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A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico

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A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 2011 A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico Nicole Matchette University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Matchette, Nicole, "A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico" (2011). Theses (Historic Preservation). 167. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/167 Suggested Citation: Matchette, Nicole. (2011). A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/167 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico Abstract At Las Pozas, it is the coalescence of nature and art that has become valued by many who have visited the site. This thesis sets forth an approach that seeks to find a common ground between maintaining the decayed appearance of a reinforced concrete structure known as Stairway to the Sky, while preserving the material integrity of its sculptural concrete—a complicated task in the warm, humid environment of Mexico's Huasteca (was-tek-a) region. Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Suggested Citation: Matchette, Nicole. (2011). A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/167 A PROPOSED APPROACH FOR STABILIZING VERDANT CONCRETE OF STAIRWAY TO THE SKY, LAS POZAS, MEXICO Nicole Matchette A THESIS in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in 7HY[PHS-\SÄSSTLU[VM[OL9LX\PYLTLU[ZVM[OL+LNYLLVM MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2011 __________________________ Advisor Michael C. Henry, PE, AIA Adjunct Professor of Architecture __________________________ 7YVNYHT*OHPY Randall F. Mason Associate Professor In memory of Omar Salinas Garay ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -PYZ[HUKMVYLTVZ[0^V\SKSPRL[V[OHURT`[OLZPZHK]PZVY4PJOHLS/LUY`MVYSLUKPUNOPZ [PTL HUK L_WLY[PZL MVY [OPZ [OLZPZ 0[ ^HZ IV[O HU OVUVY HUK WYP]PSLNL [V ^VYR ^P[O OPT :WLJPHS[OHURZ[V+Y(SILY[VKL;HNSL+Y,SLUH*OHYVSHHUK=PJ[VYPH7PUNHYYVU(S]HYLa MVY[OLPYJVU[YPI\[PVUZ[V]HYPV\ZJVTWVULU[ZVM[OPZ[OLZPZHUK[V9HUK`4HZVUHUK-YHUR 4H[LYVMVY[OLPYJVU[PU\V\ZN\PKHUJLHUKZ\WWVY[V]LY[OLSHZ[[^V`LHYZ 0HTTVZ[NYH[LM\S[V4H[OL^/VSTLZHUKAHPYH3P|HUAVYPSSHMVYVWLUPUN[OLPYKVVYZ[V TLH[3HZ7VaHZ;OPZ[OLZPZ^V\SKUV[OH]LILLUWVZZPISL^P[OV\[[OLPY\U^H]LYPUNOLSW0 ^V\SKHSZVSPRL[V[OHUR[OLPUU\TLYHISLWLVWSL^OV^LSJVTLKTLPU?PSP[SHUV[HIS`[OL 7LKYVHUK,SLUH/LYUHUKLa-V\UKH[PVU[OL3HZ7VaHZZ[HMM)VUP9L`UVZV[OL.HZ[LS\TZ HUK[OLZ[\KLU[Z^OV^VYRLKH[[OLZP[LPUZ\TTLYHZ^LSSHZ[OL2LLWLY»Z7YLZLY]H[PVU ,K\JH[PVU -\UK HUK>VYSK 4VU\TLU[Z -\UK MVY WYV]PKPUN TL ^P[O VWWVY[\UP[` [V ]PZP[ 4L_PJVHUK,UNSHUK[VJVTWSL[LT`YLZLHYJOMVY[OPZ[OLZPZ 3HZ[S`0^V\SKSPRL[V[OHURT`MHTPS`MVY[OLPYLUKSLZZZ\WWVY[PUHSSVMT`LUKLH]VYZHUK [VT`MYPLUKZPUIV[O7OPSHKLSWOPHHUK?PSP[SH·[OHUR`V\MVYL]LY`[OPUN iii ,K^HYK1HTLZJH ?PSP[SH4L_PJV Source: Edward James Archive (EJA), West Dean College iv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER 1 | SCOPE . 3 6YNHUPaH[PVUVM*OHW[LYZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 4L[OVKVSVN`¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ +LSPTP[H[PVUZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ;LYTPUVSVN`¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 3P[LYH[\YL9L]PL^¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ CHAPTER 2 | HISTORY AND STEWARDSHIP OF LAS POZAS. 12 ,K^HYK1HTLZ»Z,HYS`3PML¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ,K^HYK1HTLZHUKLas Pozas¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Las PozasHM[LY,K^HYK1HTLZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Preservation Efforts at Las Pozas¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ *VUJS\ZPVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ CHAPTER 3 | CONTEXTS OF THE HUASTECA AND LAS POZAS. 23 ,U]PYVUTLU[HS*VU[L_[¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ :VJPHS*VU[L_[¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ;V\YPZTPU[OLHuasteca¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ :P[L+LZJYPW[PVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Stairway to the Sky¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ *VUJS\ZPVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ CHAPTER 4 | PROPOSED VALUES AND SIGNIFICANCE . 35 =HS\LZHUK/LYP[HNL*VUZLY]H[PVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ (Y[PZ[PJ=HS\L¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ,U]PYVUTLU[HS=HS\L¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ :[H[LTLU[VM:PNUPÄJHUJL¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ *VUJS\ZPVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ CHAPTER 5 | PAST, PRESENT AND POTENTIAL RISKS AND THREATS ,_[YPUZPJ;OYLH[Z!,U]PYVUTLU[ ,_[YPUZPJ;OYLH[Z!/\THU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 0U[YPUZPJ;OYLH[Z!8\HSP[`VM4H[LYPHSZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ v 0U[YPUZPJ;OYLH[Z!*VUJYL[L4P_+LZPNU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 9LPUMVYJLTLU[*VYYVZPVU *\YYLU[*VUKP[PVUZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ CHAPTER 6 | BIODETERIORATION OF CONCRETE )PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUPU^HYTO\TPKLU]PYVUTLU[Z!HUV]LY]PL^¯¯¯¯¯ )PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*VUJYL[L¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 6YNHUPZTZ(ZZVJPH[LK^P[O)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*VUJYL[L¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Biodeterioration of Concrete at Stairway to the Sky¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 4L[OVKZVM(UHS`ZPZVM)PVNYV^[O¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 0TWSPJH[PVUZVM0U[LY]LU[PVUZMVY)PVNYV^[O9LTV]HSH[Stairway to the Sky¯ *VUJS\ZPVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ CHAPTER 7 | PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES *VUZLY]H[PVU7OPSVZVWO`¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 7YLSPTPUHY`6IQLJ[P]LZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 7YVNYHT6]LY]PL^¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ,TLYNLUJ`0U[LY]LU[PVUZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 0KLU[PÄJH[PVUVM,UHISPUN-HJ[VYZVM9LPUMVYJLTLU[*VYYVZPVU¯¯¯¯¯ )PVKL[LYPVYH[PVU4VUP[VYPUN¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ >LLRS`4VUP[VYPUN*HTWHPNUZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ;YHPUPUN7YVNYHT¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A APPENDIX B. 112 APPENDIX C APPENDIX D APPENDIX E APPENDIX F. 152 INDEX vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 =PL^VMStairway to the Sky SVVRPUNLHZ[ FIGURE 2 =PL^SVVRPUNUVY[O^LZ[VM1HTLZ»ZLHYS`SHYNLZJHSLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUZ FIGURE 3 ;OLZLTPHYPKSHUKZJHWLVM[OLSierra Gorda......................................25 FIGURE 4 =PL^VM?PSP[SH»ZJLU[YHSWSHaHMYVT:HU(N\Z[PU;LTWSL FIGURE 5 ;OLUH[\YHSWVVSZVYpozas, Z\YYV\UKLKI`JVUJYL[LZJ\SW[\YLZ FIGURE 6 *VUJYL[LNV[OPJHYJOLZPU[LNYH[LKPU[V[OLQ\UNSL FIGURE 7 (WVS`JOYVTH[PJJLTLU[Z\YMHJLPZL_WVZLKHM[LYJSLHUPUN FIGURE 8 )S\LWPNTLU[LKZ[HPYZVM[OLThree Story House that Might be Five...... FIGURE 9 =VPKZJYHJRPUNHUKL_WVZLKHNNYLNH[L FIGURE 10 0TWYLZZPVUZVMMVYT^VYRYLTHPUVU[OLTVU\TLU[HSJVS\TUZ FIGURE 11 )SHJRM\UNHSIPVNYV^[OJVSVUPaLZOHKLKZ\YMHJLZ FIGURE 12 ;OLZ[Y\J[\YL»ZJ\YYLU[HWWLHYHUJLHM[LYKLJHKLZVML_WVZ\YL vii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS MEXICO: CAICH *VUZLQVKL(UJPHUVZ0UKxNLUHZKLSH*\S[\YHHuasteca0UKPNLUV\Z Elder and Cultural Council of the Huasteca CONAIN *VUMLKLYHJP}U5HJPVUHSKL7\LISVZ0UKxNLUHZ5H[PVUHS*VUMLKLYH[PVU VM0UKPNLUV\Z7LVWSLZ CONABIO *VTPZP}U5HJPVUHSWHYHLS*VUVJPTPLU[V`3PZVKLSH)PVKP]LYZPKHK ;OL5H[PVUHS*VTTPZZPVUMVY[OL2UV^SLKNLHUK<ZLVM)PVKP]LYZP[` CONACULTA*VUZLQV5HJPVUHSWHYHSH*\S[\YHS`SHZ(Y[LZ5H[PVUHS*V\UJPSMVY Culture and the Arts CONAPO *VUZLQV5HJPVUHSKLSH7VISHJP}U5H[PVUHS7VW\SH[PVU*V\UJPS CONAFOR *VTPZP}U5HJPVUHS-VYLZ[YHS5H[PVUHS-VYLZ[Y`*VTTPZZPVU CONAGUA *VTPZP}U5HJPVUHSKL(N\H5H[PVUHS>H[LY*VTTPZZPVU CONANP *VTPZP}U 5HJPVUHS KL ÍYLHZ 5H[\YHSLZ 7YV[LNPKHZ 5H[PVUHS *VTTPZZPVUVM7YV[LJ[LK5H[\YHS(YLHZ CONEVAL Consejo Nacional de Evaluación / The National Council for the ,]HS\H[PVUVM:VJPHS+L]LSVWTLU[7VSPJ` FX Fondo Xilita / The Xilitla Foundation INAH 0UZ[P[\[V 5HJPVUHS KL(U[YVWVSVNxH L /PZ[VYPH 5H[PVUHS 0UZ[P[\[L VM /PZ[VY`HUK(U[OYVWVSVN` INAFED 0UZ[P[\[V 5HJPVUHS WHYH LS -LKLYHSPZTV ` LS +LZHYYVSSV 4\UPJPWHS 5H[PVUHS0UZ[P[\[LMVY-LKLYHSPZTHUK4\UPJPWHS+L]LSVWTLU[ INEGI 0UZ[P[\[V 5HJPVUHS KL ,Z[HKPZ[PJH ` .LVNYHMxH 5H[PVUHS 0UZ[P[\[L VM :[H[PZ[PJZHUK.LVNYHWO` INBA Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes / National Fine Arts Institute LGEEPA 3L`.LULYHSKLS,X\PSPIYPV`SH7YV[LJJP}UHS(TIPLU[L;OL.LULYHS 3H^VM,JVSVNPJHS,X\PSPIYP\THUK,U]PYVUTLU[HS7YV[LJ[PVU PEHF -\UKHJP}U 7LKYV ` ,SLUH /LYUHUKLa 7LKYV HUK ,SLUH /LYUHUKLa Foundation viii SECULT La Secretaría de Cultura / Secretary of Culture SEMARNAT :LJYL[HYPV KL 4LKPV (TIPLU[L ` 9LJ\YZVZ 5H[\YHSLZ :LJYL[HY` VM ,U]PYVUTLU[HUK5H[\YHS9LZV\YJLZ OTHER: ASTM (TLYPJHU:VJPL[`MVY;LZ[PUNHUK4H[LYPHSZ(:;40U[LYUH[PVUHS EJA ,K^HYK1HTLZ(YJOP]L EJF ,K^HYK1HTLZ-V\UKH[PVU MAB 4HUHUK[OL)PVZWOLYL7YVNYHTVM<5,:*6 WMF >VYSK4VU\TLU[Z-\UK UNESCO <UP[LK5H[PVUZ,K\JH[PVUHS:JPLU[PÄJHUK*\S[\YHS6YNHUPaH[PVU ix INTRODUCTION )L[^LLU HUK ,K^HYK 1HTLZ I\PS[ V]LY [^V O\UKYLK JVUJYL[L ZJ\SW[\YLZHUKSHYNLZJHSLHYJOP[LJ[\YHSZ[Y\J[\YLZH[OPZYLZPKLUJLPU[OL4L_PJHU Q\UNSL Las Pozas WYVUV\UJLK poh-sas 0UZWPYLK I` [OL ]LYKHU[ SHUKZJHWL [OH[ Z\YYV\UKLK OPT 1HTLZ PU[LNYH[LK JVUJYL[L HYJOP[LJ[\YHS ZJ\SW[\YLZ PU[V UH[\YL JYLH[PUN HU HZZLTISHNL VM MHU[HZ[PJHS Z[Y\J[\YLZ V]LY [OL ZWHU VM MV\Y KLJHKLZ >OL[OLY1HTLZÄYZ[JVUJLW[\HSPaLKLas PozasHZVULWYVQLJ[PZ\UJSLHY"PUYLHSP[` P[L]VS]LKUH[\YHSS`MYVTHUVYJOPKNHYKLUPU[VHZJ\SW[\YLNHYKLUHUKSH[LY`LHYZ HM[LYOPZKLH[OPU[VH^VYSKYLUV^ULKOLYP[HNLZP[L )LMVYL OPZ KLH[O 1HTLZ KPK UV[ JVTT\UPJH[L OPZ ^PZOLZ MVY [OL M\[\YL WYLZLY]H[PVUVYWYLZLU[H[PVUVMLas Pozas[V[OLW\ISPJ9LJLU[S`OV^L]LY1HTLZ»Z PU[LU[PVUZOH]LILJVTL[OL[VWPJVMTHU`KPZJ\ZZPVUZHZ[OLZP[L»ZJ\YYLU[V^ULYZ WYLWHYLHSVUN[LYTJVUZLY]H[PVUWSHU*LU[YHS[V[OLJVUZLY]H[PVUVMLas Pozas is [OLWHYHKV_PJHSYLSH[PVUZOPWIL[^LLU[OLZ[Y\J[\YLZHUKLU]PYVUTLU[·[YLLZJHUVW` JVUJYL[LH[TVZWOLYPJTVPZ[\YLPZHI\UKHU[HUK[OYLH[LUZTH[LYPHSPU[LNYP[`"HUK`L[ H]PZ\HSZ`TIPVZPZPZHSZVMVYTLKIL[^LLU1HTLZ»Z^VYRZHUKUH[\YLYL]LHSPUNHU \U\Z\HSILH\[`HZ[OLWSHU[SPMLILJVTLZVUL^P[O[OLJVUJYL[L At Las PozasP[PZ[OLJVHSLZJLUJLVMUH[\YLHUKHY[[OH[OHZILJVTL]HS\LK I` THU` ^OV OH]L ]PZP[LK [OL ZP[L;OPZ [OLZPZ ZL[Z MVY[O HU HWWYVHJO [OH[ ZLLRZ [V ÄUK H JVTTVU NYV\UK
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