, a social structure and customs that differedfrom those of the Crown, a separate dialect, and its own laws. One of theoutward expressions of its separate existence was its own dynasty. To defend its independence, Mazovia entered into feudal contracts with Bohemia and Kazimierz III the Great. Mazovian dukes also paid homage to Władysław Jagiełło, not only as an acknowledgment of dependence, but also of certain obligations the dukes took upon themselves. After the death of Władysław Jagiełło, a group of Lesser Poland lords proposed the candidature of Siemowit V as king of Poland, and Mazovia had a chance to play a more significant role in Polish politics. It should be stressed that while Siemowit IV still enjoyed popularity on the political scene, his sons, particularly after they divided their patrimony among themselves in 1434, very soon lost significance. The period of the greatest regional disintegration of Mazovia began and the province soon lost any political significance. Keywords Mazovia; politics; dukes; alliances; law. Mazovia, situated in the middle Vistula region, was one of the provinces forming part of the early Piast state. In the beginning of the 11th century, Płock became the centre of a vast province and the state run by Miecław.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of ECONOMY
    UNIVERSITY of ECONOMY Credibility Tradition Innovation Receptiveness Central Europe ENTERPRISE of KNOWLEDGE www.wsg.byd.pl University Administrators over 5000 students more than 20 major fields of study The mission of the University of Economy challenges of the present with a sense of is to develop individuals who are prepared civic duty and respect for human dignity. to think creatively and critically, strive for Our University is dedicated to preparing professional skills and who become lifelong students with both the soft and hard learners. Our aim is to prepare students to skills that are essential for success in 300 meet the standards of a highly educated a multinational and multicultural Europe. academic staff society by taking on the social and economic The largest in Northern Poland Kaliningrad Słupsk Wilno Gdańsk Malbork Ełk Chojnice Działdowo Piła Bydgoszcz Toruń Chojnice Berlin Inowrocław Poznań Warszawa Wrocław Piła Praga Kraków Działdowo Bydgoszcz Toruń Inowrocław Ełk Malbork Słupsk 2 University of Economy UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMY Our University is the largest private institution of higher education in Northern Poland. We offer studies at the main campus in Bydgoszcz, as well as in our campuses in Toruń, Inowrocław, Malbork, Elk, Słupsk, Piła, Chojnice and Działdowo. Classroom preparation is just a part of the opportunities that the University of Economy offers. Besides educational programs and opportunities, we also are active in regional development activities for the advantage of local societies. We encourage our academic staff and students to have an active role in the surrounding world. The University of Economy offers students different fields to study. At our Bydgoszcz Main Campus are the Academic Cultural Area and the Museum of Photography.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLISH RES PUBLICA of NATIONAL and ETHNIC Minorities from the PIASTS to the 20TH CENTURY
    PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI 2014, No. II MARCELI KOSMAN Poznań THE POLISH RES PUBLICA OF NATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES FROM THE PIASTS TO THE 20TH CENTURY Początki Polski [The Beginnings of Poland], a fundamental work by Henryk Łowmiański, is subtitled Z dziejów Słowian w I tysiącleciu n.e. [On the History of Slavs in the 1st Millennium A.D.]. Its sixth and final volume, divided into two parts, is also titled Poczatki Polski but subtitled Polityczne i społeczne procesy kształtowania się narodu do początku wieku XIV [Political and Social Processes of Nation Forma- tion till the Beginning of the 14th Century]1. The subtitle was changed because the last volume concerns the formation of the Piast state and emergence of the Polish nation. Originally, there were to be three volumes. The first volume starts as follows: The notion of the beginnings of Poland covers two issues: the genesis of the state and the genesis of the nation. The two issues are closely connected since a state is usually a product of a specific ethnic group and it is the state which, subsequently, has an impact on the transformation of its people into a higher organisational form, i.e. a nation.2 The final stage of those processes in Poland is relatively easily identifiable. It was at the turn of the 10th and 11th century when the name Poland was used for the first time to denote a country under the superior authority of the duke of Gniezno, and the country inhabitants, as attested in early historical sources.3 It is more difficult to determine the terminus a quo of the nation formation and the emergence of Po- land’s statehood.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Face of Safeguarding and Promotion of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Poland
    LITERATURA LUDOWA. Journal of Folklore and Popular Culture vol. 65 (2021), no. 1 Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze Polish Ethnological Society JOANNA ANTONIAK Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-1011-7865 The new face of safeguarding and promotion of the intangible cultural heritage in Poland Multimedia materials published by the Ethnographic Museum in Toruń DOI: 10.12775/LL.1.2021.011 | CC BY-ND 3.0 PL Kuyavia is a historical and ethnographic region located in North Central Poland. Situated on the left bank of the Vistula River, Kuyavia stretches from the Skrwa Lewa River in the South to the Wda River in the North and to the Noteć River and Brdowski Lake in the West. Thanks to their black fertile soils and the production of rapeseed (the oil of which is essential to the local cuisine), the Kuyavian low- lands are known as “the granary of Poland” (Piotrowska, 2010a). However, as no- ted by Agnieszka Piotrowska (2010a), those geographical and agricultural features count among of the reasons for cultural diversity of the region. The fertile Kuyavian soil lured German and Dutch settlers whose customs – such as conducting marriage divinations on 12 December, the eve of the Feast of Saint Lucy – soon started to seep into the local traditions. This cultural diversity of Kuyavia deepened during the Partitions as the region was divided between Russia and Prussia (Piotrowska, 2010b). Those differences were further reinforced by the existing administrative and parish divisions. Finally, Kuyavian culture has also been strongly influenced by the neighbouring regions, predominantly Greater Poland and Mazovia (Piotrowska, 2010b).
    [Show full text]
  • Warta (Or Toruń-Eberswalde) Ice Marginal Streamway
    POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES NR 29 RAJMUND GALON MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOTEĆ-WARTA (OR TORUŃ-EBERSWALDE) ICE MARGINAL STREAMWAY WARSAW 1961 WYDAWNICTWA GEOLOGICZNE http://rcin.org.pl 2 & £. *yr2t>T.<aL+*^; POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES NR 29 http://rcin.org.pl PRACE GEOGRAFICZNE Nr 29 RAJMUND GALON MORFOLOGIA PRADOLINY NOTECI—WARTY (LUB TORUŃSKO—EBERSWALDZKIEJ) * rEOrPA$MHECKME T P y £ bl Ne 29 PAlłMy Hfl TAJIOH MOPc^OJIOrMH nPA^OJIMHbl HOTELS— BAPTbl (JIMBO TOPyHBCKO-SEEPCBAJIBßCKOJl) http://rcin.org.pl V POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES NR 29 RAJMUND GALON MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOTEĆ-WARTA (OR TORUŃ - EBERSWALDE) ICE MARGINAL STREAMWAY WARSAW 1961 WYDAWNICTWA GEOLOGICZNE http://rcin.org.pl Editorial Committee Editor-in-Chief: S LESZCZYCK1 Member»: R. GALON, M. KLIMASZEWSKI, J. KOSTROWICKI, B. OLSZEWICZ, A. WRZOSEK Secretary of the Editorial Committee: J. WŁODEK-SANOJCA Editorial Council J. BARBAG, J. CZYŻEWSKI, J. DYLIK, K. DZIEWOŃSKI. R. GALON, M. KLIMASZEWSKI, J. KONDRACKI J. KOSTROWICKI, S. LESZCZYCKI, A. MALICKI, B. OLSZEWICZ, J. WĄSOWICZ, jM. KIEŁCZEWSKA-ZALESKA A. Z1ERHOFFER WYDAWNICTWA GEOLOGICZNE — WARSZAWA 1961 t Wydanie I. Nakład 1315+100 egz. Ark. druk. 8+2 zał. Ark. wyd. 10. Pap. druk. sat. III kl. 60 g, El. Oddano do skład. 11. II. 1960 r. Podp. do druku 1. VIII. 1961 r. Druk ukończono w sierpniu 1961 r. — K/06 Cena zł 32,— Krakowskie Zakłady Graficzne Nr 8, Kraków, ul. Kościuszki 3 — Nr zam. 83/60 http://rcin.org.pl CONTENTS More important stages in evolution of opinions on formation of ice-marginal s t r e a m w a y ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Changes in Flow Regime of Rivers in Poland
    J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 66, 2018, 1, 55–64 DOI: 10.1515/johh-2017-0045 Detection of changes in flow regime of rivers in Poland Dariusz Wrzesiński, Leszek Sobkowiak* Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, Chair of Hydrology and Water Management, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 10 str., 61-680 Poznań, Poland. * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The aim of this study is to detect changes in flow regime of rivers in Poland. On the basis of daily discharges recorded in 1951–2010 at 159 gauging stations located on 94 rivers regularities in the variability of the river flow characteristics in the multi-year period and in the annual cycle were identified and also their spatial uni- formity was examined. In order to identify changes in the characteristics of river regime, similarities of empirical distribution functions of the 5-day sets (pentads) of discharges were analyzed and the percent shares of similar and dissimilar distributions of the 5-day discharge frequencies in the successive 20-year sub-periods were compared with the average values of discharges recorded in 1951–2010. Three alternative methods of river classification were employed and in the classification procedure use was made of the Ward’s hierarchical clustering method. This resulted in identification of groups of rivers different in terms of the degree of transformation of their hydro- logical regimes in the multi-year and annual patterns. Keywords: Flow regime; Detection of changes; Empirical distribution function; Typological classification; Ward’s hier- archical clustering method. INTRODUCTION comparative hydrology stressed the role of the flood timescales as an important parameter integrating a range of climate and Identification and understanding of the multi-year changea- catchment.
    [Show full text]
  • Pomerania “A Explore the Westpomeranian Region
    S / West Pomerania Explore “a the Westpomeranian Region ■ ■ u m m u J ROUTES . .IV _ * # LAKE DISTRICTS WESTPOMERANIAN ^ Pomerania VOIVODSHIP Poland: located between the Baltic Sea and the Carpathian Mountains and the Sudetes. Area of the country: 312 685 km2. Administrative division: 16 voivodships Currency: Polish zloty Longest rivers: the Vistula River, the Oder River Official language: Polish In European Union: since 2004 Poland shares borders with the following countries: from the West with Germany, from the South with the Czech Republic and Slovakia, from the East with Ukraine and Belarus, and from the North with Lithuania and Russia (the Kaliningrad District). The Westpomeranian voivodship is located in the North-West Poland, at the coast of the Baltic Sea. The voivodship shares borders with the Pomeranian Voivodship from the East, the Great Poland and the Lubuskie Voivodships from the South, and from the West with German Lands: Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It covers the area of 22 892.48 km2. Szczecin is the seat of the voivodship authorities. Western Pomerania is the destination for holiday rest, a perfect place for active tourism, meetings with history, culture and tradition and finally a very attractive place for entertainment during numerous sports and tourist events. Explore Western Pomerania, the region located in the heart of Europe, in the North-West Poland, appealing with gorgeous sandy beaches, the Baltic breeze and much more! Discover how many attractions you may find in the land of lakes and rivers. Active tourists will be have an opportunity to practice sailing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, paragliding, canoeing, parachute jumping, and enjoy waterways, canoe trails, and golf courses.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter I. the State System of Old Poland (Up to 1795)
    Chapter I. The state system of Old Poland (up to 1795) § 1. Patrimonial monarchy I. The rise of the Polish state 1. The clan-tribe system and its collapse Pre-Polish tribes belonged among the Western Slavs. They arrived in the area located between the Oder and Bug rivers, on one hand, and the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea, on the other, during the Migration Period, most probably in the 6th century. The basic unit of Slav society was the clan. Initially, it included all those who originated from the same ancestor (agnatic), but with time a clan which consisted of relatives on both the father’s and the mother’s side (cognat- ic) became predominant. It served religious, military, economic, social, as well as protective purposes. Usually, the members of the clan inhabited a single set- tlement. The clan consisted of families. A number of clans would form a tribe, which was based on common ances- try as well, but also served state functions. The state-forming process started first within the so-calledsmall tribes inhabiting an area of up to 10,000 sq. km. These would combine to form a larger structure, i.e. the large tribe, which comprised a loose association of multiple small tribes. This process became more evident especially in the 8th century. Tribal associations formed in such a way occupied an area of up to 40,000 sq. km. The most important ones were: the Vistulans, the Polans, the Goplans, the Lendians, the Silesians, the Masovi- ans and the Pomeranians. Superior authority in a small tribal state was held by the veche (congress).
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Policy of Casimir III the Great
    Foreign policy of Casimir III the Great Foreign policy of Casimir III the Great Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Foreign policy of Casimir III the Great Casimir III the Great, the King of Poland, lets Gregory, the Armenian bishop, stay in Lviv and conduct his acvity there according to the Armenian customs. Source: domena publiczna. Link to the lesson You will learn what were the goals of the foreign policy of Casimir III the Great; what the peace policy of Casimir III the Great stands for; what was the meaning of the meeting of monarchs in Kraków and the feast at Wierzynek. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu. Casimir III the Great was a clever diplomat. His main ally in the international arena was Hungary. Due to good deals based on relations he provided peace at the borders with the Kingdom of Bohemia and the state of the Teutonic Order (1343 Peace in Kalisz). Officially, he resigned from Silesia and Pomerania (he planned to regain these lands until the end of his life). In 1364 he organised the congress in Cracow (so‐called feast at Wierzynek's), in which emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg (king of Bohemia), Ludwig of Anjou, the king of Cyprus and numerous princess took part. The king was also a warrior and conqueror – he conquered numerous areas in Russia (Halich and Volhynia Rus, Podolia), and moreover imposed his authorities to the Mazovian Piasts. He died in 1370. He did not leave a legitimate male descendant. Exercise 1 Show the lands that were annexed to the Kingdom of Poland during the reign of Casimir III the Great.
    [Show full text]
  • Sports in Bydgoszcz Bydgoszcz Specialties
    N i e c a ł a C z Kąpielowa R a ó Wr r żan ocław n a ska a D r o g a Old Bydgoszcz Canal Stary Kanał Bydgoski Stary Kanał S z u Canal Bydgoszcz b J a Bydgoski Kanał i sn ń a s 26 k a Bydgoszcz Specialties SportsŻ in Bydgoszcz e g l a r s k G a ra nic L S zn udw t a ro Grunw m P i a k R It should be added that a new, modern marina with a hotel was built on Mill During your stay in Bydgoszcz, it’s worth fi nding time to try local specialties. oznański K ow r Plac u s z w ondo a i c k Bread with potatoes aldzkie o Island, in the city centre. The Regional Rowing Association LOTTO-Bydgostia There is something for everyone, including chocolates, goose meat, locally Beer from the local brewery Potato rye bread is one of the oldest culinary recipes from the Bydgoszcz The traditions of Bydgoszcz brewing date back to the origins of the city. In the (RTW), the successor of the Railway Rowing Club, is a prominent rowing orga- brewed beer, and bread with potatoes … area. In the past, bread was baked from fl our processed at a farm or pur- 14th century, every townsman, owner of a lot within the city walls, had the right H. Dąbrowskiego nization. RTW is a 25-time (until 2013) Team Champion of Poland. It has been S iem ira chased from the mill.
    [Show full text]
  • Droughts in the Area of Poland in Recent Centuries
    https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-64 Preprint. Discussion started: 11 June 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Droughts in the area of Poland in recent centuries 2 3 Rajmund Przybylak1 ORCID: 0000-0003-4101-6116, Piotr Oliński2 ORCID: 0000-0003-1428- 4 0800, Marcin Koprowski3 ORCID: 0000-0002-0583-4165, Janusz Filipiak4 ORCID: 0000-0002- 5 4491-3886, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska1 ORCID: 0000-0003-2532-7168, Waldemar 6 Chorążyczewski2 ORCID: 0000-0002-0063-0032, Radosław Puchałka3 ORCID: 0000-0002- 7 4764-0705, and Henryk P. Dąbrowski5 ORCID:0000-0002-8846-5042 8 1 Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, 9 Poland 10 2 Department of Medieval History, Institute of History and Archival Sciences, Faculty of History, Nicolaus 11 Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland 12 3 Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus 13 University, Toruń, Poland 14 4 Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, 15 University of Gdansk, Poland 16 5 Dendroarchaeological Laboratory, Archaeological Museum in Biskupin, Biskupin, Poland 17 18 Correspondence to: R. Przybylak ([email protected]) 19 20 Abstract: The paper presents the main features of droughts in Poland in recent centuries, including their frequency of 21 occurrence, coverage, duration and intensity. For this purpose both proxy data (documentary and 22 dendrochronological) and instrumental measurements of precipitation were used. The reconstructions of droughts 23 based on all the mentioned sources of data covered the period 996–2015. Examples of megadroughts were also chosen 24 using documentary evidence, and some of them were described.
    [Show full text]