Rural Livelihoods, Resources and Coping with Crisis in Indonesia Publications Series
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Rural Livelihoods, Resources and Coping with Crisis in Indonesia Publications Series General Editor Paul van der Velde Editorial Board Wim Boot (Leiden University); Jennifer Holdaway (Social Science Research Council) Christopher A. Reed (Ohio State Faculty); Anand A. Yang (Director of the Henry M. Jackson school of International Studies and Chair of International Studies at the University of Washington); Guobin Yang (Barnard College, Columbia University) The ICAS Publications Series consists of Monographs and Edited Volumes. The Ser- ies takes a multidisciplinary approach to issues of interregional and multilateral im- portance for Asia in a global context. The Series aims to stimulate dialogue amongst scholars and civil society groups at the local, regional and international levels. The International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS) was founded in 1997. Its main goals are to transcend the boundaries between disciplines, between nations studied, and between the geographic origins of the Asia scholars involved. ICAS has grown into the largest biennial Asia studies event covering all subjects of Asia studies. So far five editions of ICAS have been held respectively in Leiden (1998), Berlin (2001), Singapore (2003), Shanghai (2005) and Kuala Lumpur (2007). ICAS 6 will be held in Daejeon (South Korea) from 6-9 August 2009. In 2001 the ICAS secretariat was founded which guarantees the continuity of the ICAS process. In 2004 the ICAS Book Prize (IBP) was established in order to create by way of a global competition both an international focus for publications on Asia while at the same time increasing their visibility worldwide. Also in 2005 the ICAS Publications Series were established. For more information: www.icassecretariat.org The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was established as an autono- mous organization in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio- political, security and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research pro- grammes are the Regional Economic Studies (RES, including ASEAN and APEC), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued almost 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. Rural Livelihoods, Resources and Coping with Crisis in Indonesia A Comparative Study Edited by Milan J. Titus & Paul P.M. Burgers Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore Publications Series Edited Volumes 3 Cover design: JB&A raster grafisch ontwerp, Delft Layout: The DocWorkers, Almere AUP ISBN 978 90 8964 055 0 AUP e-ISBN 978 90 4850 641 5 NUR 741 / 763 © ICAS / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2008 First published in Singapore in 2008 by ISEAS Publishing Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Pasir Panjang Singapore 119614 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg for distribution in Asia, Australia and New Zealand ISEAS ISBN 978 981 230 901 3 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright re- served above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or in- troduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Table of Contents List of Tables 7 List of Figures and Maps 9 Preface 11 1 Making a Living in Turbulent Times: Livelihoods and Resource Allocations in Tana Toraja during Indonesia’s Economic and Political Crises Edwin de Jong 17 2 Through Turbulent Times: Diversity, Vulnerability, and Resilience of Madurese Livelihoods in East Kalimantan Gerben Nooteboom 43 3 Livelihood Dynamics, the Economic Crisis, and Coping Mechanisms in Kerinci District, Sumatra Paul P.M. Burgers 71 4 The Economic and Ecological Crises and Their Impact on Livelihood Strategies of Rural Households in Yogyakarta Muhammad Baquini 91 5 Livelihoods and Coping Responses to the Crisis in Four Villages with Different Farm Systems in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Agus Sutanto 115 6 Livelihood Strategies, Responses to the Crisis, and the Role of Non-Agricultural Activities in Five Villages in the Special Region of Yogyakarta R. Rijanta 153 7 The Effects of the Crisis on Livelihood Systems in “Rurban” Areas: Case Studies in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Djarot S. Widyatmoko 177 6 RURAL LIVELIHOODS, RESOURCES AND COPING WITH CRISIS IN INDONESIA 8 Economic Change, the 1997 Crisis, and Livelihood Sustainability in Two Horticultural Communities in South Sulawesi Marja Rijerse 205 9 Krismon yang Selamat: The Crisis Impact on Livelihood Strategies in Desa Parigi, South Sulawesi Mascha Singeling 233 10 The Asian Crisis, Livelihood Conditions, and Resource Use in the Coastal Village of Tamasaju, South Sulawesi Rogier Vogelij 257 11 Indonesian Rural Livelihoods and Resource Use in Crisis? Milan J. Titus 277 Contributors 297 References 299 List of Tables Table 1.1 Households involved in the various livelihood activities per wealth group, Sabara (%) 29 Table 1.2 Households that experience income fluctuations, crises, or positive events (%), Sabara 30 Table 1.3 Households involved in the various livelihood activities per wealth group, Kurre (%) 36 Table 1.4 Households that experience income fluctuations, crises, or positive events (%), Kurre 37 Table 4.1 Profiles of five case study villages in the Special Region of Yogyakarta 96 Table 4.2 Average control over various types of land (in square meters) 99 Table 4.3 Changes in livelihood strategies in rural households during the 1998-2003 crisis 105 Table 4.4 The value of elements related to consumption responses 107 Table 4.5 The value of elements related to production responses 109 Table 5.1 Agro-physiographic characteristics of the research areas 118 Table 5.2 Livelihood situations in Tirtohargo 121 Table 5.3 Livelihood situations in Giriasih 124 Table 5.4 Livelihood situations in Sidoharjo 128 Table 5.5 Livelihood situations in Wonokerto 131 Table 5.6 Changes in livelihood situation 1998-2003 in four villages in Yogyakarta 132 Table 5.7 Livelihood variables and incidence rates by type of strategy 134 Table 5.8 Livelihood strategies and life cycles in four villages in Yogyakarta 136 Table 5.9 Variations in the impact of the crisis 139 Table 5.10 Consumptive coping responses of farm households by livelihood strategy in four villages in Special Region Yogyakarta 141 Table 5.11 Productive coping responses by relative. incidence and livelihood strategy in four villages in Speical Region Yogyakarta 145 8 RURAL LIVELIHOODS, RESOURCES AND COPING WITH CRISIS IN INDONESIA Table 6.1 Classification of the household livelihood situation in the five villages, 1998 and 2003 157 Table 6.2 Changes in livelihood conditions by economic basis of villages, 1998-2003 161 Table 6.3 Changes in livelihood conditions in rural and urban villages, 1998-2003 (percentages) 164 Table 6.4 Scores for consumption responses by livelihood strategy, 2003 165 Table 6.5 Scores for production responses by livelihood strategy, 2003 167 Table 6.6 Scores for consumption responses by type of household, 2003 169 Table 6.7 Scores for production responses by type of household, 2003 170 Table 6.8 Consumption responses by basis of non-agricultural production, 2003 171 Table 6.9 Production reponses by basis of non-agricultural production, 2003 172 Table 7.1 Distribution of sample households by village and type of livelihood systems at the time of research (end of 2002) 189 Table 7.2 Changes in livelihood strategies in Maguwoharjo village, 1998 and 2003 193 Table 7.3 Changes in livelihood strategies in Trimurti village, 1998 and 2003 196 Table 7.4 Changes in livelihood strategies in Temonkulon village, 1998 and 2003 198 Table 7.5 Changes in livelihood strategies in Ponjong village, 1998 and 2003 200 Table 8.1 Number of households with first, second, and third income-generating activities 214 Table 9.1 Households with expansionist-innovating enterprise strategies, Parigi 2003 236 Table 9.2 Households with consolidating-conserving enterprise strategies, Parigi 2003 237 Table 9.3 Households with marginal-defensive enterprise strategies, Parigi 2003 238 Table 9.4 Prices (in Rupiah) for kebun, sawah, and tegalan products in 1997, 1999, and 2003 239 Table 9.5 Average prices (in Rupiah) for fertilizers in rupiah in the area of Parigi 239 Table 10.1 Resource use and livelihoods during the crisis 275 List of Figures and Maps Figure 1.1 The island of Sulawesi and the regency of Tana Toraja 20 Figure 2.1 Map of Samarinda, East Kalimantan 54 Figure 3.1 Kerinci district and its position in Sumatra 73 Figure 3.2 Price developments of rice and most important external inputs (1996-2001) 76 Figure 3.3 Price developments in US dollars for experts of cinnamon (per kg) and coffee (Lb) 77 Figure 3.4 Price developments in Indonesian Rupiah for most common cinnamon qualities (ka,kb,kc) and coffee in the Kerinci District per month (1997-1998) 78 Figure 3.5 Trend in Rupiah pries for the major commercial annual crops planted (1995-2001) 79 Figure 3.6 Movements in production and planted area for cinnamon and coffee in Gunung Raya and Gunung Kerinci