Taxonomy of the Order Mononegavirales: Second Update 2018
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WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies WHO Technical Report Series N
Since the launch of the Global framework to eliminate human 1012 rabies transmitted by dogs by 2030 in 2015, WHO has worked WHO Technical Report Series with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Organisation for Animal Health, the Global 1012 Alliance for Rabies Control and other stakeholders and partners WHO to prepare a global strategic plan. This includes a country-centric approach to support, empower and catalyse national entities to Expert on Rabies Consultation control and eliminate rabies. In this context, WHO convened its network of collaborating centres on rabies, specialized institutions, members of the WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Rabies, rabies experts and partners to review strategic and technical guidance on rabies to support implementation of country and regional programmes. This report provides updated guidance based on evidence and programmatic experience on the multiple facets of rabies prevention, control and elimination. Key updates include: (i) surveillance strategies, including cross-sectoral linking of systems and suitable diagnostics; (ii) the latest recommendations on human and animal immunization; (iii) palliative care in low- resource settings; (iv) risk assessment to guide management of bite WHO Expert Consultation victims; and (v) a proposed process for validation and verification of countries reaching zero human deaths from rabies. on Rabies The meeting supported the recommendations endorsed by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization in October 2017 to improve access to affordable rabies biologicals, especially for underserved populations, and increase programmatic feasibility in line with the objectives of universal Third report health coverage. The collaborative mechanisms required to prevent rabies are a model for collaboration on One Health at every level and among WHO multiple stakeholders and are a recipe for success. -
2020 Taxonomic Update for Phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), Including the Large Orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales
Archives of Virology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04731-2 VIROLOGY DIVISION NEWS 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales Jens H. Kuhn1 · Scott Adkins2 · Daniela Alioto3 · Sergey V. Alkhovsky4 · Gaya K. Amarasinghe5 · Simon J. Anthony6,7 · Tatjana Avšič‑Županc8 · María A. Ayllón9,10 · Justin Bahl11 · Anne Balkema‑Buschmann12 · Matthew J. Ballinger13 · Tomáš Bartonička14 · Christopher Basler15 · Sina Bavari16 · Martin Beer17 · Dennis A. Bente18 · Éric Bergeron19 · Brian H. Bird20 · Carol Blair21 · Kim R. Blasdell22 · Steven B. Bradfute23 · Rachel Breyta24 · Thomas Briese25 · Paul A. Brown26 · Ursula J. Buchholz27 · Michael J. Buchmeier28 · Alexander Bukreyev18,29 · Felicity Burt30 · Nihal Buzkan31 · Charles H. Calisher32 · Mengji Cao33,34 · Inmaculada Casas35 · John Chamberlain36 · Kartik Chandran37 · Rémi N. Charrel38 · Biao Chen39 · Michela Chiumenti40 · Il‑Ryong Choi41 · J. Christopher S. Clegg42 · Ian Crozier43 · John V. da Graça44 · Elena Dal Bó45 · Alberto M. R. Dávila46 · Juan Carlos de la Torre47 · Xavier de Lamballerie38 · Rik L. de Swart48 · Patrick L. Di Bello49 · Nicholas Di Paola50 · Francesco Di Serio40 · Ralf G. Dietzgen51 · Michele Digiaro52 · Valerian V. Dolja53 · Olga Dolnik54 · Michael A. Drebot55 · Jan Felix Drexler56 · Ralf Dürrwald57 · Lucie Dufkova58 · William G. Dundon59 · W. Paul Duprex60 · John M. Dye50 · Andrew J. Easton61 · Hideki Ebihara62 · Toufc Elbeaino63 · Koray Ergünay64 · Jorlan Fernandes195 · Anthony R. Fooks65 · Pierre B. H. Formenty66 · Leonie F. Forth17 · Ron A. M. Fouchier48 · Juliana Freitas‑Astúa67 · Selma Gago‑Zachert68,69 · George Fú Gāo70 · María Laura García71 · Adolfo García‑Sastre72 · Aura R. Garrison50 · Aiah Gbakima73 · Tracey Goldstein74 · Jean‑Paul J. Gonzalez75,76 · Anthony Grifths77 · Martin H. Groschup12 · Stephan Günther78 · Alexandro Guterres195 · Roy A. -
Antigenic Site Changes in the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Dictates Functionality and Neutralizing Capability Against Divergent Lyssaviruses
Antigenic site changes in the rabies virus glycoprotein dictates functionality and neutralizing capability against divergent lyssaviruses Article (Accepted Version) Evans, J S, Selden, D, Wu, G, Wright, E, Horton, D L, Fooks, A R and Banyard, A C (2018) Antigenic site changes in the rabies virus glycoprotein dictates functionality and neutralizing capability against divergent lyssaviruses. Journal of General Virology, 99. pp. 169-180. ISSN 0022-1317 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/73061/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. -
Current Rabies Vaccines Do Not Confer Protective Immunity Against Divergent Lyssaviruses Circulating in Europe
viruses Perspective Current Rabies Vaccines Do Not Confer Protective Immunity against Divergent Lyssaviruses Circulating in Europe Juan E. Echevarría 1,2,* , Ashley C. Banyard 3,4,5, Lorraine M. McElhinney 3 and Anthony R. Fooks 3,4,6 1 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain 2 CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain 3 Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; [email protected] (A.C.B.); [email protected] (L.M.M.); [email protected] (A.R.F.) 4 Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK 5 School of Life Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex BN1 9QG, UK 6 Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-918223676 Received: 29 August 2019; Accepted: 18 September 2019; Published: 24 September 2019 Abstract: The use of the rabies vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis started as early as 1885, revealing a safe and efficient tool to prevent human rabies cases. Preventive vaccination is the basis for the control of canine-mediated rabies, which has already been eliminated from extensive parts of the world, including Europe. Plans to eliminate canine-mediated human rabies by 2030 have been agreed upon by international organisations. However, rabies vaccines are not efficacious against some divergent lyssaviruses. The presence in European indigenous bats of recently described lyssaviruses, which are not neutralised by antibody responses to existing vaccines, as well as the declaration of an imported case of an African lyssavirus, which also escapes vaccine-derived protection, leaves the European health authorities unable to provide efficacious protective vaccines to some potential situations of human exposure. -
Virus Taxonomy and Replication
VIRUS TAXONOMY AND REPLICATION Paulo Eduardo Brandão, PhD Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine University of São Paulo, Brazil I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION GENOME EITHER RNA OR DNA I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION GENOME RNA VIRUSES: NUMBER OF RNA STRANDS = 1 or 2 3.5 to 32 kb Coronaviruses SINGLE-STRANDED RNA Rabies virus Rotavirus Reovirus DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION GENOME RNA VIRUSES: NUMBER OF RNA SEGMENTS = 1 TO 11 Coronaviruses Rabies virus NON-SEGMENTED RNA SEGMENTED RNA Influenzavirus Reovirus Rotavirus I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION GENOME RNA VIRUSES: RNA POLARITY Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomes Genome Protein I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION GENOME RNA VIRUSES: RNA POLARITY VIRUS GENOME SERVES AS mRNA AND IS DIRECTLY TRANSLATED BY RIBOSOMES INTO VIRUS PROTEINS POSITIVE-SENSE RNA Coronaviruses Classical swine fever Foot-and-mouth disease virus A mRNA MUST BE SINTHESIZED AND NEGATIVE-SENSE RNA ONLY THEN TRANSLATED BY RIBOSOMES Rabies virus Influenzaviruses Canine distemper virus I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION GENOME RETROVIRUSES: QUITE DIFFERENT! Reverse transcriptase INTEGRATION RNA GENOME COMPLEMENTARY DNA TO HOST CELL DNA I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION GENOME DNA STRANDS AND POLARITY (1.8 thousand to 2.8 million base pairs) DOUBLE-STRANDED: MOST DNA VIRUSES SINGLE-STRANDED (NEGATIVE SENSE OR POSITIVE SENSE): e.g. PARVOVIRUS In this case, a dsDNA will be produced during infection I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION GENOME DNA MORPHOLOGY LINEAR: MOST DNA VIRUSES CIRCULAR: CIRCOVIRUS I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION GENOME The Baltmore classification of viruses based on genome type I. VIRUS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION CAPSID THE CAPSID IS THE GENOME PROTEIN COAT Icosahedral simetry Mateu MG 2013 Helical simetry T=triangulation number: number of pentagons and hexagons in the icosahedron I. -
Complete Sections As Applicable
This form should be used for all taxonomic proposals. Please complete all those modules that are applicable (and then delete the unwanted sections). For guidance, see the notes written in blue and the separate document “Help with completing a taxonomic proposal” Please try to keep related proposals within a single document; you can copy the modules to create more than one genus within a new family, for example. MODULE 1: TITLE, AUTHORS, etc (to be completed by ICTV Code assigned: 2015.006aM officers) Short title: Implementation of taxon-wide non-Latinized binomial species names in the family Rhabdoviridae (e.g. 6 new species in the genus Zetavirus) Modules attached 1 2 3 4 5 (modules 1 and 10 are required) 6 7 8 9 10 Author(s): ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group: Walker, Peter Chair Australia [email protected] Blasdell, Kim Member Australia [email protected] Calisher, Charlie H. Member USA [email protected] Dietzgen, Ralf G. Member Australia [email protected] Kondo, Hideki Member Japan [email protected] Kurath, Gael Member USA [email protected] Longdon, Ben Member UK [email protected] Stone, David Member UK [email protected] Tesh, Robert B. Member USA [email protected] Tordo, Noël Member France [email protected] Vasilakis, Nikos Member USA [email protected] Whitfield, Anna Member USA [email protected] and Kuhn, Jens H., [email protected] Corresponding author with e-mail address: Walker, Peter (ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group Chair), [email protected] List the ICTV study group(s) that have seen this proposal: A list of study groups and contacts is provided at http://www.ictvonline.org/subcommittees.asp . -
Arenaviridae Astroviridae Filoviridae Flaviviridae Hantaviridae
Hantaviridae 0.7 Filoviridae 0.6 Picornaviridae 0.3 Wenling red spikefish hantavirus Rhinovirus C Ahab virus * Possum enterovirus * Aronnax virus * * Wenling minipizza batfish hantavirus Wenling filefish filovirus Norway rat hunnivirus * Wenling yellow goosefish hantavirus Starbuck virus * * Porcine teschovirus European mole nova virus Human Marburg marburgvirus Mosavirus Asturias virus * * * Tortoise picornavirus Egyptian fruit bat Marburg marburgvirus Banded bullfrog picornavirus * Spanish mole uluguru virus Human Sudan ebolavirus * Black spectacled toad picornavirus * Kilimanjaro virus * * * Crab-eating macaque reston ebolavirus Equine rhinitis A virus Imjin virus * Foot and mouth disease virus Dode virus * Angolan free-tailed bat bombali ebolavirus * * Human cosavirus E Seoul orthohantavirus Little free-tailed bat bombali ebolavirus * African bat icavirus A Tigray hantavirus Human Zaire ebolavirus * Saffold virus * Human choclo virus *Little collared fruit bat ebolavirus Peleg virus * Eastern red scorpionfish picornavirus * Reed vole hantavirus Human bundibugyo ebolavirus * * Isla vista hantavirus * Seal picornavirus Human Tai forest ebolavirus Chicken orivirus Paramyxoviridae 0.4 * Duck picornavirus Hepadnaviridae 0.4 Bildad virus Ned virus Tiger rockfish hepatitis B virus Western African lungfish picornavirus * Pacific spadenose shark paramyxovirus * European eel hepatitis B virus Bluegill picornavirus Nemo virus * Carp picornavirus * African cichlid hepatitis B virus Triplecross lizardfish paramyxovirus * * Fathead minnow picornavirus -
Module 4: Negative Strand RNA Viruses Lecture 23: Negative Strand RNA Viruses
NPTEL – Biotechnology – General Virology Module 4: Negative strand RNA viruses Lecture 23: Negative strand RNA viruses Negative strand RNA viruses belong to order Mononegavirales. The viruses in this group have similar genome organization and replication strategies and are probably diverged from a common ancestor (Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Bornaviridae and Rhabdoviridae). They are often associated with emerging infection and havoc to human population (Ebola, Marburg, Nipah and Hendra). Virus contains a negative sense RNA genome which means the polarity of the genome is opposite to that of an mRNA. The negative sense RNA cannot use its genome to synthesize proteins and hence its RNA is not infectious (absence of protein synthesis). Because of the above stated property viruses in this group encode their own polymerase (RNA dependent RNA polymerase [RDRP]). Another unique property about these viruses is about its transcription, first a leader RNA is synthesized, which is followed by sequential transcription of the genes in the 3’ to 5’ order to yield individual mRNAs by a stop-start mechanism guided by the conserved gene-start and gene-end signals. 23.1 Genome features I. Linear non-segmented negative sense RNA genome II. Organization of genome- 3'-Leader-Virion core- Surface proteins-Polymerase- Trailer 5'. III. Helical nucleocapsid contains the RNA dependent RNA polymerase. IV. The leader RNA is neither capped nor polyadenylated and is not functional as mRNA. V. Replication occurs when the polymerase complex ignores the transcription stop signals at the 3’ end of each gene and a full-length positive-sense antigenome is synthesized. VI. Transcription at the gene-start site is not perfect, which leads to a gradient of mRNA abundance that decreases according to the distance from the 3’ end of the genome. -
Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept
pathogens Article Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept Ravendra P. Chauhan 1 , Zelalem G. Dessie 2,3 , Ayman Noreddin 4,5 and Mohamed E. El Zowalaty 4,6,7,* 1 School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; [email protected] 2 School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; [email protected] 3 Department of Statistics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia 4 Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; [email protected] 5 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA 6 Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75185 Uppsala, Sweden 7 Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), St Jude Children Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 17 February 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 20 April 2020 Abstract: Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. -
Fitness Selection of Hyperfusogenic Measles Virus F Proteins Associated
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.22.423954; this version posted December 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Title 2 Fitness selection of hyperfusogenic measles virus F proteins associated with 3 neuropathogenic phenotypes 4 5 Authors 6 Satoshi Ikegame1, Takao Hashiguchi2,3, Chuan-Tien Hung1, Kristina Dobrindt4, Kristen J 7 Brennand4, Makoto Takeda5, Benhur Lee1* 8 9 Affiliations 10 1. Department of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 11 10029, USA. 12 2. Laboratory of Medical virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto 13 University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. 14 3. Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University. 15 4. Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn 16 Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New 17 York, NY 10029, USA. 18 5. Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. 19 20 * Correspondence to: [email protected] 21 22 Authors contributions 23 S. I. and B. L. conceived this study. S.I. conducted library preparation, screening experiment, 24 fusion assay, and virus growth analysis. T. H. did the structural discussion of measles F protein. 25 C. H. conducted the surface expression analysis. K. R., and K. B. worked on human iPS cells 26 derived neuron experiment. M. T. provided measles genome coding plasmid in this study. B. L. -
S41598-020-77835-Z.Pdf
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Specifc capture and whole‑genome phylogeography of Dolphin morbillivirus Francesco Cerutti1, Federica Giorda1,2, Carla Grattarola1, Walter Mignone1, Chiara Beltramo1, Nicolas Keck3, Alessio Lorusso4, Gabriella Di Francesco4, Ludovica Di Renzo4, Giovanni Di Guardo5, Mariella Goria1, Loretta Masoero1, Pier Luigi Acutis1, Cristina Casalone1 & Simone Peletto1* Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) is considered an emerging threat having caused several epidemics worldwide. Only few DMV genomes are publicly available. Here, we report the use of target enrichment directly from cetacean tissues to obtain novel DMV genome sequences, with sequence comparison and phylodynamic analysis. RNA from 15 tissue samples of cetaceans stranded along the Italian and French coasts (2008–2017) was purifed and processed using custom probes (by bait hybridization) for target enrichment and sequenced on Illumina MiSeq. Data were mapped against the reference genome, and the novel sequences were aligned to the available genome sequences. The alignment was then used for phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using MrBayes and BEAST. We herein report that target enrichment by specifc capture may be a successful strategy for whole‑genome sequencing of DMV directly from feld samples. By this strategy, 14 complete and one partially complete genomes were obtained, with reads mapping to the virus up to 98% and coverage up to 7800X. The phylogenetic tree well discriminated the Mediterranean and the NE‑Atlantic strains, circulating in the Mediterranean Sea and causing two diferent epidemics (2008–2015 and 2014–2017, respectively), with a limited time overlap of the two strains, sharing a common ancestor approximately in 1998. Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is a member of the genus Morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae), which includes also the Canine morbillivirus, Feline morbillivirus, Measles morbillivi- rus, Phocine morbillivirus, Rinderpest morbillivirus, and Small ruminant morbillivirus 1. -
Structures of the Mononegavirales Polymerases
MINIREVIEW crossm Structures of the Mononegavirales Polymerases Bo Lianga aDepartment of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA ABSTRACT Mononegavirales, known as nonsegmented negative-sense (NNS) RNA vi- Downloaded from ruses, are a class of pathogenic and sometimes deadly viruses that include rabies virus (RABV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), and Ebola virus (EBOV). Unfortunately, no effective vaccines and antiviral therapeutics against many Mononegavirales are cur- rently available. Viral polymerases have been attractive and major antiviral therapeutic targets. Therefore, Mononegavirales polymerases have been extensively investigated for their structures and functions. Mononegavirales mimic RNA synthesis of their eukaryotic counterparts by utilizing multifunctional RNA polymerases to replicate entire viral ge- nomes and transcribe viral mRNAs from individual viral genes as well as synthesize http://jvi.asm.org/ 5= methylated cap and 3= poly(A) tail of the transcribed viral mRNAs. The catalytic subunit large protein (L) and cofactor phosphoprotein (P) constitute the Mononega- virales polymerases. In this review, we discuss the shared and unique features of RNA synthesis, the monomeric multifunctional enzyme L, and the oligomeric multi- modular adapter P of Mononegavirales. We outline the structural analyses of the Mononegavirales polymerases since the first structure of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) L protein determined in 2015 and highlight multiple high-resolution cryo- on October 27, 2020 by guest electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the polymerases of Mononegavirales, namely, VSV, RABV, HRSV, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human parainflu- enza virus (HPIV), that have been reported in recent months (2019 to 2020). We compare the structures of those polymerases grouped by virus family, illustrate the similarities and differences among those polymerases, and reveal the potential RNA synthesis mechanisms and models of highly conserved Mononegavirales.