University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons
Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation
2011
A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico
Nicole Matchette University of Pennsylvania
Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses
Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons
Matchette, Nicole, "A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico" (2011). Theses (Historic Preservation). 167. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/167
Suggested Citation: Matchette, Nicole. (2011). A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/167 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico
Abstract At Las Pozas, it is the coalescence of nature and art that has become valued by many who have visited the site. This thesis sets forth an approach that seeks to find a common ground between maintaining the decayed appearance of a reinforced concrete structure known as Stairway to the Sky, while preserving the material integrity of its sculptural concrete—a complicated task in the warm, humid environment of Mexico's Huasteca (was-tek-a) region.
Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation
Comments Suggested Citation: Matchette, Nicole. (2011). A Proposed Approach for Stabilizing Verdant Concrete of Stairway to the Sky, Las Pozas, Mexico. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/167 A PROPOSED APPROACH FOR STABILIZING VERDANT CONCRETE OF STAIRWAY TO THE SKY, LAS POZAS, MEXICO
Nicole Matchette
A THESIS
in
Historic Preservation
Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in 7HY[PHS-\SÄSSTLU[VM[OL9LX\PYLTLU[ZVM[OL+LNYLLVM
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION
2011
______Advisor Michael C. Henry, PE, AIA
Adjunct Professor of Architecture
______7YVNYHT*OHPY Randall F. Mason Associate Professor In memory of Omar Salinas Garay
ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Source: Edward James Archive (EJA), West Dean College
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...... 1
CHAPTER 1 | SCOPE ...... 3
6YNHUPaH[PVUVM*OHW[LYZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 4L[OVKVSVN`¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ +LSPTP[H[PVUZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ;LYTPUVSVN`¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 3P[LYH[\YL9L]PL^¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
CHAPTER 2 | HISTORY AND STEWARDSHIP OF LAS POZAS...... 12
,K^HYK1HTLZ»Z,HYS`3PML¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ,K^HYK1HTLZHUKLas Pozas¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Las PozasHM[LY,K^HYK1HTLZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Preservation Efforts at Las Pozas¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ *VUJS\ZPVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
CHAPTER 3 | CONTEXTS OF THE HUASTECA AND LAS POZAS...... 23
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CHAPTER 4 | PROPOSED VALUES AND SIGNIFICANCE ...... 35
=HS\LZHUK/LYP[HNL*VUZLY]H[PVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ (Y[PZ[PJ=HS\L¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ,U]PYVUTLU[HS=HS\L¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ :[H[LTLU[VM:PNUPÄJHUJL¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ *VUJS\ZPVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
CHAPTER 5 | PAST, PRESENT AND POTENTIAL RISKS AND THREATS
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CHAPTER 6 | BIODETERIORATION OF CONCRETE
)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUPU^HYTO\TPKLU]PYVUTLU[Z!HUV]LY]PL^¯¯¯¯¯ )PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*VUJYL[L¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 6YNHUPZTZ(ZZVJPH[LK^P[O)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*VUJYL[L¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Biodeterioration of Concrete at Stairway to the Sky¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 4L[OVKZVM(UHS`ZPZVM)PVNYV^[O¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 0TWSPJH[PVUZVM0U[LY]LU[PVUZMVY)PVNYV^[O9LTV]HSH[Stairway to the Sky¯ *VUJS\ZPVU¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
CHAPTER 7 | PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
*VUZLY]H[PVU7OPSVZVWO`¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 7YLSPTPUHY`6IQLJ[P]LZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 7YVNYHT6]LY]PL^¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ,TLYNLUJ`0U[LY]LU[PVUZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 0KLU[PÄJH[PVUVM,UHISPUN-HJ[VYZVM9LPUMVYJLTLU[*VYYVZPVU¯¯¯¯¯ )PVKL[LYPVYH[PVU4VUP[VYPUN¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ >LLRS`4VUP[VYPUN*HTWHPNUZ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ;YHPUPUN7YVNYHT¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B...... 112
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
APPENDIX F...... 152
INDEX
vi LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 =PL^VMStairway to the Sky SVVRPUNLHZ[
FIGURE 2 =PL^SVVRPUNUVY[O^LZ[VM1HTLZ»ZLHYS`SHYNLZJHSLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUZ FIGURE 3 ;OLZLTPHYPKSHUKZJHWLVM[OLSierra Gorda...... 25 FIGURE 4 =PL^VM?PSP[SH»ZJLU[YHSWSHaHMYVT:HU(N\Z[PU;LTWSL FIGURE 5 ;OLUH[\YHSWVVSZVYpozas, Z\YYV\UKLKI`JVUJYL[LZJ\SW[\YLZ FIGURE 6 *VUJYL[LNV[OPJHYJOLZPU[LNYH[LKPU[V[OLQ\UNSL FIGURE 7 (WVS`JOYVTH[PJJLTLU[Z\YMHJLPZL_WVZLKHM[LYJSLHUPUN FIGURE 8 )S\LWPNTLU[LKZ[HPYZVM[OLThree Story House that Might be Five...... FIGURE 9 =VPKZJYHJRPUNHUKL_WVZLKHNNYLNH[L FIGURE 10 0TWYLZZPVUZVMMVYT^VYRYLTHPUVU[OLTVU\TLU[HSJVS\TUZ FIGURE 11 )SHJRM\UNHSIPVNYV^[OJVSVUPaLZOHKLKZ\YMHJLZ FIGURE 12 ;OLZ[Y\J[\YL»ZJ\YYLU[HWWLHYHUJLHM[LYKLJHKLZVML_WVZ\YL
vii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
MEXICO:
CAICH *VUZLQVKL(UJPHUVZ0UKxNLUHZKLSH*\S[\YHHuasteca0UKPNLUV\Z Elder and Cultural Council of the Huasteca
CONAIN *VUMLKLYHJP}U5HJPVUHSKL7\LISVZ0UKxNLUHZ5H[PVUHS*VUMLKLYH[PVU VM0UKPNLUV\Z7LVWSLZ
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Bernard Erlin and +H]PK:[HYR,KZ7OPSHKLSWOPH!(TLYPJHU:VJPL[`MVY;LZ[PUNHUK4H[LYPHSZ -VY JVTWYLOLUZP]L W\ISPJH[PVUZ VU IPVKL[LYPVYH[PVU VM J\S[\YHS OLYP[HNL TH[LYPHSZ ZLL [OL .L[[` *VUZLY]H[PVU0UZ[P[\[L»ZBiodeterioration of Stone in Tropical Environments HUKPlant Biology for Cultural Heritage: Biodeterioration and Conservation 10 FIGURE 1! =0,> 6- STAIRWAY TO THE SKY LOOKING EAST. THE FORMERLY WHITE CONCRETE STRUCTURE NOW DISPLAYS A MYRIAD OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS ON ITS SURFACE, CHALLENGING TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO THE CONSERVATION OF CONCRETE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 11 CHAPTER. 2 | HISTORY AND STEWARDSHIP OF LAS POZAS EDWARD JAMES’S EARLY LIFE 5HTLKHM[LYOPZNVKMH[OLY2PUN,K^HYK=00VM,UNSHUK,K^HYK1HTLZ ^HZIVYUPU[VHU,UNSPZOMHTPS`VMPTTLUZL^LHS[OHUKHYPZ[VJYHJ`1HTLZHUK OPZMV\YVSKLYZPZ[LYZSP]LKH[[OLMHTPS`»ZYVVTTHUZPVUHUK HJYLLZ[H[L H[>LZ[+LHUSVJH[LKPU>LZ[:\ZZL_,UNSHUK0U+HUaPNLY»ZKVJ\TLU[HY`Edward James: Builder of Dreams1HTLZKLZJYPILZYL]LY[PUN[VOPZPTHNPUH[PVUHZHJOPSK JYLH[PUNMHU[HZ`^VYSKZ^OLYLOL^V\SKLU[LY[HPUOPTZLSMMVYOV\YZVULUK0UHSH[LY PU[LY]PL^1HTLZKLZJYPILZOPZTV[OLYHZPUKPMMLYLU[[VOPTMVSSV^PUNOPZMH[OLY»ZKLH[O PU HUK[OH[ZOLKPKUV[Z\WWVY[OPZW\YZ\P[VMJYLH[P]LPUJSPUH[PVUZJSHPTPUN OLYZVUZOV\SK¸J\[V\[T\ZPJHUK^YP[PUNWVL[Y`HUKJVUJLU[YH[LVUOPZ\UP]LYZP[` KLNYLLHUKOPZM\[\YLH[>LZ[+LHUHUK7HYSPHTLU[¹1 0U 1HTLZ»ZTV[OLYKPLKSLH]PUN[VOPT>LZ[+LHUHUK]HYPV\ZWYVWLY[PLZ PU,UNSHUKHUK-YHUJL1HTLZ^YV[LWVL[Y`MYVT[OLHNLVM 2HUK^P[O[OLTVUL` MYVTOPZPUOLYP[HUJLOLMV\UKLK[OL1HTLZ7YLZZ[VW\ISPZOOPZV^U^VYRZPUJS\KPUN The Bones of My HandHZ^LSSHZ[OLÄYZ[IVVRVMWVL[Y`^YP[[LUI`6_MVYKMYPLUK 1VOU)L[QLTHU3^OVSH[LYILJHTL[OLJV\U[Y`»Z7VL[3H\YLH[L0U ,K^HYK 1HTLZTHYYPLKIHSSL[KHUJLY;PSS`3VZJOI\[[OLPYTHYYPHNL^HZZOVY[SP]LKLUKPUN JVU[LU[PV\ZS`PU )LMVYL[OLPYKP]VYJLOV^L]LYOLIHJRLK.LVYNL)HSHUJOPUL»Z IHSSL[JVTWHU`3LZ)HSSL[ZHUKJVTTPZZPVULKHIHSSL[MVY3VZJO[VKHUJLSeven 1 ,]LS`U 1HTLZ SL[[LY [V 4Y 4HJ2LUaPL :LW[LTILY :V\YJL! :OHYVU 2\Z\UVRP ¸)YLHRPUN *HUVUZ¹A Surreal Life: Edward James5PJVSH*VSLI`LK3VUKVU;OL9V`HS7H]PSSPVU3PIYHYPLZHUK4\ZL\TZ )YPNO[VUHUK/V]L7OPSPW>PSZVU 2 Ibid. 23. 3 Ibid. 23. 12 Deadly Sins^YP[[LUI`)LY[VS[)YLJO[HUK2\Y[>LPSS +\YPUN[OL Z1HTLZILNHUJVSSLJ[PUNHY[HUKZ\WWVY[LK[OLJHYLLYZVM `V\UNWHPU[LYZZ\JOHZ9LUL4HNYP[[LHUK:HS]HKVY+HSP1HTLZHWWLHYLKPU]HYPV\Z 4HNYP[[L^VYRZZ\JOHZEdward James in Front of ‘On the Threshold of Liberty’ and The Pleasure Principle ([VULVMOPZPUOLYP[LKWYVWLY[PLZ4VUR[VU/V\ZL 1HTLZ JVSSHIVYH[LK ^P[O +HSP ,SZH :OPHWHYLSSP HUK 2P[ 5PJOVSZVU HTVUN V[OLYZ [VYLTVKLS[OLJV\U[Y`OV\ZLPU[VH:\YYLHSPZ[THUZPVU/LWHPU[LK[OLI\PSKPUN SH]LUKLYHUKWHPU[LKOHUNPUNJ\Y[HPUZMYVT[OLL_[LYPVY^PUKV^ZPSSZ0U 1HTLZ JVSSHIVYH[LKHNHPU^P[O+HSPVU[OL¸+YLHTVM=LU\Z¹HT\S[PTLKPHPUZ[HSSH[PVU ^P[OSP]LWLYMVYTHUJLZ;OL^VYR^HZSH[LYWYLZLU[LKH[[OL5L^@VYR>VYSK»Z-HPY JH\ZPUNHJVTTV[PVU^OLUZVTLHJ[YLZZLZWLYMVYTLKM\SS`\UJSV[OLK )` [OL [PTL OL ^HZ [OPY[`,K^HYK 1HTLZ OHK HJX\PYLK [OL TVZ[ L_[LUZP]L JVSSLJ[PVUVM:\YYLHSPZ[HY[PU[OL^VYSK50U[OLSH[L Z1HTLZSLM[5L^@VYRMVY3VZ (UNLSLZ^OLYLOLIV\NO[HOVTLHUKSP]LKHTVUN[OLJP[`»ZWYVTPULU[T\ZPJPHUZ HJ[VYZ ^YP[LYHUK HY[PZ[Z Z\JO HZ 0NVY :[YH]PUZR`(SKV\Z /\_SL` HUK 9\[O -VYK )` 1HTLZSLM[3VZ(UNLSLZMVY4L_PJV[YH]LSPUN^P[O9VSHUK4HJ2LUaPL[V 4L_PJV*P[`6U[OLKYP]LZV\[OHM[LYJYVZZPUN[OL<:IVYKLY[OL[^VTLUZ[VWWLK in Ciudad Valles in the HuastecaYLNPVU^OLYLHUVYJOPKNHYKLULY[VSKOPTVMH ILH\[PM\S[V^URUV^UHZ?PSP[SHSVJH[LKHUOV\YZV\[OPU[OLHuasteca Potosina. 4VU[OZSH[LY1HTLZYL[\YULK[V[OLHuasteca[OPZ[PTL^P[O7S\[HYJV.HZ[LS\TH WVZ[HS^VYRLYPU*\LYUH]HJH1HTLZVMMLYLK.HZ[LS\TTVUL`[VSLH]LOPZQVIHUK N\PKLOPTHYV\UK4L_PJVHUK[OPZPUP[PHSQVISLK[VHJSVZLMYPLUKZOPW[OH[^V\SKSHZ[ MVY[OLYLTHPUKLYVM[OLPYSP]LZ.HZ[LS\T^V\SKTHYY`4HYPUH3SHTHaHYLZH`V\UN O[[W!^^^RLUULK`JLU[LYVYNL_WSVYLYHY[PZ[Z&LU[P[`FPK$ ZV\YJLF[`WL$( 2\Z\UVRP¸)YLHRPUN*HUVUZ¹A Surreal Life: Edward James, 21. /VVRZ4HYNHYL[Surreal Eden: Edward James and Las Pozas5L^@VYR!7YPUJL[VU(YJOP[LJ[\YHS 7YLZZ 13 ^VTHU MYVT ?PSP[SH HUK OH]L MV\Y JOPSKYLU ^OV ^V\SK ILJVTL 1HTLZ»ZHKVW[LK MHTPS`PU4L_PJV EDWARD JAMES AND LAS POZAS 1HTLZOHKMHSSLUPUSV]L^P[ORancho La Conchita3H*VUJOP[H9HUJO[OL MVYTLY SHUK VM H NLULYHS MYVT [OL 4L_PJHU 9L]VS\[PVU UHTLK *VYVULS *HZ[PSSV ;OLZP[L^HZHMVYTLYJVMMLLWSHU[H[PVUSVJH[LKHZOVY[KPZ[HUJLMYVT[OLTV\U[HPU [V^UVM?PSP[SHHUKKLÄULKI`S\ZO]LNL[H[PVUHYP]LY^H[LYMHSSZHUKUH[\YHSWVVSZ VYpozas 4HYJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN`LHY ;OL[^VTLUI\PS[ZTHSSJHIPUZULHY[OLZ\TTP[VM[OL OPSSZPKLHUKSP]LK[OLYLMVYHZOVY[[PTL\U[PS.HZ[LS\TW\YJOHZLK*VSVULS*HZ[PSSV»Z MVYTLY OV\ZL PU JLU[YHS ?PSP[SH 1HTLZ YLTHPULK H[ La Conchita and hired local ^VYRLYZ[VI\PSKHOV\ZLVMJVUJYL[LIYPJRHUKIHTIVVRUV^U[VKH`HZ,K^HYK 1HTLZ»Z/V\ZLVYLa Casa Original de Edward James. >OLU1HTLZ^HZUV[PU,UNSHUK*HSPMVYUPHVY[YH]LSPUNOLSP]LKPUOPZQ\UNSL JHIPUMVYTVU[OZVULUK;OLYLOL^V\SK^YP[LWVL[Y`HUK[LUKOPZVYJOPKNHYKLU ^OPJO OHK NYV^U [V ULHYS` ZWLJPTLUZ I` 10 1HTLZ JVTTPZZPVULK ^VYRLYZMYVT[V^U[VI\PSKZ[VULWH[O^H`Z[OH[MHJPSP[H[LKTV]LTLU[[OYV\NO[OL WYVWLY[`HUKI\PSKZ[VUL^HSSZ[VMLUJLPUOPZ¸WL[¹KLLY>OPSL[YH]LSPUN1HTLZVM[LU IYV\NO[L_V[PJWSHU[ZHUKHUPTHSZIHJR[VLas Pozas^P[OOPTHUKI\PS[JHNLZMVYOPZ NYV^PUNHUPTHSJVSSLJ[PVU^OPJOPUJS\KLKIVHJVUZ[YPJ[VYZK\JRZHUKÅHTPUNVZ 6U [OL NYV\UK ÅVVY VM [OPZ OV\ZL OL SH[LY JVTTPZZPVULK :WHUPZO ZJ\SW[VY 1VZL ;OLSHYNLZ[^H[LYMHSSH[Las Pozas, Cascada del General,PZUHTLKHM[LY[OLWYVWLY[`»ZWYL]PV\ZV^ULY Colonel Castillo. /VVRZSurreal Eden, 52. El CastilloYLTHPUZPU[OL.HZ[LS\TMHTPS`[VKH`0[ZJ\YYLU[\ZLPZHZH.\LZ[/V\ZLHUKYLZ[H\YHU[ 10 2\Z\UVRP¸)YLHRPUN*HUVUZ¹A Surreal Life: Edward James, 30. FIGURE 2!=0,>366205.569;/>,:;6-1(4,:»:,(93@3(9.,:*(3,*65 STRUCTIONS AT LAS POZAS. THE CINEMA, AND ITS THIRD STORY, STAIRWAY TO THE SKY, SIT IN THE FOREGROUND AND EDWARD JAMES’S HOUSE IS LOCATED BEHIND IT. SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. 15 /VYUHO\ZIHUKVMWOV[VNYHWOLY2H[P/VYUH[VI\PSKHJHNLMVYHIVHJVUZ[YPJ[VY ^OPJOPZRUV^U[VKH`HZJaula de las Boas. )` 1HTLZ OHK THKL H ZTHSS PTWHJ[ VU [OL SHUKZJHWL ^P[O ]HYPV\Z WH[O^H`ZHUKJVYYHSZ(YHYLZUV^MHSSPU?PSP[SH[OH[`LHYRPSSLK1HTLZ»ZVYJOPKZSLH]PUN OPTKL]HZ[H[LK1HTLZ]V^LK[VI\PSK^P[OJVUJYL[L¸ZVTL[OPUNTVYLWLYTHULU[ [OH[^V\SKUV[ILRPSSLKI`ºMYLHR»^LH[OLY¹11;OL ZTHYRLK[OLWLYPVK^OLU 1HTLZM\SS`PTTLYZLKOPTZLSM^P[OI\PSKPUNPUJVUJYL[LH[Las Pozas/LLT\SH[LK the HuastecanSHUKZJHWL^P[OJVUJYL[LZJ\SW[\YLZVMÅV^LYZWSHU[ZHUKT\ZOYVVTZ HUKL_WLYPTLU[LK^P[OZTHSSHUKSHYNLZJHSLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUZ1HTLZOHKUV[L_WLJ[LK OL^V\SKILJVTLHI\PSKLYZ[H[PUN¸0RUL^UV[OPUNHIV\[LUNPULLYPUNZV0OHK[V \ZL[^PJL[OLHTV\U[VMYLPUMVYJPUNZ[LLSULJLZZHY`PUVYKLY[VLUZ\YL[OL`^PSSZ[HUK \W¯HUK0KPKU»[RUV^0OHK[OLJHWHIPSP[`VMILPUNHUHYJOP[LJ[¹12 Nonetheless, OL JVU[PU\LK I\PSKPUN PUJYLHZPUN [OL WHJL H[ ^OPJO OL JVTTPZZPVULK Z[Y\J[\YLZ [OYV\NOV\[[OLSHUKZJHWL 1VZL(N\PSHY H THZ[LY JHYWLU[LY MYVT [OL [V^U VM 7PUHS KL(TVSLZ PU [OL ULPNOIVYPUN Sierra GordaYLNPVUWSH`LKHZPNUPÄJHU[YVSLPUJVUZ[Y\J[PUNLas Pozas. 4HYNHYL[ /VVRZ L_WSHPUZ [OH[ 1HTLZ NYLH[S` YLZWLJ[LK 1VZL (N\PSHY HUK [OL [^V MYLX\LU[S`JVSSHIVYH[LK[VTHRL1HTLZ»Z\U\Z\HSKLZPNUZJVTL[VSPML1HTLZZ[H[LK¸0 KYL^YH[OLYJS\TZ`ZRL[JOLZ¯[OLNYLH[[OPUNPZOH]PUNMV\UK+VU1VZL¹PU+HUaPNLY»Z KVJ\TLU[HY`0[PZX\LZ[PVUHISL^OL[OLY1HTLZ^V\SKOH]LILLUHISL[VHJJVTWSPZO HZ T\JO HZ OL KPK ^P[OV\[ 1VZL(N\PSHY»ZOLSW ZPUJL [OL ^VVKLU MVYT^VYR \ZLK [VWV\YJVUJYL[LYLX\PYLKTVU[OZVMSHIVYHUKH[LHTVMZRPSSLKJYHM[ZTLUSLKI` 11 +HUaPNLYEdward James: Builder of Dreams+=+?PSP[SH4L_PJV!;VW+YH^LY7YVK\J[PVUZ 12 Ibid0UH[LSLWOVULPU[LY]PL^^P[O)YP[PZOHYJOP[LJ[1VOU>HYYLUHMVYTLYMYPLUKVM,K^HYK1HTLZ 1HTLZ»ZI\PSKPUNTL[OVKZ^LYLKPZJ\ZZLK>HYYLUZ[H[LK[OH[,K^HYK1HTLZOHKJVU[HJ[LKOPTZL]LYHS[PTLZ [VKPZJ\ZZI\PSKPUN^P[OJVUJYL[L/LZHPK[OH[1HTLZ^HZWHY[PJ\SHYS`PU[LYLZ[LKPUKPZJ\ZZPUNW/]HS\LHUK JVUJYL[L HZ ^LSS HZ I\PSKPUN ^P[O WYLZ[YLZZLK JVUJYL[L>OPSL [OPZ KVLZ UV[ ULJLZZHYPS` PUKPJH[L [OH[ 1HTLZ 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FIGURE 5!5(;<9(37663:69POZAS, (5+,+>(9+1(4,:»:<5-050:/,+ CONCRETE SCULPTURES. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 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SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. FIGURE 8! =(906<: :7,*0,: 6- )0636.0*(3 69.(50:4: *63650A05. BLUE PIGMENTED STAIRS OF THE THREE STORY HOUSE THAT MIGHT BE FIVE. 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Pathology 11 >VYRLY(UNLS4HY[PULaL_WSHPULKJVUZ[Y\J[PVUWYHJ[PJLZK\YPUNHUPU[LY]PL^PU1\UL 12 6ULZ[HMMTLTILYH[Las PozasL_WSHPULK[OH[TVZ[VM1VZL(N\PSHY»ZMVYT^VYR^HZJVUZ[Y\J[LKVMWPUL WPUVHUKTVYH^VVKZ HMMLJ[LK[OLJ\YPUNWYVJLZZHM[LY[OLJVUJYL[L^HZWSHJLKJH\ZPUNJYHJRPUNVYKY`PUN ZOYPURHNL [V VJJ\Y PU HYLHZ ^OLYL O`KYH[PVU ^HZ KPZY\W[LK I` SLHRHNL VM ^H[LY MYVT [OLTP_13 (SZVP[PZULJLZZHY`MVYMVYT^VYR[VILSLM[PUWSHJLMVYLUV\NO[PTL[VHSSV^ O`KYH[PVU[V[HRLWSHJL8\HSP[`JVU[YVS^V\SKLUZ\YLWYVWLYTP_PUNWSHJLTLU[HUK J\YPUN VM JVUJYL[L OV^L]LY P[ PZ \URUV^U PM HWWYVWYPH[L JVUZ[Y\J[PVU TL[OVKZ ^LYL LTWSV`LKPU[OLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUVMStairway to the Sky-PUHSS`X\HSP[`JVU[YVS^V\SKOH]L [HRLUPU[VJVUZPKLYH[PVULU]PYVUTLU[HSJVUKP[PVUZK\YPUNJVUZ[Y\J[PVU REINFORCEMENT CORROSION 9LPUMVYJLTLU[ JVYYVZPVU PZ WLYOHWZ [OL TVZ[ ZPNUPÄJHU[ WH[OVSVN` [OH[ HMMLJ[Z JVUJYL[L K\YHIPSP[` HUK WLYMVYTHUJL HUK LU]PYVUTLU[HS JVUKP[PVUZ TH` WYLZLU[ H U\TILYVMMHJ[VYZ[OH[LUHISLJVYYVZPVU*HYIVUH[PVUPZHSLHKPUNMHJ[VYPUJVYYVZPVU PZJH\ZLKI`[OLWLUL[YH[PVUVMH[TVZWOLYPJJHYIVUKPV_PKL*62^OPSLJOSVYPKLH[[HJR YLZ\S[ZMYVT[OLPUNYLZZVMJOSVYPKLPVUZMYVTJHZ[PUZHS[ZVY[OLLU]PYVUTLU[15 Moisture HUKV_`NLUSLHK[VJVYYVZPVUVM[OLZ[LLSYLPUMVYJLTLU[JH\ZPUN]VS\TL[YPJL_WHUZPVU VM[OLZ[LLSHUKZWHSSPUNVM[OLJVUJYL[L[VVJJ\Y 6UJLYLPUMVYJLTLU[JVYYVZPVUOHZ VJJ\YYLK[YLH[TLU[VW[PVUZHYLSPTP[LKK\L[VSVUN[LYTLMMLJ[ZVM[OPZWH[OVSVN` Carbonation *HYIVUH[PVU VJJ\YZ^OLU H[TVZWOLYPJ JHYIVU KPV_PKLWLUL[YH[LZ JVUJYL[L HUKYLHJ[Z^P[O^H[LYZ[VYLKPU[OLWVYLZVM[OLTH[LYPHS[VMVYTJHYIVUPJHJPK;OPZ Z\IZ[HUJLYLHJ[Z^P[OJHSJP\TKPV_PKLHUKV[OLYHSRHSPULO`KYV_PKLZ[VSV^LY[OL HSRHSPUP[`JVUJYL[L^OPJOVYKPUHYPS`OH]LHW/VM>OLU[OLW/SL]LSVM 13 Macdonald, Concrete Building Pathology Ibid. 5. 15 MacDonald, Concrete Building Pathology Ibid. 144. 50 JVUJYL[LKYVWZILSV^[OLZ[LLS»ZWHZZP]LSH`LYPZIYVRLUKV^UHUK[OLZ[LLSILJVTLZ Z\ZJLW[PISL [V JVYYVZPVU ;OPZ LSLJ[YVJOLTPJHS YLHJ[PVU JH\ZLZ [OL YLPUMVYJLTLU[ IHY[VV_PKPaLHUKL_WHUKYLZ\S[PUNPUJYHJRPUNVYZWHSSPUNVM[OLJVUJYL[L=PZPISL ZPNUZVMYLPUMVYJLTLU[JVYYVZPVUHYL[OLWYLZLUJLVMZTHSSHUKSHYNLJYHJRZZWHSSZ [OLSH[[LYYLZ\S[PUNPUL_WVZ\YLVM[OLJVYYVKLKYLIHY*HYIVUH[PVUPZHJJLSLYH[LK PULU]PYVUTLU[Z^P[OOPNOSL]LSZVMJHYIVUKPV_PKLHUKMYLX\LU[^L[KY`J`JSLZPU JVUJYL[L^P[OSV^JLTLU[JVU[LU[HUKPUHYLHZ^P[OSV^WYV[LJ[P]LJVUJYL[LJV]LY V]LYYLPUMVYJLTLU[ :\MÄJPLU[JV]LYPZULLKLK[VWYVSVUN[OLWLUL[YH[PVUVM*6 2 in concrete, HUKT\S[PWSLHYLHZVMStairway to the SkyKPZWSH`HUL_WVZLKJVYYVKLK YLIHY^OLYLHYLHZVMSV^JV]LYOH]LZWHSSLKHUKKL[HJOLK Chloride Attack *OSVYPKL H[[HJR VJJ\YZ ^OLU JOSVYPKL PVUZ HYL PU[YVK\JLK PU[V JVUJYL[L [OYV\NO^H[LYWLUL[YH[PVUVYHYLHSYLHK`WYLZLU[PU[OLTH[LYPHSPMZHS[Z^LYLWYLZLU[ PU [OL VYPNPUHS TP_[\YL VY JHSJP\T JOSVYPKL ^HZ \ZLK HZ HU HJJLSLYH[VY When JOSVYPKLPVUZYLHJO[OLYLPUMVYJLTLU[[OL`^PSSIYLHRKV^U[OLTL[HS»ZWHZZP]LSH`LY HUKJH\ZLJVYYVZPVUVM[OLYLPUMVYJLTLU[[VVJJ\YYLZ\S[PUNPU[OLV_PKH[PVUHUK L_WHUZPVUVM[OLZ[LLS;OLPUNYLZZVMJOSVYPKLPVUZK\L[VTHYPULLU]PYVUTLU[ZPZ \USPRLS`K\L[V?PSP[SH»ZYLTV[LSVJH[PVUMYVT[OL.\SMVM4L_PJVHWWYV_PTH[LS` RPSVTL[LYZOV^L]LYJHZ[PUZHS[ZVYJHSJP\TJOSVYPKLHJJLSLYH[VYZTH`OH]LILLU used in the construction of Stairway to the Sky. Sulfate Attack :\SMH[L H[[HJR VJJ\YZ ^OLU Z\SMH[LZ VM JHSJP\T ZVKP\T WV[HZZP\T HUK HS\TPU\T HYL PU[YVK\JLK PU[V [OL TH[LYPHS [OYV\NO [OL ZVPS NYV\UK^H[LY VY Ibid. Ibid. 51 MYLZO^H[LY ;OPZPZHKLZ[Y\J[P]LWYVJLZZHZ[OLJHSJP\TO`KYV_PKLHUKJHSJP\T HS\TPUH[LZMV\UKPU[OLJVUJYL[LHYLH[[HJRLKI`[OLZ\SMH[LZ>L[KY`J`JSLZJH\ZL ZHS[Z[VMVYTH[[OLZ\YMHJLVM[OLJVUJYL[LYLZ\S[PUNPU[OLZWHSSPUNVM[OLZ\YMHJL TH[LYPHS (UV[OLY THQVY ZV\YJL VM Z\SMH[L H[[HJR PZ H[TVZWOLYPJ WVSS\[PVU ^OPJO KVLZUV[HWWLHY[VILHNYLH[[OYLH[K\L[V?PSP[SH»ZZTHSSZPaL/V^L]LYStairway to the SkyPZSVJH[LKKPYLJ[S`H[[OLMYVU[LU[YHUJL[V[OLZP[LHUK[O\ZL_WLYPLUJLZ NYLH[LYL_WVZ\YL[VH[TVZWOLYPJWVSS\[HU[ZPL:62MYVTH\[VTVIPSLZ[OHU[OLTVYL YLTV[LS`SVJH[LKZJ\SW[\YLZ Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) 7L[YVNYHWOLYZKPKUV[M\SS`\UKLYZ[HUK[OLKHUNLYZVMHSRHSPZPSPJHYLHJ[P]P[`PU JVUJYL[L\U[PS[OLSH[L ZHUKLHYS` Z20Z\NNLZ[PUN[OLWVZZPIPSP[`VM(:9H[ Stairway to the Sky. /`KYV_`SPVUZPU[OLJLTLU[JHUYLHJ[^P[OZPSPJHPVUZMYVT[OL HNNYLNH[L[VJH\ZLHUHSRHSPZPSPJHYLHJ[PVU(:9(NNYLNH[L[OH[PZHSRHSPYLHJ[P]L VJJ\Y^P[O]HYPV\ZZHUKZ[VULZX\HY[a^HJRLNYL`^HJRLHNYPSSP[LSPTLZ[VULZ^P[O JOHSJLKVU`VYZHUKZ^P[OJOHSJLKVUPJJOLY[21(:9PZ[`WPJHSS`PKLU[PÄLKI`[OL ]PZPISLJYHJRPUNWH[[LYUZ[OH[VJJ\YMYVT[OLL_WHUZPVUVM[OLJVUJYL[LTH[LYPHSVY I`[OLHSRHSPZPSPJHNLS]PL^LK\UKLYTHNUPÄJH[PVU^P[OHUVW[PJHSTPJYVZJVWL(:9 PZVULVM[OLTVZ[KPZJLYUPISLJVUKP[PVUZPUJVUJYL[LPUZP[\I\[^HZUV[VIZLY]LK PU[OL]PZ\HSL_HTPUH[PVUVMStairway to the Sky;OPZKVLZUV[L_JS\KLP[ZWV[LU[PHS HZHKL[LYPVYH[PVUTLJOHUPZT3PX\PK^H[LY^H[LY]HWVYJOSVYPKLPVUZHUKV[OLY KLSL[LYPV\ZZ\IZ[HUJLZJHULU[LY[OYV\NOJYHJRMVYTH[PVUZYLZ\S[PUNMYVT(:9 MacDonald, Concrete Building Pathology 20 :[HYR+H]PK¸(SRHSP:PSPJH9LHJ[PVUZPU*VUJYL[L¹:PNUPÄJHUJLVM;LZ[ZHUK7YVWLY[PLZVM*VUJYL[L and Concrete Materials 21 9VNLYZ*(¸7L[YVNYHWOPJ,_HTPUH[PVUVM(NNYLNH[LHUK*VUJYL[LPU6U[HYPV¹Petrography Applied to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, ASTM STP 1061 52 CURRENT CONDITIONS OF STAIRWAY TO THE SKY (WYLSPTPUHY`YLJVUUHPZZHUJLSL]LSZ\Y]L`VMStairway to the Sky^HZWLYMVYTLK MYVT1\UL1\S`:\Y]L`[LJOUPX\LZPUJS\KLK]PZ\HSL_HTPUH[PVU^YP[[LUUV[LZ HUKWOV[VNYHWOPJKVJ\TLU[H[PVUHZ^LSSHZ903,4WLYTLHIPSP[`[LZ[Z22 The overall VIQLJ[P]L VM [OL Z\Y]L` ^HZ [V NHPU H WYLSPTPUHY` \UKLYZ[HUKPUN VM [OL WO`ZPJHS JVUKP[PVUZVM[OLJVUJYL[LZ[Y\J[\YLHM[LYHWWYV_PTH[LS`MVY[``LHYZPUZLY]PJL Description of Materials and Construction Methods Stairway to the Sky PZ JVTWVZLK LU[PYLS` VM YLPUMVYJLK JVUJYL[L ( WHYNL JVH[^HZHWWSPLK[VL_WVZLKJVUJYL[LZ\YMHJLZ^P[O[OLL_JLW[PVUVM[OLÅVVY;OL Z[Y\J[\YLL_OPIP[Z[^VJVSVZZHSJVS\TUZHSZVJVTWVZLKVMYLPUMVYJLKJVUJYL[L^P[O H^OP[LWHYNLJVH[HWWSPLKPUH[L_[\YLKWH[[LYU[V[OLZ[LWZ;^VZTHSSLYMYLLZ[HUKPUN JVS\TUZ^LYLJVUZ[Y\J[LKH[[OLZHTL[PTLHZ[OLSHYNLYJVS\TUZHUKMV\YZSLUKLY JVS\TUZHWWLHY[VOH]LILLUHKKLKH[HSH[LYKH[L Observed Conditions at Stairway to the Sky [See Appendix E: Conditions Glossary] Ȉ )PVSVNPJHS*VSVUPaH[PVU 0UHYLHZ[OH[YLJLP]LSLZZZ\USPNO[WYPTHYPS`PUZOHKLKHYLHZ\UKLYULH[O[OLZ[HPYZ [OLWYLZLUJLVMIPVNYV^[OPZWYVTPULU[JVSVUPaPUN[OLZ\YMHJLVM[OLTH[LYPHSHUK Z\IZ\YMHJLJVUJYL[LWVYLZ3PJOLUZHUKHSNHLHYLWYLZLU[VU[OPZZ[Y\J[\YL`L[[OL TVZ[\IPX\P[V\ZIPVSVNPJHSMVYTPZISHJRM\UNHS;OPZ[`WLHWWLHYZ[VJVSVUPaLHYLHZ [OH[HYLZOHKLKMVYSVUNLYWLYPVKZPU[OLKH` Ȉ *YHJRPUN 22 ;LZ[TL[OVKLTWSV`LK^HZ¸>H[LYHIZVYW[PVU\UKLYSV^WYLZZ\YLWPWLTL[OVK¹;LZ[5V903,4 *VTTPZZPVU 7,4 23 ;OPZ^HZVIZLY]LKPUTHU`HYLHZH[Stairway to the SkyHUKVJJ\YZTVZ[WYVTPULU[S`^P[OISHJRM\UNHS NYV^[O;OLWYLZLUJLVMISHJRM\UNHSIPVNYV^[OPZL]PKLU[PUZPKLVM[OLTH[LYPHS»ZWVYLZ. 53 FIGURE 9!=60+:*9(*205.(5+,?76:,+(..9,.(;,(9,9,=,(3,+65 THE WEST COLUMN, STAIRWAY TO THE SKY. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. FIGURE 10!0479,::065:6--694>69265;/,465<4,5;(3*63<45: OF STAIRWAY TO THE SKY. 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Ȉ 9LWHPYZ 4\S[PWSLJVUJYL[LYLWHPYZHYL]PZPISL[OYV\NOV\[[OLZ[Y\J[\YL9LWHPYZJVSVYZYHUNL 55 MYVT^OP[L[VNYL`JLTLU[Z Ȉ :WHSSPUN :WHSSPUNPZL]PKLU[VU[OL]LY[PJHSYLHYLKNLZVMU\TLYV\ZZ[HPY[YLHKZ0U[OLZLHYLHZ PUZ\MÄJPLU[JV]LYHWWLHYZ[VOH]LILLUWSHJLKV]LY[OLYLPUMVYJLTLU[IHYZ5\TLYV\Z HYLHZVU[OLSHYNLYHUKZTHSSLYJVS\TUZHSZVKPZWSH`H[[HJOLKHUKKL[HJOLKZWHSSZ Ȉ :[HPUPUNHUK+PZJVSVYH[PVUZ )SHJRZ[HPUPUNVJJ\YZVUIV[OWHYNLKHUKL_WVZLKJVUJYL[LZ\YMHJLZHUKPZWYVIHIS` IPVSVNPJHS6[OLYKPZJVSVYH[PVUZVMVYHUNLIYV^UHUK`LSSV^JVSVYZHYLWYLZLU[VU ]HYPV\ZJVS\TUZOV^L]LYUVKPZJVSVYH[PVUZ^LYLKL[LJ[LKVU[OLL_WVZLKJVUJYL[L NYV\UK Ȉ Voids 5\TLYV\Z]VPKZ^LYLKL[LJ[LK[OYV\NOV\[[OLZ[Y\J[\YL([SLHZ[[^V]VPKZTLHZ\YLK HWWYV_PTH[LS`[^VPUJOLZPUKPHTL[LYVULHJOJVS\TU */(7;,9 | BIODETERIORATION OF CONCRETE AT STAIRWAY TO THE SKY ?PSP[SH»Z^HYTO\TPKJSPTH[LWYV]PKLZHJVUNLUPHSLU]PYVUTLU[MVYIPVSVNPJHS activity on a variety of surfaces at Las Pozas*VTTVUS`YLMLYYLK[VHZIPVNYV^[O[OLZL VYNHUPZTZHYLJVUZPKLYLKKL[LYPVNLUZ^OLU[OL`JH\ZL[OLTLJOHUPJHSJOLTPJHS VYHLZ[OL[PJKL[LYPVYH[PVUVMHZ\IZ[YH[L;OLWLY]HZP]LULZZVMIPVNYV^[OVUJVUJYL[L at Las PozasYHPZLZTHU`X\LZ[PVUZHIV\[P[ZKLZ[Y\J[P]LWV[LU[PHSOV^L]LY^P[OV\[ PKLU[PÄJH[PVUVMHZWLJPLZI`HIPVSVNPZ[VUS`NLULYHSPaH[PVUZHYLWYLZLU[LKPU[OPZ thesis. +LZWP[L [OL ^PKL YHUNL VM SP[LYH[\YL H]HPSHISL VU IPVKL[LYPVYH[PVU VM J\S[\YHSOLYP[HNLTH[LYPHSZP[PZHSZVYLJVNUPaLK[OH[PUHKLX\H[LYLZLHYJOSPTP[ZV\Y \UKLYZ[HUKPUNVM[OLTHU`ZWLJPLZVMIPVKL[LYPVNLUZ[OH[HYLLUJV\U[LYLKVUOPZ[VYPJ structures.1-\Y[OLYTVYLSHIVYH[VY`HUHS`ZLZHYLUV[HS^H`ZYLWYLZLU[H[P]LVM[OL JSPTH[PJHUKIPVSVNPJHSJVUKP[PVUZHI\PSKPUNTH`L_WLYPLUJLPUZP[\>OPSLWYL]LU[P]L TLHZ\YLZHYLMYLX\LU[S`PTWSLTLU[LK[VJVU[YVS9/[LTWLYH[\YL]LU[PSH[PVUHUK WLZ[JVU[YVSPUPU[LYPVYLU]PYVUTLU[ZHKKYLZZPUNTPJYVIPHSJVSVUPaH[PVUPUL_[LYPVY LU]PYVUTLU[ZPZMHYTVYLJVTWSPJH[LK;OLPU]LZ[PNH[PVUVMIPVKL[LYPVYH[PVUYLX\PYLZ [OL PKLU[PÄJH[PVU HUKVY HUHS`ZPZ VM [OL MVSSV^PUN JVTWVULU[Z! 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Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage, FIGURE!)3(*2-<5.(3)06.96>;/*63650A,:/(+,+:<9-(*,:6- STAIRWAY TO THE SKY. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. FIGURE 12! ;/, :;9<*;<9,»: *<99,5; (77,(9(5*, (-;,9 +,*(+,: 6- EXPOSURE TO THE DAMP HUASTECAN ENVIRONMENT. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 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Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage, BIODETERIORATION OF CONCRETE Concrete composition and susceptibility to biodeterioration ;V KL[LYTPUL [OL Z\ZJLW[PIPSP[` VM JVUJYL[L [V IPVKL[LYPVYH[PVU HU \UKLYZ[HUKPUNVM[OLJVTWVZP[PVUVM[OLTH[LYPHS^OPJOPUJS\KLZP[ZWL[YVNYHWOPJ Z[Y\J[\YL JOLTPJHS THRL\W HUK TPULYHSVNPJHS WYVWLY[PLZ T\Z[ IL LZ[HISPZOLK *VUJYL[LPZJVTWVZLKVMHTP_[\YLVMIPUKLYZWVY[SHUKJLTLU[UH[\YHSJLTLU[ZHUK WVZZPIS`SPTLVYÅ`HZOÄULHUKJVHYZLHNNYLNH[LZLNZHUKZ[VULZHUK^H[LY :VTL[PTLZHUHKKP[P]LZ\JOHZN`WZ\TPZ\ZLK[VZSV^[OLO`KYH[PVUVM[OLTP_[\YL ;OL[`WLVMHNNYLNH[LKL[LYTPULZHWVY[PVUVM[OLTPULYHSVNPJHSJVTWVZP[PVUVM[OL JVUJYL[L*VTTVUHNNYLNH[LJVU[HPUZX\HY[aTPJHZHUKMLSKZWHYZPUKPJH[PUNH WYLKVTPUHUJL VM ZPSPJH WV[HZZP\T ZVKP\T HUKVY JHSJP\T ;OL \ZL VM 7VY[SHUK JLTLU[W\S]LYPaLKÅ`HZOVYISHZ[M\YUHJLZSHNHZHUHNNYLNH[L^PSSHSZVHMMLJ[[OL JOLTPJHSTHRL\WVM[OLJVUJYL[LTP_[\YLPU[YVK\JPUNL]LUNYLH[LYX\HU[P[PLZVM[OL ZHTLTPULYHSZHZ^LSSHZHS\TPUHPYVUHUKVYN`WZ\T11 (S[OV\NOH]HYPL[`VMZ\IZ[HUJLZHYL\ZLKPUJVUJYL[LJHSJP\TZPSPJVUHUK HS\TPU\THYLWYPTHY`JVUZ[P[\LU[ZHUKHYLHZZ\TLKJVTWVULU[ZPU[OPZL]HS\H[PVU 7VY[SHUKJLTLU[^OPJOPZYLWLH[LKS`JP[LKHZHJVTWVULU[\ZLKPU[OLJVUZ[Y\J[PVU of Las Pozas,12PZJVTWVZLKVM ZPSPJH PYVUV_PKLHUKHS\TPUHHUK SPTLPUP[ZYH^MVYT13>OLUO`KYH[LK^P[O^H[LYHJVTWSL_PU[LYHJ[PVUVJJ\YZ IL[^LLU [OL IPUKLY HUK HNNYLNH[L PU]VS]PUN [OL KPZZVS\[PVU VM JHSJP\T ZVKP\T HUK WV[HZZP\T O`KYV_PKLZ MVYTPUN H ZVSPK THZZ VM WYPTHYPS` JHSJP\T JHYIVUH[L 15 *H*63 ;OLYLZ\S[PUNTH[LYPHS^PSSTHPU[HPUHW/VM HUKWYV]PKLHOPNO HSRHSPULLU]PYVUTLU[[OH[PZOVZ[PSL[VTVZ[VYNHUPZTZI\[WYV[LJ[P]L[V[OLMLYYV\Z 11 MacDonald, Concrete Building Pathology, 3. 12 *VU]LYZH[PVUZ^P[O^VYRLYZPU]VS]LKPU[OLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUVMLas PozasOH]LL_WSHPULK[OH[WVY[SHUK JLTLU[^HZ\ZLKHZHIPUKLY(SZVVYPNPUHSKVJ\TLU[ZPUJS\KPUNUV[LZMYVT[OL.HZ[LS\TZHUK,K^HYK1HTLZ MYVT[OL,K^HYK1HTLZ(YJOP]LH[>LZ[+LHU*VSSLNLJVUÄYTJLTLU[^HZ\ZLKPUJVUZ[Y\J[PVUI\[KVUV[ ZWLJPM`^OPJO[`WL 13 4H[LYV MacDonald, Concrete Building Pathology 15 Ibid. YLPUMVYJLTLU[ /V^L]LYHZ[OLHSRHSPUP[`VMJVUJYL[LUH[\YHSS`KLJYLHZLZV]LY[PTL [OLZ\YMHJL^PSSILJVTLTVYL]\SULYHISL[VIPVSVNPJHSJVSVUPaH[PVU-\Y[OLYTVYL IPVNYV^[OPZJHWHISLVMSV^LYPUNW/SL]LSZVMJVUJYL[LHM[LYJVSVUPaPUN[OLTH[LYPHS PUJYLHZPUN[OL[OYLH[VMYLPUMVYJLTLU[JVYYVZPVU Susceptibility to mechanical deterioration ;OL NYV^[O HUKVY TV]LTLU[ VM VYNHUPZTZ JHU NLULYH[L TLJOHUPJHS KL[LYPVYH[PVUVMJVUJYL[LI`JH\ZPUNTPJYVJYHJRZHUKÄZZ\YLZPU[OLJVUJYL[LZ\YMHJL ;OPZHWWLHYZ[VILTVZ[KLZ[Y\J[P]LH[Las PozasK\L[V[OLJVSVUPaH[PVUVMOPNOLY WSHU[Z)`WYV]PKPUNUL^VWLUPUNZMVY[OLPUNYLZZVM^H[LYHUKJOSVYPKLVYV[OLY KLSL[LYPV\ZPVUZTLJOHUPJHSKL[LYPVYH[PVUVMJVUJYL[LJHUILOPNOS`KLZ[Y\J[P]LHUK L]LU[OYLH[LUZ[Y\J[\YHSZ[HIPSP[`PLP[ZSVHKJHYY`PUNJHWHJP[`K\L[VMYHJ[\YLVYI` HJJLSLYH[PUNYLPUMVYJLTLU[JVYYVZPVU 5L^ VWLUPUNZ PU [OL TH[LYPHS ILJVTL ZWHJLZ MVY TPJYVVYNHUPZTZ [V LU[LY HUKYLTHPU\UKL[LJ[LK:VTLZWLJPLZWYVK\JLZVS\ISLZHS[ZPU[OLPYI`WYVK\J[ZH WYVJLZZ^OPJOUV[VUS`JH\ZLZ[OLJOLTPJHSKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM[OLTH[LYPHSI\[HSZV LU[LYZ[OLWVYLZ^OLUKPZZVS]LKYLJY`Z[HSPaLZHUKJH\ZLZTLJOHUPJHSKHTHNLVUH TPJYVSL]LS^P[OPU[OLJVUJYL[L»ZWVYLZ Susceptibility to chemical deterioration *VUJYL[L PZ Z\IQLJ[ [V JOLTPJHS KL[LYPVYH[PVU IHZLK VU [OL TL[HIVSPJ WYVJLZZLZVMHUVYNHUPZTHZP[YLHJ[Z^P[O[OLWYVWLY[PLZVM[OLTH[LYPHS4PULYHSZHS[Z JHSJP\THS\TPU\TPYVUHUKZPSPJVUWYV]PKLU\[YPLU[Z[VJLY[HPUVYNHUPZTZTHRPUN P[]\SULYHISL[VJOLTPJHSH[[HJR ;OPZPZYLMLYYLK[VHZHJPKVS`ZPZHWYVJLZZ[OH[ VJJ\YZHZHYLHJ[PVUIL[^LLUTVSLJ\SLZMYVTHZ\IZ[YH[LHUKPUVYNHUPJHUKVYNHUPJ ;OPZL_JS\KLZ¸HSRHSPUVWOPSPJ¹VYNHUPZTZ^OPJOJHUZ\Y]P]L^P[OW/SL]LSZVM :V\YJL!:HUJOLa :PS]HHUK9VZV^ZR`Biodeterioration of Construction Materials :HUJOLa:PS]HHUK9VZV^ZR`Biodeterioration of Construction Materials 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone in Tropical Environments, 12. Caneva et al. Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage, HJPKZYLSLHZLKI`[OLVYNHUPZT(UL^WYVK\J[TH`VJJ\YMYVT[OPZPU[LYHJ[PVUZ\JO HZZVS\ISLZHS[Z^OPJOHKZVYI^P[OPU[OLWVYLZVM[OLTH[LYPHSPU[OLWYLZLUJLVM H[TVZWOLYPJTVPZ[\YLVY^H[LYHUKWVZL[OL[OYLH[VMTLJOHUPJHSKL[LYPVYH[PVUHM[LY YLJY`Z[HSSPaH[PVU20(U\TILYVMKLSL[LYPV\ZZ\IZ[HUJLZJHUVJJ\YHZI`WYVK\J[ZVM VYNHUPZTZ^OPJO^PSSILM\Y[OLYL_WSHPULKIHZLKVU[OLPYYLSH[PVUZOPW[VYLPUMVYJLK concrete. ORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH BIODETERIORATION OF CONCRETE Bacteria )HJ[LYPH [OYP]L \UKLY MH]VYHISL LU]PYVUTLU[HS JVUKP[PVUZ ^OLYL [OLYL PZ H]HPSHISLV_`NLUHUK^H[LY216ULVM[OLTVZ[WYVSPÄJ[`WLZVMIHJ[LYPHRUV^U[V HMMLJ[ JVUJYL[L PZ VM [OL ZWLJPLZ;OPVIHJPSS\Z22 ^OPJO HYL MYLX\LU[S` LUJV\U[LYLK PU ^HYT LU]PYVUTLU[Z HUK ZL^LYZ ;OPVIHJPSSP HYL HZZVJPH[LK ^P[O IPVNLUPJ Z\SWO\YPJHJPKJVYYVZPVU):(HKLZ[Y\J[P]LWYVJLZZPU^OPJOZ\SWO\YPZJVU]LY[LK PU[V Z\SWO\YPJ HJPK MVYTPUN N`WZ\T HM[LY YLHJ[PUN ^P[O JHSJP\T O`KYV_PKL */ PUJVUJYL[L*HSJP\THS\TPUH[LO`KYH[L*3(TH`YLHJ[^P[O[OLN`WZ\T[VMVYT L[[YPUNP[L^OPJOJH\ZLZ]VS\TLL_WHUZPVUPU[LYUHSWYLZZ\YLHUKL]LU[\HSTH[LYPHS failure.236]LYZP_[`[`WLZVMIHJ[LYPHOH]LILLUSPURLK[V[OLJVSVUPaH[PVUVMJVUJYL[L THU`VM^OPJOYLX\PYLW/SL]LSZVM MVYZ\Y]P]HS/V^L]LY[OLJVSVUPaH[PVUVM JVUJYL[LI`IHJ[LYPHPZVM[LUZ\JJLZZP]LHUK^OLUVULZWLJPLZSV^LYZW/SL]LSZ^P[O P[ZI`WYVK\J[ZHUKKPLZ[OLTH[LYPHSPZVWLU[V[OLJVSVUPaH[PVUVMHUV[OLYZWLJPLZ25 )HJ[LYPHHYLUV[VUS`LUJV\U[LYLKVUJVUJYL[LZ\YMHJLZI\[HSZV^P[OPU[OLWVYLZHZ ^LSSHM[LYILPUNPU[YVK\JLKI`TLHUZVMJHWPSSHY`YPZL )HJ[LYPHJVSVUPaLZ\YMHJLZ 20 Caneva et al. Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage, 21. 21 Ibid. 22 :HUJOLaP:PS]HHUK9VZV^ZR`Biodeterioration of Construction Materials, 23 De Balie, Microorganisms vs. Stony materials: a love hate relationship, 2. :HUJOLa:PS]HHUK9VZV^ZR`Biodeterioration of Construction Materials 25 Ibid. Caneva et al. Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage,":HUJOLa:PS]HHUK9VZV^ZR`Biodeterioration ^P[OHUH]HPSHIPSP[`VM^H[LYV_`NLUHUKHWWYVWYPH[L[LTWLYH[\YLZYLX\PYLKI`LHJO ZWLJPLZ 3PNO[PZHUHKKP[PVUHSMHJ[VY[OH[PZULLKLKMVYH\[V[YVWOPJIHJ[LYPHLN Z\SWO\YV_PKPaPUNUP[YPM`PUNO`KYVNLUPYVU 0U[YVWPJHSLU]PYVUTLU[Z[OYLLZWLJPLZVMIHJ[LYPHOH]LILLUSPURLK[V[OL IPVKL[LYPVYH[PVU VM SPTLZ[VUL HUK ZHUKZ[VUL·JOLTVH\[V[YVWOPJ Z\SM\YV_PKPaPUN HUKUP[YPM`PUNIHJ[LYPHOL[LYV[YVWOPJIHJ[LYPHHUKWOV[VH\[V[YVWOPJIHJ[LYPH ( JVTWHYPZVUVMJVUJYL[LHUK[OLZLZ[VULZIHZLKVUWO`ZPJHSHUKJOLTPJHSWYVWLY[PLZ ZOV\SKILPUJS\KLKPU[OLL]HS\H[PVUVMIHJ[LYPHSIPVKL[LYPVYH[PVUH[Las Pozas after M\[\YL HUHS`ZLZ HYL WLYMVYTLK :WLJPÄJ OL[LYV[YVWOPJ IHJ[LYPH HZZVJPH[LK ^P[O IPVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVMJVUJYL[LHYLWYV[LVS`[PJJLSS\SVS`[PJHT`SVS`[PJSPWVS`[PJHUK KLU[YPM`PUN30=HYPV\ZZWLJPLZVMOL[LYV[YVWOPJIHJ[LYPHJHUJOHUNL[OLHWWLHYHUJL VM [OL TH[LYPHS VY WYVK\JL JOLSH[PUN IPVNLUPJ HJPKZ31 )HJ[LYPH SPURLK [V [OL WYVK\J[PVUVMUP[YPJHUKZ\SM\YPJHJPKZHYLUP[YPM`PUNHUKZ\SM\YV_PKPaPUN5P[YPM`PUN IHJ[LYPHZVS\IPSPaL[OLJHSJP\TJVTWVULU[VMHJVUJYL[LZ\YMHJLI`WYVK\JPUNUP[YPJ HJPK^OPJOYLHJ[Z^P[OJHSJP\T[VMVYTHZVS\ISLJHSJP\TUP[YH[L32:\SM\YV_PKPaPUN IHJ[LYPHH[[HJRZ\SM\YHUKWYVK\JLZ\SM\YPJHJPK^OPJOJHUSLHK[V[OLMVYTH[PVU VM N`WZ\T *H:6(JJVYKPUN [V :HUJOLa:PS]H HUK 9VZV^ZR` [OPZ TH` HJ[ HZ H ¸WYV[LJ[P]L¹JVH[PUNPMP[PZUV[YLTV]LK33I\[TH`HSZVJH\ZLTLJOHUPJHSKHTHNLPM P[YLJY`Z[HSPaLZHM[LYLU[LYPUN[OLWVYLZVM[OLTH[LYPHS5V[HSSIHJ[LYPHOV^L]LYHYL JVUZPKLYLKOHYTM\S0UZVTLJHZLZ[OL`OH]LILLU\ZLKHZTLJOHUPZTZ[VWYV[LJ[ SPTLZ[VULHUKJLTLU[P[PV\ZTH[LYPHSZZ\JOHZPU[OL\ZLVMJHYIVUH[LWYLJPWP[H[PVU MVYJVUZVSPKH[PVUW\YWVZLZ35 of Construction Materials, Caneva et al. Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage, Ibid. 65. 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone, 30 Caneva et al. Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage, 31 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone, 15. 32 .H`SHYKL¸4PJYVIPHSPTWHJ[VUI\PSKPUNTH[LYPHSZ!HUV]LY]PL^¹Materials and Structures1\UL !".PHUUHU[VUPVL[HS¸4VSLJ\SHYJOHYHJ[LYPaH[PVUZVMTPJYVIPHSJVTT\UP[PLZMV\SPUNWHPU[LKHUK \UWHPU[LKJVUJYL[LZ[Y\J[\YLZ¹International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation ! 33 :HUJOLa:PS]HHUK9VZV^ZR`Biodeterioration of Construction Materials, 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone, 35 De Belie, Microorganisms vs..Stony materials: a love hate relationship, 3. Fungi -\UNPHYLOL[LYV[YVWOPJVYNHUPZTZ[OH[YLX\PYLVYNHUPJU\[YPLU[ZMVYZ\Y]P]HS ;`WLZ VM M\UNP ZWLJPÄJHSS` HZZVJPH[PVU ^P[O IPVKL[LYPVYH[PVU VM JVUJYL[L PUJS\KL JSHKVZWVYP\TWOVTHSL]LPSSLPHUK[YPJOVKLYTHJP[YPUV]PYPKL -\UNHSJVSVUPaH[PVU JHUJH\ZL]HY`PUNKLNYLLZVMKL[LYPVYH[PVUVMJVUJYL[L^OPJOHYLVM[LUKLWLUKHU[VU TPULYHSJVUZ[P[\LU[ZVM[OLTH[LYPHS-VYL_HTWSLZHUKJVU[HPUPUN:PSPJVU+PV_PKL :P62OHZILLUSPURLK[VYPNVYV\ZKL[LYPVYH[PVUVMJLTLU[P[PV\ZTH[LYPHSZ^P[O]VPKZVM TTVIZLY]LKHM[LYVUS`HVULHUKHOHSM`LHYL_WVZ\YL[VM\UNP -\UNHS]LNL[H[P]L WHY[ZRUV^UHZT`JLSPHHYLJVTWVZLKVMIYHUJOPUNO`WOHL[OH[OH]LILLUSPURLK [V[OLTLJOHUPJHSKL[LYPVYH[PVUVMJLTLU[P[PV\ZTH[LYPHSZI`WLUL[YH[PUNO`WOHLPU[V WVY[SHUK JLTLU[ NYHPUZ 4PULYHSVNPJHS JOHUNLZ OH]L HSZV ILLU HZZVJPH[LK ^P[O M\UNHSJVSVUPaH[PVUVMWVY[SHUKJLTLU[IHZLKTH[LYPHSZHZ[OLVYNHUPZT»ZI`WYVK\J[Z YLHJ[^P[OJHSJPJJVUZ[P[\LU[ZPLJHSJP\TJHYIVUH[LWVY[SHUKP[LVYV[OLYZPSPJLV\Z WYVK\J[ZPU[OLTH[LYPHSPLX\HY[aTPJH Lichens 3PJOLUZHYL\IPX\P[V\ZVUJVUJYL[LH[Las PozasHUK^LYLVIZLY]LKWYPTHYPS` JVSVUPaPUN]LY[PJHSZ\YMHJLZH[Stairway to the Sky;OLYLHYLV]LY[`WLZVM SPJOLUZPUL_PZ[LUJL[VKH`THU`VM^OPJOZ\Y]P]LPUL_[YLTLLU]PYVUTLU[ZHUKJHU Z\Y]P]LSVUNWLYPVKZ^P[OV\[^H[LY3PJOLUZHYLVYNHUPZTZ[OH[SP]LPUZ`TIPVZPZ 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone .PHUUHU[VUPV+H]PK1L[HS¸4VSLJ\SHYJOHYHJ[LYPaH[PVUZVMTPJYVIPHSJVTT\UP[PLZMV\SPUNWHPU[LK HUK\UWHPU[LKJVUJYL[LZ[Y\J[\YLZ¹International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation ! 2VUKYH[`L]H((( .VYI\ZOPUH HUK(0 )VPRV]H ¸)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVU VM *VUZ[Y\J[PVU 4H[LYPHSZ¹ Glass, Physics & Chemistry UV ! 0U [OPZ SHIVYH[VY`IHZLK L_WLYPTLU[ :,4 HUK ?YH` HUHS`ZLZ^LYL\ZLK[VVIZLY]LTPULYHSVNPJHSHUKTLJOHUPJHSKL[LYPVYH[PVUI`M\UNHST`JLSP\TVUZHTWSLZVM PUK\Z[YPHSWVY[SHUKJLTLU[JSPURLYZ^P[O]HY`PUNJOLTPJHSWYVWLY[PLZ5V]PZPISLJOHUNLZVJJ\YYLKV]LYZOVY[ WLYPVKZVM[PTLTVU[OZ/V^L]LYZHTWSLZ^P[O:P62HUK^LYLZ\ZJLW[PISL[VM\UNHSKL[LYPVYH[PVU^P[O ]PZPISL]VPKZVMTTHM[LYH `LHYL_WVZ\YL[VM\UNP6[OLYO`KYH[LKJLTLU[Z^P[OV\[:P62^LYLZ\ZJLW[PISL [VM\UNHSH[[HJRHM[LYSVUNLYWLYPVKZVM[PTLHWWYV_PTH[LS` `LHYZ 2VUKYH[`L]H.VYI\ZOPUHHUK)VPRV]H¸)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*VUZ[Y\J[PVU4H[LYPHSZ¹Glass, Physics & Chemistry (2006)! Ibid. 255. :VTLZWLJPLZVMSPJOLUZHYLWVRPSVO`KYPJTLHUPUN[OL`JHUZ\Y]P]LMVYWLYPVKZ^P[OV\[^H[LYK\L[V [OLPYJY`W[VIPVZPZVYHIPSP[`[VTHPU[HPUHKVYTHU[TL[HIVSPZT:V\YJL!*HUL]HL[HSPlant Biology for Cultural Heritage ^P[OHM\UN\ZHUKLP[OLYJ`HUVIHJ[LYPHVYJOSVYVWO`[H;OL`HYLJH[LNVYPaLKHZ JY\Z[VZL MVSPVZL MY\[PJVZL HUK ZX\HT\SVZL IHZLK VU [OLPY Z[Y\J[\YHS MVYT HUK TVYL[OHUOHSMVMJVU[HPUH[OHSS\ZHUKO`WOHLSVJH[LKH[[OLIHZLVM[OL[OHSS\Z ^OPJOHSSV^ZP[[VHKOLYL[VHZ\IZ[YH[L3PJOLUZHYLVULZWLJPLZ[OH[OH]LILLU Z[\KPLKHZHWV[LU[PHSWYV[LJ[P]LIHYYPLYMVYZ\IZ[YH[LZZ\JOHZMYVTKYP]PUNYHPU and YLJLU[S`[OLYLOHZILLUHUPUJYLHZPUNJVUJLYUV]LY[OLPYYLTV]HSHZP[TH`HJJLSLYH[L KL[LYPVYH[PVUPUZVTLTH[LYPHSZ Algae (SNHL ULLK KHTW JVUKP[PVUZ ^HYT [LTWLYH[\YLZ HUK Z\USPNO[ :PTPSHY [VM\UNPHSNHLJHUWLUL[YH[L[OLTH[LYPHS»ZJYHJRZVYWVYLZHUKLUSHYNL[OLZPaLVM HUL_PZ[LU[TPJYVJYHJRVYJYHJR (SNHLHYLRUV^U[VJVSVUPaLPYYLN\SHYZ\YMHJLZ THRPUNHTH[LYPHS»ZZ\YMHJL[L_[\YLHUKWVYVZP[`ZPNUPÄJHU[WYVWLY[PLZPU[OLWV[LU[PHS IPVSVNPJHSJVSVUPaH[PVUVMHTH[LYPHS (SNHLHYLHSZVILSPL]LK[VWYLMLYHSRHSPUL surfaces, HUKKPH[VTHSNHLHYL[OLTVZ[JVTTVU[`WL[OH[JVSVUPaLZJVUJYL[L ;OLZWLJPLZJOSVYVWO`JLHLPZHZZVJPH[LK^P[OIPVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVMJVUJYL[L50 Cyanobacteria *`HUVIHJ[LYPHOH]LILLUSPURLK[VIV[O[OLWO`ZPJHSHUKJOLTPJHSKL[LYPVYH[PVU VMJHYIVUH[LYVJRZ51HUKHYLHSZVKPYLJ[S`SPURLK[V[OLIPVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVMJVUJYL[L52 ;OL`HYLJOHYHJ[LYPaLKI`HZSPT`V\[LYSH`LY[OH[HKZVYIZTPULYHSZZ\JOHZJSH` 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone, 20. Caneva et al., Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage, Artioli, :JPLU[PÄJ4L[OVKZHUK*\S[\YHS/LYP[HNL 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone :HUJOLa:PS]HHUK9VZV^ZR`Biodeterioration of Construction Materials, Caneva et al., Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage, 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone :HUJOLa:PS]HHUK9VZV^ZR`Biodeterioration of Construction Materials, 50 .PHUUHU[VUPV L[ HS ¸4VSLJ\SHY JOHYHJ[LYPaH[PVUZ VM TPJYVIPHS JVTT\UP[PLZ MV\SPUN WHPU[LK HUK \UWHPU[LKJVUJYL[LZ[Y\J[\YLZ¹International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation ! 51 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone in Tropical Environments, 15. 52 .PHUUHU[VUPVL[HS¸4VSLJ\SHYJOHYHJ[LYPaH[PVUZVMTPJYVIPHSJVTT\UP[PLZMV\SPUNWHPU[LKHUK \UWHPU[LKJVUJYL[LZ[Y\J[\YLZ¹ International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation! X\HY[aJHSJP\TJHYIVUH[LVYI`WYVK\J[ZVMV[OLYVYNHUPZTZ53*`HUVIHJ[LYPHHYL HSZV SPURLK [V [OL JVSVUPaH[PVU VM IHJ[LYPH HUK M\UNP ZPUJL [OL` JHU ZLY]L HZ [OL nutrient source. BIODETERIORATION OF CONRETE AT STAIRWAY TO THE SKY :WLJPLZWYL]PV\ZS`VIZLY]LKH[Stairway to the SkyPUJS\KLSPJOLUHZ^LSSHZ ISHJRM\UNHSHUKNYLLUHSNHSZWLJPLZ*\YYLU[S`[OLYLPZUVSPURIL[^LLU[OLTPULYHS JVUZ[P[\LU[ZPU[OLTH[LYPHS[OH[TH`ZLY]LHZTPULYHSZV\YJLZMVY[OLVYNHUPZTZ0[PZ SPRLS`[OH[HNNYLNH[LZPU[OLJVUJYL[LTP_LZVMKPMMLYLU[Z[Y\J[\YLZH[Las Pozas^PSS ]HY`ZPUJL[OLZ[Y\J[\YLZ^LYLTHKLK\YPUNKPMMLYLU[WLYPVKZ:VTLZJ\SW[\YLZJVU[HPU HIS\PZOJVSVYLKZLKPTLU[HY`Z[VULZPTPSHY[VHZ[VULMV\UKPU[OL/\PJOPO\H`mU 9P]LYY\UUPUN[OYV\NOLas Pozas^OPJOZ\NNLZ[ZZ[VULZ^LYLZVTL[PTLZ[HRLUMYVT [OL YP]LY JY\ZOLK HUK \ZLK HZ HNNYLNH[L PU JVUJYL[L TP_[\YLZ 6U [OL Stairway to the SkyOV^L]LY[OLHNNYLNH[LPZTVYLKPMÄJ\S[[VVIZLY]LHUK[OLÄSSLYTH` OH]LILLUJVTTLYJPHSS`X\HYYPLKVYTLYLS`[HRLUMYVT[OLYP]LY:PUJL[OLZV\YJLZ VM [OL TH[LYPHSZ HYL \URUV^U HUHS`ZLZ VM [OL TH[LYPHS»ZTPULYHS JVUZ[P[\LU[Z HYL ULLKLK[VKL[LYTPULP[ZZ\ZJLW[PIPSP[`[VJVSVUPaH[PVUI`]HYPV\ZZWLJPLZVMM\UNP IHJ[LYPHJ`HUVIHJ[LYPHSPJOLUZHUKHSNHL(SZVL]PKLUJLVMJVUJYL[LKL[LYPVYH[PVU PZZLLUPU[OLZWHSSZJVYYVKLKYLIHYHUKL_WVZLKHNNYLNH[LH[Stairway to the Sky, Z\NNLZ[PUN[OLHSRHSPUP[`VM[OLTH[LYPHSOHZKLJYLHZLKV]LY[PTL0M[OPZPZ[OLJHZL [OLJVUJYL[LTH`ILTVYL]\SULYHISL[VIPVSVNPJHSH[[HJRI`VYNHUPZTZ[OH[Z\Y]P]L \UKLY JVUKP[PVUZ VM SV^ W/ SL]LSZ ^OPJO TH` L_JS\KL TVZ[ HSRHSPUVWOPSPJ [`WLZ MYVTM\[\YLHUHS`ZLZ Exposed concrete, surfaces with a parge, and pigmented cement coatings Stairway to the Sky PZ JVTWYPZLK VM L_WVZLK JVUJYL[L HUK ZVTL Z\YMHJLZ 53 2\THYHUK2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone, 15. Ibid, JVU[HPUHWHYNL/VYPaVU[HSZ\YMHJLZVM[OLJVUJYL[LZ[HPY[YLHKZKPZWSH`H^OP[LWHYNL [OH[^HZHWWSPLKPUHJPYJ\SHYWH[[LYU;OLJVS\TUZHSZVJVU[HPU]PZPISL[YHJLZVMH WHYNLOV^L]LYTHU`VM[OLHYLHZHYLKL[LYPVYH[LKHUKKPZWSH`L_WVZLKHNNYLNH[L ;OLZ\YMHJL[`WVSVN`VM[OLL_WVZLKJVUJYL[LL_OPIP[ZHOPNOLYWVYVZP[`[OHU[OH[ VM[OLWHYNL[OH[OHZILLUHWWSPLK[V[OLZ[HPYZHUKJVS\TUZHUKKPZWSH`ZHNYLH[LY WYLZLUJLVMISHJRM\UNHSNYV^[OPUZPKL[OLTH[LYPHSWVYLZ;OPZPTWSPLZ[OH[Z\YMHJLZ VM H OPNOLY WVYVZP[` PL L_WVZLK JVUJYL[L HYL TVYL Z\ZJLW[PISL [V JVSVUPaH[PVU I` ZVTL ZWLJPLZ Z\JO HZ [OL VIZLY]LK ISHJR M\UNHS [`WL 0U V[OLY HYLHZ VM [OL ZP[LKPMMLYLU[ZWLJPLZ^LYLKL[LJ[LKVUJVUJYL[LZJ\SW[\YLZ^P[OWPNTLU[LKJLTLU[ JVH[PUNZVMSV^WVYVZP[PLZ;OPZZ\NNLZ[Z[OLWVZZPISLWYLZLUJLVMVYNHUPJWPNTLU[ZPU [OLJLTLU[P[PV\ZJVH[PUN^OPJOTH`ZLY]LHZU\[YPLU[ZMVY]HYPV\ZVYNHUPZTZ ,U]PYVUTLU[HSHUK*SPTH[PJ0UÅ\LUJLZ ;OLKLUZL]LNL[H[PVU[OH[Z\YYV\UKLKStairway to the Sky^OPSL,K^HYK1HTLZ lived at Las PozasOHZILLUYLTV]LK;OPZHSSV^Z[OLLU[PYLZ[Y\J[\YLHUKWHY[PJ\SHYS` [OL[OPYKZ[VY`[VYLTHPUL_WVZLK[V^PUKKYP]PUNYHPUHUKZ\USPNO[^OLU[OLYLPZUV JSV\KJV]LY=LY[PJHSHUKOVYPaVU[HSZ\YMHJLZHYLHMMLJ[LKKPMMLYLU[S`I`LHJOLSLTLU[ =LY[PJHS JVS\TUZ HYL JVSVUPaLK I` KPMMLYLU[ ZWLJPLZ [OHU OVYPaVU[HS Z\YMHJLZ HUK ZOHKLKHYLHZ[OH[YLJLP]LSLZZZ\UL_WVZ\YLPL\UKLYULH[OZ[HPY[YLHKZ^LZ[ZPKLZVM JVS\TUZJVU[HPUOPNOLYJVUJLU[YH[PVUZVMISHJRM\UNHSIPVNYV^[O Structural design Stairway to the Sky L_OPIP[Z T\S[PWSL HSJV]LZ PU ZJ\SW[\YHS LSLTLU[Z [OH[ ILJVTL Z\P[HISLWSHJLZMVYIPYKZ[VULZ[;OPZPZHYLZ\S[VM[OLKLZPNU^OPJOWYV]PKLZU\TLYV\Z J\Y]PSPULHY ZWHJLZ HUK UPJOLZ [OH[ Z\WWVY[ [OL JVSVUPaH[PVU VM TPJYVVYNHUPZTZ WSHU[ZPUZLJ[ZHUKIPYKZ METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF BIOGROWTH ;OLPKLU[PÄJH[PVUVMHJVSVUPaLKZWLJPLZILNPUZ^P[OHULJVSVNPJHSHUHS`ZPZ [OH[PZWLYMVYTLKPUZP[\^P[OHUL_WLY[4VZ[OPNOLYWSHU[ZHUKTHJYVVYNHUPZTZHYL PKLU[PÄLK[OPZ^H`I\[TPJYVVYNHUPZTZNLULYHSS`YLX\PYLHKKP[PVUHSHUHS`ZLZ;OPZ ILNPUZ ^P[O ZHTWSPUN [OL VYNHUPZT ^OPJO TH` IL KVUL ^P[O H ULLKSL HKOLZP]L [HWLZ^HIVYTPJYVZJHSWLSVYZJHSWLS ;OLZHTWSLPZZ\IZLX\LU[S`[HRLU[VH SHIVYH[VY`[VILVIZLY]LK\UKLYHUVW[PJHSTPJYVZJVWL^OPJOHSSV^Z[OLZWLJPLZ [VILPKLU[PÄLKIHZLKVUP[ZZ[Y\J[\YHSWHY[ZPLO`WOHL[OHSSP\UPVYT\S[PJLSS\SHY IVKPLZ 0M M\Y[OLY HUHS`ZLZ HYL YLX\PYLK TVSLJ\SHY [LJOUPX\LZ +5( VY 95( L_[YHJ[PVU -0:/ -S\VYLZJLUJL 0U :P[\ /`IYPKPaH[PVU JOLTPJHS HUK IPVJOLTPJHS [LZ[PUNHYLTL[OVKZMVYPKLU[PM`PUNVYNHUPZTZ :JHUUPUN,SLJ[YVU4PJYVZJVW`:,4 PZH\ZLM\SHUHS`[PJHS[VVS[OH[OHZILLU\ZLKMVYVIZLY]PUN[OLVYNHUPZTHZ^LSSHZ[OL KHTHNLJH\ZLK[V[OLZ\IZ[YH[L IMPLICATIONS OF INTERVENTIONS FOR THE REMOVAL OF BIOGROWTH AT STAIRWAY TO THE SKY 4L[OVKZ VM YLTV]PUN IPVNYV^[O MYVT J\S[\YHS OLYP[HNL TH[LYPHSZ PUJS\KL! TLJOHUPJHSYLTV]HS\ZPUNZJHSWLSZIY\ZOLZ"IPVYLTV]HSIPVJSLHUPUN"VYJOLTPJHS YLTV]HS(JVTIPUH[PVUVMTLJOHUPJHSHUKJOLTPJHSYLTV]HSTH`ILULJLZZHY`MVY OPNOLYWSHU[Z;OPZJHUILHJOPL]LKI`HWWS`PUNHZTHSSHTV\U[VMHIPVJPKLWYVK\J[ [V[OLWSHU[HUK^HP[PUNMVY[OLLMMLJ[ZVM[OLWYVK\J[[V[HRLWSHJL[OLU\WYVV[PUN [OLKLHKWSHU[MYVT[OLJVUJYL[LZ\YMHJL\ZPUNHZJHSWLSVY[VVS(M[LYTLJOHUPJHS YLTV]HS P[ TH` IL ULJLZZHY` [V WH[JO [OL JVUJYL[L HZ H MVSSV^\W WYVJLK\YL PM JYHJRPUNOHZVJJ\YYLK ;OLHWWSPJH[PVUVMIPVJPKLWYVK\J[ZPZ[OLTVZ[JVTTVUTL[OVKLTWSV`LK [VRPSSIPVSVNPJHSVYNHUPZTZ /V^L]LYIPVJPKLZKVUV[YLTV]L[OLVYNHUPJTH[LYPHS 55 Caneva et al, Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage Ibid. 350. 2VUKYH[`L]HL[HS¸)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*VUZ[Y\J[PVU4H[LYPHSZ¹Glass, Physics & Chemistry! Caneva et al, Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage, SLM[ILOPUKVU[OLTH[LYPHSHUKYLX\PYLHJSLHUPUNWYVK\J[PMYLTV]HSVM[OLZ[HPU PZ KLZPYLK *VTTVU ºLJVMYPLUKS`» IPVJPKL WYVK\J[Z Z\JO HZ *H[OLKYHS :[VUL + )PVSVNPJHS :VS\[PVU TH` SLH]L H Z\YMHJL MYLL MYVT TPJYVVYNHUPZTZ \W [V VUL `LHYI\[YLX\PYLWLYPVKYLHWWSPJH[PVU0UH^HYTO\TPKLU]PYVUTLU[Z\JOHZ[OH[ of Las PozasVYNHUPZTZTH`YLJVSVUPaLHYV\UKZP_TVU[OZVYLHYSPLYHUKMYLX\LU[ YLHWWSPJH[PVU VM H IPVJPKL TH` IL ULLKLK K\L [V KPS\[PVU MYVT YHPUMHSS 4L[OVKZ VMHWWS`PUNIPVJPKLWYVK\J[ZPUJS\KLIY\ZOPUNHUKZWYH`PUN[OLWYVK\J[VU[V[OL JVSVUPaLKZ\YMHJL[OLUSLH]PUN[OLWYVK\J[[VKY`:WYH`PUNPZTVZ[LMMLJ[P]LMVY PUKVVYLU]PYVUTLU[ZHUKSHYNLYZ\YMHJLHYLHZ^OPSLIY\ZOPUNOHZ[OL[LUKLUJ`[V ILTVYLLMMLJ[P]LI`WLUL[YH[PUNKLLWLYPU[V[OLTH[LYPHS 7V\S[PJLZTHKLVMWHWLY W\SWJVTIPULK^P[OJHYIV_`TL[O`SJLSS\SVZLHYLHSZV\ZLKMVYZ\YMHJLZ[OH[YLX\PYL SVUNLYJVU[HJ[^P[O[OLIPVJPKLWYVK\J[I\[[OPZTL[OVK^V\SKVUS`ILLMMLJ[P]LPU ZTHSSLYJVUJLU[YH[LKHYLHZ:VTL[PTLZTVYL[OHUVULJHTWHPNUVMIPVJPKLWYVK\J[ PZULLKLKHUKTVJR\WZHYLLTWSV`LK[VKL[LYTPULMYLX\LUJ`VMJHTWHPNUZULLKLK [V RPSS VYNHUPZTZ -PUHSS`IPVJPKLZ KV UV[ LUZ\YL [OH[ HSS TPJYVVYNHUPZTZ ^PSS IL RPSSLK·ZVTL MVYTZ VM IHJ[LYPH TH` ILJVTL PTT\UL [V IPVJPKL WYVK\J[Z [O\Z THRPUN[OLTPULMMLJ[P]L 0MIPVJPKLWYVK\J[ZHYL[LZ[LKHUKVY\[PSPaLKH[Las PozasP[PZPTWVY[HU[[V JVUZPKLY [OLPY WV[LU[PHSS` OHYTM\S LMMLJ[Z VU [OL LU]PYVUTLU[ 0UVYNHUPJ IPVJPKLZ PUJS\KL O`KYVNLU WLYV_PKL ZVKP\T O`WVJOSVYPKL JVWWLY ZHS[Z )VYH_ WLYIVYH[L HUK HS[OV\NO [OL` HYL JVUZPKLYLK LMMLJ[P]L IPVJPKL WYVK\J[Z [OL` HYL \ZLK SLZZ MYLX\LU[S`[VKH`:VTLJV\U[YPLZOH]LWYVOPIP[LK[OL\ZLVM[YPI\[HS[PUV_PKLZTL[O`S IYVTPKLHYZLUPJWY\ZZPJHJPKHUKL[O`SLULV_PKLK\L[V[OLPYL_[YLTL[V_PJP[` A ÄUHS JVUZPKLYH[PVU ^P[O HSS IPVJPKL WYVK\J[Z PZ [OL WV[LU[PHS KPZJVSVYH[PVU VM [OL TH[LYPHS;VH]VPK\UKLZPYHISLJOHUNLZPU[OLHLZ[OL[PJHWWLHYHUJLVM[OLTH[LYPHS WYVK\J[ZHS^H`ZYLX\PYL[LZ[PUNILMVYL[OL`HYLHWWSPLK ,]LU[OV\NOTHU`IPVJPKLWYVK\J[ZHYLHK]LY[PZLKHZLU]PYVUTLU[HSS`Z\Z[HPUHISL[OL`VM[LUJVU[HPU OHYTM\SJVUZ[P[\LU[ZHSILP[PUTPUPTHSX\HU[P[PLZ Ibid. 321. Ibid. Ibid. 321. CONCLUSION )PVNYV^[OLUOHUJLZ[OLHLZ[OL[PJHUKHY[PZ[PJ]HS\LVMStairway to the Sky. /PZ[VYPJWOV[VNYHWOZKPZWSH`[OLJVU[PU\V\ZWYLZLUJLVMIPVSVNPJHSVYNHUPZTZVU[OL `LHYVSKZ[Y\J[\YLZ\NNLZ[PUN[OLWVZZPIPSP[`VMP[YLTHPUPUNPUHZ[HISLJVUKP[PVU HUKPUÅPJ[PUNYLSH[P]LS`TPUPTHSKHTHNL0M[OPZPZ[OLJHZLHUHWWYVHJO[OH[PU]VS]LZ UVUYLTV]HS^V\SKHSSV^IPVNYV^[O[VYLTHPUPUWSHJLHUKHSSV^Stairway to the Sky [VJVU[PU\LP[ZPU[LNYH[PVUPU[V[OLZ\YYV\UKPUNLU]PYVUTLU[;OLYLMVYLHWYVNYHTPZ ULLKLK[VPKLU[PM`[OLZWLJPLZVMVYNHUPZTZ[OH[WYLZLU[S`JVSVUPaLStairway to the SkyKL[LYTPUL[OLPYYLSH[PVUZOPW^P[OJVUJYL[LHUKLZ[HISPZOULJLZZHY`TLHZ\YLZMVY YLTV]HSVYUVUYLTV]HS >OPSLZVTLZWLJPLZTH`ILYLZWVUZPISLMVY[OLTLJOHUPJHSHUKVYJOLTPJHS KL[LYPVYH[PVUVM[OLTH[LYPHSM\Y[OLYHUHS`ZLZHYLULLKLK[VPKLU[PM`VYNHUPZTZ;OL YLTV]HSVMOPNOLYWSHU[ZPZYLJVTTLUKLKK\L[V[OLTLJOHUPJHSKHTHNL[OH[NYV^[O HUKTV]LTLU[PUÅPJ[ZVU[OLZ\IZ[YH[LI\[[OPZT\Z[ILKVULPUH^H`[OH[JH\ZLZ TPUPTHSKHTHNL[V[OLZ\IZ[YH[L(SZV[OLYLTV]HSVMTPJYVVYNHUPZTZHUK]HYPV\Z THJYVVYNHUPZTZZOV\SKUV[[HRLWSHJL\U[PS[OL`HYLPKLU[PÄLKHUK[OLPYWV[LU[PHSHZ IPVKL[LYPVNLUZPZKL[LYTPULK4LJOHUPJHSYLTV]HSTL[OVKZLTWSV`LKH[Las Pozas PUJS\KLKY`HUK^L[ZJY\IIPUNIPVNYV^[OMYVTJVUJYL[LZ\YMHJLZHUKP[PZZ\NNLZ[LK [OH[[OPZWYHJ[PJLILZ\ZWLUKLKK\L[V[OLWO`ZPJHSKHTHNLHIYHZP]LHJ[PVUPUÅPJ[Z VU[OLZ\IZ[YH[L6]LY[PTL[OPZTL[OVKTH`JH\ZLTVYLKHTHNL[OHU[OLWO`ZPJHS HUKVY TLJOHUPJHS KHTHNL JH\ZLK I` H IPVKL[LYPVNLU PM P[ PZ UV[ YLTV]LK;OL MVSSV^PUNJOHW[LYWYLZLU[ZHWYVNYHT[OH[PKLU[PÄLZJVSVUPaLKZWLJPLZHUKHUHS`aLZ [OLPYWV[LU[PHS[VHJ[HZHKL[LYPVNLU[VJVUJYL[LTH[LYPHSZ;OLWYVNYHT^PSSHSZV HKKYLZZHKKP[PVUHS[OYLH[ZHKKYLZZLKPU*OHW[LY HUKWYV]PKLYLJVTTLUKH[PVUZMVY [OLWYL]LU[P]LTHPU[LUHUJLVMStairway to the Sky. */(7;,9 | 79,30405(9@ 6)1,*;0=,: (5+ 79,=,5;0=, CONSERVATION STRATEGIES CONSERVATION PHILOSOPHY 5H[\YHSKLJH`WYVJLZZLZPUL]P[HIS`JH\ZLTH[LYPHSZHUKZ[Y\J[\YLZ[VJOHUNL V]LY [PTL ;OL JVUZLY]H[VY»Z YVSL OV^L]LY PZ [V THUHNL HWWLHYHUJL K\YHIPSP[` HUK M\UJ[PVU I` PU[LY]LUPUN HM[LY KL[LYPVYH[PVU OHZ VJJ\YYLK HUKVY WYL]LU[PUN KL[LYPVYH[PVUMYVTVJJ\YYPUN(KLZPYLKHWWLHYHUJL[OLUJHUILHJOPL]LK[OYV\NO [OL PTWSLTLU[H[PVU VM H JVUZLY]H[PVU WYVNYHT [OH[ HWWSPLZ H IHZL RUV^SLKNL VM TH[LYPHSZ[V[OLPU[YPUZPJHUKL_[YPUZPJMHJ[VYZJH\ZPUNHLZ[OL[PJHUKWO`ZPJHSJOHUNLZ to occur. At Las PozasUH[\YLHUK1HTLZ»Z^VYRZWVZZLZZHJVU[YHKPJ[VY`YLSH[PVUZOPW· ]PZ\HSS`[OL`LUOHUJLVULHUV[OLYI\[HZTHUTHKL^VYRZHYLPULZZLUJL[YHUZPLU[ PUUH[\YL[OLPYKLNYHKH[PVUPZPUL]P[HISL:PUJLWO`ZPJHSKL[LYPVYH[PVUVMStairway to the SkyPZ\UKLZPYLKHUKZPUJLH]LYKHU[VY¸ZVPSLK¹HWWLHYHUJLPZ]HS\LK[OL Z[HIPSPaH[PVUVMWSHU[NYV^[OVU[OLZ[Y\J[\YLPZULJLZZHY`;OLYLMVYL[OLWYVWVZLK JVUZLY]H[PVUHWWYVHJOMVYStairway to the SkyPU]VS]LZTPUPTHSPU[LY]LU[PVUHSSV^PUN IPVNYV^[O[VILZ[HIPSPaLKH[H[OYLZOVSK[OH[\S[PTH[LS`YLZ\S[ZPUTH_PTHSYL[LU[PVU VMVYPNPUHSTH[LYPHSPU[LNYP[`-\Y[OLY[LZ[PUNHUKHUHS`ZPZT\Z[PUMVYT[OLWYVWVZLK WYVNYHT ZV [OH[ [OL KLSPJH[L IHSHUJL VM [OYLH[ HUK PU[LNYP[` JHU IL Z\Z[HPULK I` WYL]LU[P]LTHPU[LUHUJL;OLWYVWVZLKWYVNYHTHKKYLZZLZ[OL[OYLH[Z[VStairway to the SkyHUKWYV]PKLZZ[YH[LNPLZ[VJVU[YVSZ[HIPSPaLVYHZJLY[HPUKL[LYPVYH[PVUJH\ZLK I`[OL]HYPV\ZTLJOHUPZTZL_WSVYLKPU*OHW[LY PRELIMINARY OBJECTIVES ;OL WYVWVZLK WYVNYHT HUK JVUZLY]H[PVU HWWYVHJO MVY Stairway to the Sky WYV]PKLZLTLYNLUJ`PU[LY]LU[PVUZ[YH[LNPLZHUKV\[SPULZ[LZ[PUNHUKHUHS`ZLZULLKLK [V KL[LYTPUL M\[\YL PU[LY]LU[PVU VY UVUPU[LY]LU[PVU VW[PVUZ ;OL WSHU ZLLRZ [V HJOPL]L[OLMVSSV^PUNVIQLJ[P]LZ! Ȉ 0KLU[PM`[OYLH[Z[OH[YLX\PYLHUPTTLKPH[LYLZWVUZL0UJHZLZ^OLYLHK]HUJLK KL[LYPVYH[PVUTH`SLHK[VZ[Y\J[\YHSMHPS\YLYLWHPYVYYLWSHJLTLU[TH`IL necessary. Ȉ +L[LYTPULJH\ZLZVMYLPUMVYJLTLU[JVYYVZPVUHUKJVUJYL[LKL[LYPVYH[PVUHZ^LSS HZTL[OVKZVMX\HU[PM`PUNYH[LZVMKL[LYPVYH[PVU Ȉ 7YV]PKL HU V]LY]PL^ VM [LZ[PUN TL[OVKZ PU ZP[\ HUK SHIVYH[VY` ULLKLK [V HZJLY[HPUJVUJYL[LJVTWVZP[PVUX\HSP[`]HYPHIPSP[`JVUKP[PVUZHUKKL[LYPVYH[PVU TLJOHUPZTZ Ȉ +LZPNU HU LU]PYVUTLU[HS HUK TH[LYPHS TVUP[VYPUN WYVNYHT [V JVYYLSH[L LU]PYVUTLU[HS JVUKP[PVUZ [V JVUJYL[L JVUKP[PVUZ HUK WVZZPISL KL[LYPVYH[PVU TLJOHUPZTZ Ȉ +L]LSVWIPVKL[LYPVYH[PVUTVUP[VYPUNWYVNYHT[VJVTWHYL[OLLMÄJHJ`VMYLTV]HS HUKUVUYLTV]HS Ȉ ,Z[HISPZOSVUN[LYTTHPU[LUHUJLZ[YH[LNPLZ Ȉ +L]LSVW[YHPUPUNWYVNYHTMVYZP[LZ[HMM[OH[PUJS\KLZHWWYVWYPH[LTHPU[LUHUJLHUK YLWHPYTL[OVKZMVYStairway to the Sky. EMERGENCY INTERVENTIONS Crack Repairs ,TLYNLUJ`YLWHPYTL[OVKZPUJS\KLYLWHPYZ[VZLHSVWLUPUNZHUKJYHJRZ[OH[ MHJPSP[H[L[OLPUNYLZZVM^H[LYHUKV[OLYZ\IZ[HUJLZ0UJHZLZ^OLYLHKL[HJOLKZWHSS OHZL_WVZLKYLPUMVYJLTLU[PTTLKPH[LYLWHPYPZULJLZZHY`HUKYLX\PYLZ[OLYLTV]HS VMMHPSLKTH[LYPHSHUKYLWSHJLTLU[^P[OJVTWH[PISLWH[JOPUNTH[LYPHS ;`WPJHSWYVK\J[ZLTWSV`LKPUJVUJYL[LYLWHPYZPUJS\KLLWV_PLZNYV\[Z^OPJO OHZILLU\ZLKPU[OLWHZ[MVYJYHJRYLWHPYZH[Las PozasHUKWVS`\YL[OHULYLZPU/PNO X\HSP[`TH[LYPHSZHUKNVVK^VYRTHUZOPWPLTP_PUNOHUKSPUNPZHSZVHULJLZZP[` *VSVYTH[JOPUNJVUJYL[LYLWHPYZTHPU[HPUZH\UPÄLKHWWLHYHUJLVM[OLZ\YMHJLI\[ K\L[V[OLV]LYHSSKPZZPTPSHYP[`VM[OLZ\YMHJLVM[OLZ[Y\J[\YLJVSVYTH[JOPUN^PSS HJOPL]L H \UPÄLK HWWLHYHUJL VM [OL HSYLHK` ZVPSLK JVUJYL[L Z\YMHJL ;OLYLMVYL WLYMVYTHUJLHUKK\YHIPSP[`PZYLJVTTLUKLKHZHÄYZ[WYPVYP[`HUKJVSVYTH[JOPUNPZ YLJVTTLUKLKPMP[JVTWSLTLU[Z[OLHWWLHYHUJLVMHZ\YMHJL Tree Branch Trimming >LLRS`PUZWLJ[PVUZVM[OLZ\YYV\UKPUNLU]PYVUTLU[HYLWLYMVYTLK[VKL[LJ[ PTTLKPH[L[OYLH[ZMYVTIYHUJOLZ[YLLZVYV[OLYVIQLJ[Z[OH[HWWLHY\UZ[HISLPU[OL LU]PYVUTLU[ PL ULHYI` Z[Y\J[\YLZ HYJOP[LJ[\YHS LSLTLU[Z MYVT Edward James’s House0M[OYLH[ZHYLWYLZLU[PU[OLLU]PYVUTLU[IYHUJO[YPTTPUNPZULLKLK0U [OLJHZLVMHMVYLJHZ[LKO\YYPJHULVY[YVWPJHSZ[VYTP[PZULJLZZHY`[VJHYY`V\[H [OVYV\NO PUZWLJ[PVU VM [OL Z\YYV\UKPUN LU]PYVUTLU[ ILMVYLOHUK HZ H WYL]LU[P]L TLHZ\YL>OPSLIYHUJO[YPTTPUNPZYLJVTTLUKLK]LNL[H[PVUYLTV]HSZOV\SKIL TPUPTHSHUKZOV\SKUV[KL[YHJ[MYVT[OLKLUZP[`VM[OLSHUKZJHWL\USLZZULJLZZHY` Plant Removal 9LTV]PUNJVSVUPaLKWSHU[ZMYVT[OLZ[Y\J[\YLPZULJLZZHY`[VH]VPKM\Y[OLY KHTHNLPUÅPJ[LKI`WSHU[NYV^[O;OLYLTV]HSVMSHYNLYWSHU[ZPU]VS]LZHWWS`PUN IPVJPKLZVS\[PVU[V[OLWSHU[[VRPSSP[MVSSV^LKI`JHYLM\SYLTV]HSVM[OLWSHU[P[ZLSM 0[PZWVZZPISL[OH[\WYVV[PUN[OLWSHU[TH`JH\ZLTPJYVJYHJRPUNJYHJRPUNHUKVY ZWHSSPUN VM [OL JVUJYL[L Z\YMHJL 0U [OPZ JHZL WH[JO YLWHPYZ HYL ULLKLK [V JSVZL HSSVWLUPUNZVM[OLZ\YMHJL)PYKULZ[ZZOV\SKHSZVILYLTV]LK0MUPJOLZPU[OL ZJ\SW[\YHSJVS\TUZHYLYLJ\YYLU[ULZ[PUNHYLHZJSLHYUL[[PUNJHUILWSHJLKHYV\UK [OLZLHYLHZHZHWYL]LU[P]LTLHZ\YL Closure of Fragile Structural Elements (JJLZZ [V MYHNPSL HYJOP[LJ[\YHS LSLTLU[Z UV[HIS` [OL LSL]H[LK JVUJYL[L WH[O^H`Z\UP[PUNStairway to the Sky»ZJVS\TUZHUKStairway to the Sky to Edward James’s House ZOV\SK IL JSVZLK MYVT [OL W\ISPJ HZ H ZHML[` TLHZ\YL ;OPZ ^PSS WYL]LU[HJJPKLU[ZMYVTVJJ\YYPUNHZ^LSSHZLSPTPUH[PUNSP]LSVHKZK\L[V]PZP[H[PVU *SVZPUN[OLJVUJYL[LWH[O^H`Z^PSSKL[YHJ[MYVT[OL]PZP[VYºL_WLYPLUJL»ZPUJL[OL Z[Y\J[\YL^HZTLHU[[VILPU[LYHJ[LK^P[OOV^L]LY[OLZP[LT\Z[HSZVIL[YLH[LK ^P[OPU[VKH`»ZJVU[L_[HZHJ\S[\YHSOLYP[HNLZP[L[OH[YLJLP]LZ[OV\ZHUKZVM]PZP[VYZH `LHY(Z[Y\J[\YHSHZZLZZTLU[ZOV\SKILJVUK\J[LK[VPKLU[PM`ZWLJPÄJHYJOP[LJ[\YHS LSLTLU[ZH[Stairway to the Sky[OH[HYLZ\ZJLW[PISL[VV]LYSVHKPUNHUK]PIYH[PVUHUK TH`ULLK[VILJSVZLK[V[OLW\ISPJ Monitoring for water run-off and drainage Stairway to the SkyZOV\SKILPUZWLJ[LKMVYHYLHZVMOLH]`^H[LYY\UVMMUV[HIS` MYVTWYVQLJ[PUNHYJOP[LJ[\YHSMLH[\YLZHUK]LNL[H[PVUVYHYLHZ^OLYL^H[LYJVSSLJ[Z 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(KKP[PVUHS[LZ[Z\ZLK[VPKLU[PM`(:9PUJVUJYL[LPUJS\KLJOLTPJHSHUHS`ZLZ!(:;4;LZ[4L[OVKMVY 7V[LU[PHS(SRHSP9LHJ[P]P[`* HUK(:;4;LZ[4L[OVKMVY7V[LU[PHS9LHJ[P]P[`VM(NNYLNH[LZ* :[HYR +H]PK ¸(SRHSP:PSPJH 9LHJ[PVUZ PU *VUJYL[L¹ :PNUPÄJHUJL VM;LZ[Z HUK 7YVWLY[PLZ VM *VUJYL[L HUK *VUJYL[L Materials: ZVS\[PVU[VJHYIVUH[PVUMYVU[Z34L[OVKZVM[YLH[PUNJHYIVUH[LKJVUJYL[LPUJS\KL M\SSYLWSHJLTLU[^P[OUL^TH[LYPHS+\L[V[OLPU]HZP]LWYVJLK\YLPU]VS]LKPU[OL WOLUVSWO[OHSLPU HUHS`ZPZ P[ PZ YLJVTTLUKLK [OH[ JHYIVUH[PVU [LZ[Z IL WLYMVYTLK ^P[O[OLJVYLZHTWSLZ[HRLUK\YPUN[OLWL[YVNYHWOPJHUHS`ZPZ *OSVYPKLJVU[LU[T\Z[HSZVILTLHZ\YLK[VKL[LYTPUL[OLWYLZLUJLVMJOSVYPKL PVUZ*OSVYPKLPVUJVU[LU[ILSV^ *OSVYPKL0VU*VU[LU[I`>[*LTLU[KVLZ UV[WVZLHYPZR[VYLPUMVYJLTLU[JVYYVZPVUOV^L]LYIL[^LLU HUKHIV]L PUKPJH[LZHOPNOYPZRVMJVYYVZPVUPUK\JLKI`JOSVYPKLPVUZ;LZ[PUNJOSVYPKL JVU[LU[TH`ILWLYMVYTLKPUZP[\^P[OJOSVYPKL[LZ[RP[ZVYPUHSHIVYH[VY`MVSSV^PUN H[LZ[PUNTL[OVKPL(:;4*¸:[HUKHYK;LZ[4L[OVKMVY,SLJ[YPJHS0UKPJH[PVU VM *VUJYL[L»Z(IPSP[` [V 9LZPZ[ *OSVYPKL 0VU 7LUL[YH[PVU¹"(:;4 * * 4 ¸:[HUKHYK;LZ[4L[OVKMVY(JPK:VS\ISL*OSVYPKLPU4VY[HYHUK*VUJYL[L0U[OL JHZL[OH[JOSVYPKLPZWYLZLU[ZHS[L_[YHJ[PVUPZULLKLKHUKJHUILHJOPL]LK[OYV\NO LSLJ[YVJOLTPJHS JOSVYPKL L_[YHJ[PVU ^OPJO L_[YHJ[Z JOSVYPKL PVUZ ^P[OV\[ HS[LYPUN [OLJVUJYL[LTH[YP_ BIODETERIORATION MONITORING *LU[YHS [V [OL JVUZLY]H[PVU HWWYVHJO MVY Stairway to the Sky is a IPVKL[LYPVYH[PVUTVUP[VYPUNWYVNYHT^OPJOKL[LYTPULZVW[PVUZMVYPU[LY]LU[PVUHUK VYUVUPU[LY]LU[PVU/PZ[VYPJWOV[VNYHWOZVMStairway to the SkyKPZWSH`[OLZ[Y\J[\YL JVSVUPaLKI`IPVSVNPJHSNYV^[OMVYKLJHKLZUV^Z\NNLZ[PUN[OLWLYZL]LYHUJLVM[OPZ JVUKP[PVUVU[OLZ[Y\J[\YLHUKHSZV[OLWVZZPIPSP[`[OH[P[YLTHPUZPUHZ[HISLJVUKP[PVU ;OLVIQLJ[P]LVM[OLIPVKL[LYPVYH[PVUWYVNYHTPZ[VKL[LYTPUL^OPJOVYNHUPZTZHYL ¸*\YYLU[WYHJ[PJLZOLL[UV!4LHZ\YPUN[OLKLW[OVMJHYIVUH[PVU¹1HUO[[W!MPUKHY[PJSLZJVTW HY[PJSLZTPFXH PZFHPFU WYLZLU[PM[OL`HYLKLSL[LYPV\Z[VJVUJYL[LHUKJLTLU[P[PV\ZTH[LYPHSZHUK[LZ[[OL LMÄJHJ`VMIPVJPKL[YLH[TLU[Z0MPKLU[PÄLKZWLJPLZHYLKLSL[LYPV\ZNYV^[OYH[LHUK WLUL[YH[PVUPU[V[OLTH[LYPHST\Z[ILX\HU[PÄLK:OV\SKHU`IPVJPKL[YLH[TLU[ZIL JVUZPKLYLKMVYM\[\YL\ZLP[PZPTWVY[HU[[OH[[OL`HYLLU]PYVUTLU[HSS`Z\Z[HPUHISL HUKKVUV[JVU[HTPUH[L[OLLU]PYVUTLU[HUK[OL`KVUV[Z\WWVY[[OLJVSVUPaH[PVU VMHUV[OLYZWLJPLZ;OLWYVNYHTPU]VS]LZ[OLMVSSV^PUN[LZ[PUNTL[OVKZ! 1. :WLJPLZPKLU[PÄJH[PVU ;OL WYVNYHT ILNPUZ ^P[O [OL PKLU[PÄJH[PVU VM THJYV HUK TPJYVVYNHUPZTZ WLYMVYTLKPUZP[\^P[OHIPVSVNPJHSZWLJPHSPZ[;OPZPZULJLZZHY`[VPKLU[PM`[OLZWLJPLZ WYLZLU[ZPUJL[OL^HYTO\TPKHuastecanJSPTH[LMVZ[LYZHT\S[P[\KLVMIPVSVNPJHS VYNHUPZTZ( ]PZ\HS L_HTPUH[PVU ^PSS HSSV^ [OL PKLU[PÄJH[PVU VM THJYVVYNHUPZTZ OV^L]LY M\Y[OLY [LZ[PUN TH` IL YLX\PYLK MVY TPJYVVYNHUPZTZ :HTWSLZ ZOV\SK IL JVSSLJ[LK^P[OHJSLHUZ[LYPSPaLKULLKSLZ^HIHKOLZP]L[HWLTPJYVZJHSWLSVYZJHSWLS Z\ZWLUKLK PU WHYHMVYTHSKLO`KL VY NS\[HYHSKLO`KL5 HUK IYV\NO[ [V H SHIVYH[VY` ^OLYLZ[Y\J[\YHSWHY[ZHYLÄYZ[VIZLY]LK[OYV\NOTPJYVZJVWPJHUHS`ZLZ(KKP[PVUHS HUHS`ZLZ·95( VY +5( L_[YHJ[PVU -0:/ -S\VYLZJLUJL 0U :P[\ /`IYPKPaH[PVU VY JOLTPJHSHUKIPVJOLTPJHS[LZ[PUN^PSSILULJLZZHY`[VPKLU[PM`ZVTLVYNHUPZTZ;OL TL[OVKVMHUHS`ZPZ\ZLK[VPKLU[PM`[OLZWLJPLZT\Z[ILLZ[HISPZOLKILMVYLZHTWSPUN ZV[OH[[OLWYVWLYZHTWSPUN[LJOUPX\LPZLTWSV`LKPL+5(L_[YHJ[PVUYLX\PYLZH SHYNLYZHTWSLZ^OPJOPZILZ[HJOPL]LK^P[OHZJHSWLS (M[LYZWLJPLZHYLPKLU[PÄLK [OLPYWV[LU[PHS[VHJ[HZIPVKL[LYPVNLUZJHUILL]HS\H[LK 2. 4VUP[VYPUNIPVKL[LYPVYH[PVU\ZPUNZJHUUPUNLSLJ[YVUTPJYVZJVW`:,4HUK ?YH`WV^KLYKPMMYHJ[PVU?9+ *HUL]HL[HSPlant Biology for Cultural Heritage, 5 Ibid. 353. Ibid. :WLJPLZPKLU[PÄJH[PVUZOV\SKILJVVYKPUH[LK^P[O:,4?9+HUHS`ZLZVM[OL Z\IZ[YH[LZV[OH[HU`Z`ULYNPZ[PJHZWLJ[ZIL[^LLU[OLTH[LYPHS»ZWO`ZPJHSHUKJOLTPJHS WYVWLY[PLZHUK[OLVYNHUPZTJHUILPKLU[PÄLK(S[OV\NOP[PZHTVYLJVZ[S`HUHS`[PJHS TL[OVK:,4JHUJSHZZPM`H^PKLYHUNLVMZ\YÄJPHS[YHP[ZYLSH[LK[VIPVKL[LYPVYH[PVU VMJVUJYL[LPUJS\KPUNTLJOHUPJHSKHTHNLPUÅPJ[LKMYVT[OLWLUL[YH[PVUVMO`WOHL HUKYVV[ZPU[V[OLTH[LYPHSZ\YMHJL:JHUUPUNLSLJ[YVUTPJYVZJVWLZLTP[HILHTVM LSLJ[YVUZ[OH[TV]LZHJYVZZ[OLTH[LYPHSZ\YMHJLPUHYHZ[LYWH[[LYUWYVK\JPUNOPNO X\HSP[`[OYLLKPTLUZPVUHSPTHNLZVM[OLZ\IZ[YH[L ?YH`WV^KLYKPMMYHJ[PVU?9+PZ VM[LU\ZLKPUJVUQ\UJ[PVU^P[O:,4^OLUTVUP[VYPUNKHTHNLPUÅPJ[LKVUJVUJYL[L MYVT]HYPV\ZZWLJPLZVMIPVSVNPJHSVYNHUPZTZWYV]PKPUNHX\HU[P[H[P]LHUKX\HSP[H[P]L JOLTPJHSHUHS`ZPZVM[OLZ\IZ[YH[L)V[OHUHS`[PJHS[LJOUPX\LZHYL^PSSIL\ZLK[V KL[LYTPULTLJOHUPJHSHUKJOLTPJHSKHTHNLPUÅPJ[LKVUHZ\IZ[YH[LI`IPVSVNPJHS VYNHUPZTZ ;OL WYVWVZLK :,4?9+ HUHS`ZPZ H[ Stairway to the Sky includes the MVSSV^PUNWYVJLK\YLZ! I. Sampling)PVJVSVUPaLKJVUJYL[LPZZHTWSLKMYVT[OLZ[Y\J[\YL;OPZ TPNO[ PUJS\KL HYLHZ ^OLYL ISHJR M\UNHS IPVNYV^[O PZ \IPX\P[V\Z VY Z\YMHJLZ JVSVUPaLK I` SPJOLU VY HSNHL 0[ PZ PTWVY[HU[ [V ZHTWSL [OL IPVSVNPJHSVYNHUPZTPZPUJVU[HJ[^P[O[OLJVUJYL[LZ\YMHJLHUK[HYNL[ HZWLJPLZ[OH[OHZILLUPKLU[PÄLK(UHKKLKILULÄ[[V:,4?9+PZ [OH[ZTHSSZHTWSLZ^PSSZ\MÄJL II. SEM and image analysis:HTWSLZHYLL_HTPULK^P[OHZJHUUPUNLSLJ[YVU TPJYVZJVWL /PNOYLZVS\[PVU PTHNLZ HYL Z\IZLX\LU[S` HUHS`aLK MVY TLJOHUPJHSKHTHNLPUÅPJ[LKVU[OLZ\IZ[YH[LVYJVSVUPaH[PVU^P[OPU [OLTH[LYPHSWVYLZ :[\[aTHU7H\S,¸(WWSPJH[PVUZVM:JHUUPUN,SLJ[YVU4PJYVZJVW`PU*LTLU[HUK*VUJYL[L4H[LYPHSZ¹ Petrography of Cementitious Materials 0IPK "2VUKYH[`L]H¸)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*VUZ[Y\J[PVU4H[LYPHSZ¹Glass, Physics & Chemistry III. XRD analysis;OL\ZLVM?YH`HUHS`ZPZ^PSSWYV]PKLHX\HU[P[H[P]LHUK X\HSP[H[P]LHUHS`ZPZVMJOLTPJHSJOHUNLZPU[OLZHTWSLHZP[TH`YLSH[L [VIPVKL[LYPVYH[PVU IV. 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Over recent `LHYZ JVUZLY]H[PVU THUHNLTLU[ WSHUZ Z\JO HZ [OL .L[[`»Z Conservation Plan for Joya de Ceren in El Salvador,OH]LPTWSLTLU[LKHT\S[PKPZJPWSPUHY`HWWYVHJO[V[OL JVUZLY]H[PVUVMHOLYP[HNLZP[LPUJVYWVYH[PUNLU]PYVUTLU[HSTHUHNLTLU[HUKO\THU KL]LSVWTLU[JVTWVULU[ZPU[VJVUZLY]H[PVUWSHUZ;OPZZ[YH[LN`Z\WWVY[ZLJVUVTPJ KL]LSVWTLU[HUKOLYP[HNLZ[L^HYKZOPWPUWSHJLZ[OH[L_WLYPLUJLHUPTIHSHUJLPU ^LHS[OHUKHSZVYLJVNUPaL[OH[J\S[\YHSUH[\YHSHUKI\PS[OLYP[HNLKLÄULHSHUKZJHWL HUKOLYP[HNL[V\YPZTJHUZLY]LHZHJH[HS`Z[MVYJOHUNL9L]LU\LNLULYH[LK[OYV\NO OLYP[HNL[V\YPZTTH`WYV]PKLVWWVY[\UP[PLZ[VPTWYV]LPUMYHZ[Y\J[\YLZVJPHSHTLUP[PLZ HUKLU]PYVUTLU[HSWYV[LJ[PVU[OH[V[OLY^PZLTH`UV[OH]LILLUTHKLH]HPSHISL[VH SVJHSWVW\SH[PVU?PSP[SH»ZSHYNLS`PTWV]LYPZOLKWVW\SH[PVU^PSSILULÄ[MYVTLas Pozas WSH`PUNHJLU[YHSYVSLPU[OLJVTT\UP[`PM^VYRVWWVY[\UP[PLZHYLTHKLWVZZPISLHZ [OL`^LYLK\YPUN,K^HYK1HTLZ»ZSPML[PTL Las Pozas TH` SLHK V[OLY OLYP[HNL ZP[LZ I` PTWSLTLU[PUN Z\Z[HPUHISL JVUZLY]H[PVU HUK LU]PYVUTLU[HS THUHNLTLU[ WYHJ[PJLZ HZ ^LSS HZ WYLZLU[ HU PUUV]H[P]L HWWYVHJO [V [OL JVUZLY]H[PVU VM H [O JLU[\Y` JVUJYL[L Z[Y\J[\YL 4HUHNLTLU[ Z[YH[LNPLZ HKVW[LK ZPUJL Z\NNLZ[ [OH[ Las Pozas PZ WVPZLK [V SLHK PU KL]LSVWPUN H JVTWYLOLUZP]L JVUZLY]H[PVU WSHU [OH[ PUJVYWVYH[LZ I\PSKPUN JVUZLY]H[PVULU]PYVUTLU[HSTHUHNLTLU[HUKZVJPHSZ\Z[HPUHIPSP[`PU[VP[ZWYVNYHT \S[PTH[LS` YLJVNUPaPUN [OH[ WYLZLY]PUN H OLYP[HNL WSHJL PUJS\KLZ [OL WYV[LJ[PVU VM LJVSVNPJHSHUKJ\S[\YHSKP]LYZP[` BIBLIOGRAPHY (SSLU,K^HYKFundamentals of Building Materials and MethodsYKLK5L^@VYR!1VOU >PSL` :VUZ (THKVY;LSSV1\KP[O¸*VTWYH?PSP[SH9VILY[V/LYUHUKLa¹7YVJLZVJVTT_ O[[W!^^^WYVJLZVJVTT_Y]TVK/VTLWKM,_JS\ZP]H BHJJLZZLK+LJLTILY D (*0*VTTP[[LL¸.\PKLMVYTHRPUNH*VUKP[PVU:\Y]L`VM*VUJYL[LPU:LY]PJL¹ (TLYPJHU*VUJYL[L0UZ[P[\[L(*0ACI Journal5V] (Y[PVSP.PSILY[V:JPLU[PÄJ4L[OVKZHUK*\S[\YHS/LYP[HNL!(UPU[YVK\J[PVU[V[OL Application of Materials Science to Archaeometry and Conservation Science6_MVYK! 6_MVYK *HUL]H.\PSPH4HYPH7PH5\NHYPHUK6YULSSH:HS]HKVYPLKZPlant Biology for Cultural Heritage: Biodeterioration and Conservation;YHUZSH[LKI`/LSLU.SHU]PSSL3VZ (UNLSLZ!;OL.L[[`*VUZLY]H[PVU0UZ[P[\[L Cassar, May, ed. Technological Requirements for Solutions in the Conservation and Protection of Historic Monuments and Archaeological Remains3\_LTIV\YN!,\YVWLHU 7HYSPHTLU[O[[W!^^^\JSHJ\RZ\Z[HPUHISLOLYP[HNL:;6(FYLWVY[WKMBHJJLZZLK 5V]LTILYD *HZ[LSSHUVZ*HYVSPUHHUK-YHUsVPZL+LZJHTWZConservation Management Planning: Putting Theory into Practice: the case of Joya de Cerén, El Salvador.3VZ(UNLSLZ!.L[[` *VUZLY]H[PVU0UZ[P[\[L *HZ[LSSHUVZ*HYVSPUH-YHUsVPZL+LZJHTWZHUK4H0ZH\YH(YH\aJoya de Ceren: Management Plan Executive Summary3VZ(UNLSLZ!;OL.L[[`*VUZLY]H[PVU0UZ[P[\[L *OHYVSH(,L[HS¸+L]LSVWPUNH4HPU[LUHUJL7SHUMVY[OL:[VUL:J\SW[\YLZHUK +LJVYH[P]L,SLTLU[ZPU[OL.HYKLUZVM[OL5H[PVUHS7HSHJLVM8\LS\a7VY[\NHS¹ 9LZ[VYH[PVUVM)\PSKPUNZHUK4VU\TLU[Z)H\PUZ[HUKZL[aLU\UK)H\KLURTHSWÅLNL 13, UV ! ¶ *SHYR2H[L¸7YLZLY]PUN>OH[4H[[LYZ!=HS\L3LK7SHUUPUNMVY*\S[\YHS/LYP[HNL:P[LZ *VUZLY]H[PVU¹ The GCI NewsletteY UV! *VSLI`5PJVSHLKA Surreal Life: Edward James 1907-1984Z[LK3VUKVU!;OL9V`HS 7H]PSPVU3PIYHYPLZHUK4\ZL\TZ)YPNO[VUHUK/V]L7OPSPW>PSZVU *YH^MVYK*)¸*)+ -V\UKH[PVU4V]LTLU[Z¹5H[PVUHS9LZLHYJO*V\UJPS*HUHKH 59*09*(WYPS O[[W!^^^UYJ JUYJNJJHLUNPIWPYJJIKI\PSKPUNKPNLZ[ O[TSBHJJLZZLK+LJLTILYD *YPZWPT*(HUK**.H`SHYKL¸*`HUVIHJ[LYPHHUK)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*\S[\YHS /LYP[HNL!(9L]PL^¹Microbial Ecology UV1HU ! O[[W!^^^QZ[VYVYNZ[HISL BHJJLZZLK-LIY\HY` D +HSSTLPLY-YHUJPZJVL[HSLKZClimate Change, Biodiversity, and Sustainability in the Americas>HZOPUN[VU+*!:TP[OZVUPHU0UZ[P[\[L +HS[HI\P[4HNHSxL[HSEcoturismo y Desarrollo Sustentable: Impacto en Comunidades Rurales de la Selva Maya*\LYUH]HJH! +HUaPUNLY(]LY`Edward James: Builder of Dreams+=+?PSP[SH4L_PJV!;VW+YH^LY 7YVK\J[PVUZ +L)LSPL5¸4PJYVVYNHUPZTZ]LYZ\ZZ[VU`TH[LYPHSZ!HSV]LOH[LYLSH[PVUZOPW¹Materials and Structures:LW[! O[[W!^^^PITI\UP^YVJWSZLTPUHYP\T0=IHYHUV^ZRPWKMBHJJLZZLK-LIY\HY` D +L/H`LZ:OHYVU4HUK+H]PK:[HYRLKZPetrography of Cementitious Materials, ASTM STP 12157OPSHKLSWOPH!(TLYPJHU:VJPL[`MVY;LZ[PUNHUK4H[LYPHSZ +L1VUNL>LZZLS¸*VUJYL[L9LWHPYHUK4H[LYPHS(\[OLU[PJP[`!,SLJ[YVJOLTPJHS 7YLZLY]H[PVU;LJOUPX\LZ¹APT Bulletin UV4LUKPUN[OL4VKLYU O[[W!^^^QZ[VYVYNZ[HISL BHJJLZZLK4H`D De la Torre, Marta, et. al. Heritage Values in Site Management: Four Case Studies. Los (UNLSLZ!.L[[`*VUZLY]H[PVU0UZ[P[\[L +\MM;LYLZH:\aHUUL¸.YHUKTH)YPZI`»Z)V[[SL=PSSHNL!(=HS\LZ)HZLK*VUKP[PVUZ (ZZLZZTLU[VM(U(TLYPJHU-VSR(Y[,U]PYVUTLU[¹4HZ[LY»Z[OLZPZ ,YSPU)LYUHYKHUK+H]PK:[HYRLKZPetrography Applied to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, ASTM STP 10617OPSHKLSWOPH!(TLYPJHU:VJPL[`MVY;LZ[PUNHUK 4H[LYPHSZ -LYUmUKLa:VTLSSLYH7LKYV¸+L=PHQLZ`(]LU[\YHZ¹ El Informador, 20 junio 2010. O[[W!^^^PUMVYTHKVYJVTT_Z\WSLTLU[VZ KL]PHQLZ`H]LU[\YHZO[T BHJJLZZLK4HYJOD -PURL(SPJL3¸0TWSLTLU[PUN7YL]LU[P]L(YJOP[LJ[\YHS*VUZLY]H[PVU!+V/PZ[VYPJ7YVWLY[` :[L^HYKZPU[OL -YPLKTHU3LZSPL(¸8\LZ[PVUZVM9PZRHUK9LSVJH[PVU!+L]LSVWPUNH*VUZLY]H[PVU 7YVNYHTMVY[OL.H[L^H`VM[OL:\U;P^HUHR\)VSP]PH¹4HZ[LY»Z[OLZPZ .H`SHYKL*49PIHZ:PS]HHUK;O>HYZJOLPK¸4PJYVIPHSPTWHJ[VUI\PSKPUNTH[LYPHSZ! HUV]LY]PL^¹ Materials and Structures 1\UL! O[[W!^^^ZWYPUNLYSPURJVTJVU[LU[M [ M\SS[L_[WKMBHJJLZZLK4HYJO D .PHUUHU[VUPV+1L[HS¸4VSLJ\SHY*OHYHJ[LYPaH[PVUZVM4PJYVIPHS*VTT\UP[PLZ-V\SPUN 7HPU[LKHUK .\aTHU Henry, Michael C. Context and Use: Technical Note3VZ(UNLSLZ!17H\S.L[[`;Y\Z[ 2003. /VSTLZ4H[OL^¸>VYSK4VU\TLU[Z>H[JO5VTPUH[PVU-VYT!3HZ7VaHZ¹5L^@VYR! >VYSK4VU\TLU[Z-\UK /VVRZ4HYNHYL[Surreal Eden: Edward James and Las Pozas5L^@VYR!7YPUJL[VU (YJOP[LJ[\YHS7YLZZ 0UZ[P[\[V5HJPVUHSWHYHLS-LKLYHSPZTV`LS+LZHYYVSSV4\UPJPWHSKL4L_PJV¸,UJPJSVWLKPH KLSVZT\UPJPWPVZKL4L_PJV,Z[HKVKL:HU3\PZ7V[VZP?PSP[SH¹O[[W!^^^L SVJHSNVIT_^I,36*(35L^LSVJF0UPJPVBHJJLZZLK6J[VILYD 0UZ[P[\[V5HJPVUHSKL,Z[HKPZ[PJH`.LVNYHÄHKL4L_PJV05,.0¸7YVU[\HYPVKL PUMVYTHJPVUNLVNYHÄJHT\UPJPWHSKLSVZ,Z[HKVZ 2SPLNLY7H\SHUK1VZLWO-3HTVUKLKZ:PNUPÄJHUJLVM;LZ[ZHUK7YVWLY[PLZVM*VUJYL[L and Concrete-Making Materials.[OLK:;7 *7OPSHKLSWOPH!(TLYPJHU:VJPL[`MVY ;LZ[PUNHUK4H[LYPHSZ 2VUKYH[`L]H(((.VYI\ZOPUHHUK(0)VPRV]H¸)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*VUZ[Y\J[PVU 4H[LYPHSZ¹Glass, Physics & Chemistry UV ! O[[W!WYV_`SPIYHY`\WLUULK\!JVU[LU[X QR M\SS[L_[WKMBHJJLZZLK 4HYJOD 2\THY9HRLZOHUK(U\YHKOH=2\THYBiodeterioration of Stone in Tropical Environments: An Overview.Z[LK3VZ(UNLSLZ!.L[[`*VUZLY]H[PVU0UZ[P[\[L 3HLMLY+LIVYHO(ZOSL`,]HUZHUK1VU-YHaPLY¸-VYLUZPJ0U]LZ[PNH[PVU4L[OVKVSVN`MVY :[Y\J[\YLZ,_WLYPLUJPUN:L[[SLTLU[¹APT Bulletin UV ! O[[W!^^^QZ[VYVYNZ[HISL (JJLZZLK!BHJJLZZLK1\ULD 4HJ+VUHSK:\ZHU¸(\[OLU[PJP[`PZ4VYL;OHU:RPU+LLW!*VUZLY]PUN)YP[HPU»Z7VZ[^HY *VUJYL[L¹APT Bulletin UVMending the Modern ! MacDonald, Susan, ed. Concrete Building Pathology.6_MVYK!)SHJR^LSS:JPLUJL MacDonald, Susan. Material, Monumentality and Modernism: Continuing Challenges in Conserving Twentieth-Century Places3VZ(UNLSLZ!.L[[`*VUZLY]H[PVU0UZ[P[\[L O[[W!^^^HPJVTVZJVT^W JVU[LU[\WSVHKZ F MacDonald, Susan, ed. Preserving Post-War Heritage: the Care and Conservation of mid- Twentieth-century architecture:OHM[LZI\Y`<2!,UNSPZO/LYP[HNL 4HJ4HZ[LYZ4LYY`¸7\ISPJHUSPIYVWHYHJLSLIYHYSH]PKHHY[PZ[PJH`SHWLYJLWJPVUS\KPJH KL3LVUVYH*HYYPUN[VU¹Periodico la Jornada, KLMLIYLYVKL O[[W!^^^QVYUHKH\UHTT_ PUKL_WOW&ZLJ[PVU$J\S[\YH HY[PJSL$H UJ\S BHJJLZZLK4HYJOD 4HLRH^H:OPUSustainable Climate Control for Historic Buildings in Hot and Humid Regions3VZ(UNLSLZ!;OL.L[[`*VUZLY]H[PVU0UZ[P[\[L 4HYX\PZ2`SL7L[LYHUK4LYLKP[O>HSRLYThe Illustrated Burra Charter: Good Practice for Heritage Places.4LSIV\YUL!(\Z[YHSPH0*646: 4HZVU9HUKHSS¸;OLVYL[PJHSHUK7YHJ[PJHS(YN\TLU[ZMVY=HS\LZ*LU[LYLK7YLZLY]H[PVU¹ *94!The Journal of Heritage StewardshipUV:\TTLY ! 4LUKLZAHUJOL[P:PS]PVHUK1\RRH1VRPSLO[V¸=HS\LZHUK 6Y[Pa=HYNHZ/PSKH¸,_*VU]LU[V(N\Z[PUVLU?PSP[SH:HU3\PZ7V[VZx¹El Informador1\S` O[[W!^^^PUMVYTHKVYJVTT_Z\WSLTLU[VZ L_ JVU]LU[VHN\Z[PUVLU_PSP[SHZHUS\PZWV[VZPO[TBHJJLZZLK4HYJO D 7Ha6J[H]PVThe Labyrinth of Solitude and other Writings;YHUZSH[LKI`3`ZHUKLY2LTW 5L^@VYR!.YV]L7YLZZ 7PULKH4HY[xULa3-5*HYIHQHSHUK,4LKPUH9VSKmU¸9LNPVUHSPaH[PVUHUK JSHZZPÄJH[PVUVMIPVJSPTH[PJaVULZPU[OLJLU[YHSUVY[OLHZ[LYUYLNPVUVM4L_PJV\ZPUN WYPUJPWHSJVTWVULU[HUHS`ZPZ7*(¹([T}ZMLYHUV ! 7VUPH[V^ZRH,SLUH¸ Universidad de México: Nueva épocaUV (IYPS O[[W!^^^YL]PZ[HKLSH\UP]LYZPKHK\UHTT_ WVUPH[V^ZRH WVUPH[V^ZRHO[TS BHJJLZZLK4HYJOD ¸9LNSHTLU[VKLSH3L`KL7YV[LJJPVUKLS7H[YPTVUPV*\S[\YHSWHYHLS,Z[HKV¹Periodico 6ÄJPHSKLS,Z[HKV3PIYL`:VILYHUVKL:HU3\PZ7V[VZP(\N\Z[ O[[W!^^^ZNNZSWNVIT_WLYPVKPJVJVYYUZM (NV WKMBHJJLZZLK(WYPSD 903,4 ¸>H[LYHIZVYW[PVU\UKLYSV^WYLZZ\YLWPWLTL[OVK¹;LZ[5V903,4 *VTTPZZPVU 7,4 :HUJOLa:PS]H4HUK+9VZV^ZR`¸)PVKL[LYPVYH[PVUVM*VUZ[Y\J[PVU4H[LYPHSZ!:[H[LVM [OL(Y[HUK-\[\YL*OHSSLUNLZ¹Journal of Materials in Civil EngineeringUV 4H` ! :[LWOLUZVU:[L]LU3The Kingdom Fungi: the Biology of Mushrooms, Molds, and Lichens. 3VUKVU!;PTILY7YLZZ ;OH[JOLY;LZZ¸0[ILNHU^P[OH]V^!,K^HYK1HTLZ»:\YYLHS7HYHKPZLPU?PSP[SH¹0UZPKL 4L_PJV-LIY\HY` O[[W!^^^_PSP[SHVYNKH[HIHZLJ\YYLU[TLKPHÄSLZ WKM BHJJLZZLK:LW[LTILYD ;PLKQL2YPZ[PUH¸.LUKLYHUK,[OUPJ0KLU[P[`PU9\YHS.YHZZYVV[Z+L]LSVWTLU[!(U6\[SVVR MYVT[OL/\HZ[LJH7V[VZPUH4L_PJV¹Urban AnthropologyUV! O[[W!^^^R[PLKQLJVTW\ISPJH[PVUZ ) +74F ? ;PLKQLWKM BHJJLZZLK1HU\HY` D ;PLKQL2YPZ[PUH¸7LVWSLWSHJLHUKWVSP[PJZPU[OL/\HZ[LJH4L_PJV¹Anthropology Today UV(\N ! O[[W!^^^QZ[VYVYNZ[HISL BHJJLZZLK+LJLTILY D Tiedje, Kristina. Situating the Corn-Child: Articulating Animism and Conservation from a Nahua Perspective.3VUKVU!,X\PUV_7\ISPZOPUN3[K ;P[JOLU:HYHO¸6U[OLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUVMºV\[Z[HUKPUN\UP]LYZHS]HS\L»!:VTLJVTTLU[ZVU [OLPTWSLTLU[H[PVUVM[OL <5,:*6>VYSK/LYP[HNL*VU]LU[PVU¹Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites ! <5,:*6>VYSK/LYP[HNL*LU[LY;LU[H[P]L3PZ[Z¸3HZ7VaHZ?PSP[SH¹ O[[W!^OJ\ULZJVVYNLU[LU[H[P]LSPZ[Z BHJJLZZLK6J[VILY D =HSKLa9H\SL[HS¸>PSKSPML*VUZLY]H[PVUHUK4HUHNLTLU[PU4L_PJV¹Wildlife Society Bulletin UV+LJ! O[[W!MHJ\S[`^LILYLK\QJH]P[[>PSKSPML4HUHNL TLU[4H[LYPHSZ9LHKPUNZ4L_PJV>PSKSPML3H^ZWKMBHJJLZZLK-LIY\HY`D >HSRLY/VSSPZ5+:[LWOLU3HULHUK7H\S,:[\[aTHUPetrographic Methods of Examining Hardened Concrete: A Petrographic ManuaS9L]PZLK9L]PZLK4HU\HS*OHYSV[[LZ]PSSL! =PYNPUPH;YHUZWVY[H[PVU9LZLHYJO*V\UJPS Watt, David S. Building Pathology: Principles and PracticeUKLK6_MVYK!)SHJR^LSS 7\ISPZOPUN >YPNO[(SHUHUK7L[LY2LUKHSS¸;OL3PZ[LUPUN4PYYVYZ!(*VUZLY]H[PVU(WWYVHJO[V *VUJYL[L9LWHPY;LJOUPX\LZ¹Journal of Architectural ConservationUV 4HYJO ! >`UKOHT*VUZ[HUJL¸>OLYLH7VL[7SH`LK.VK¹-PUHUJPHS;PTLZ+LJ 7LYPVKPJV6ÄJPHSKLS,Z[HKV3PIYL`:VILYHUVKL:HU3\PZ7V[VZP KL5V]PLTIYLKL O[[W!^^^_PSP[SHVYNKH[HIHZLJ\YYLU[TLKPHÄSLZ WKMBHJJLZZLK4H`D ARCHIVAL MATERIALS: ,K^HYK1HTLZ(YJOP]L,1(>LZ[+LHU*VSSLNL,UNSHUK WEBSITES! *H[OLKYHS:[VUL7YVK\J[ZO[[W!^^^JH[OLKYHSZ[VULJVT *VUZLQV5HJPVUHSWHYHSH*\S[\YH`SHZ(Y[LZ*65(*<3;(O[[W!^^^JVUHJ\S[HNVIT_ *VTPZP}U5HJPVUHSKLÍYLHZ5H[\YHSLZ7YV[LNPKHZ*65(57O[[W!^^^JVUHUWNVIT_ 0UZ[P[\[V5HJPVUHSKL)LSSHZ(Y[LZ05)(O[[W!^^^ILSSHZHY[LZNVIT_ 0UZ[P[\[V5HJPVUHSKL,Z[HKPZ[PJH`.LVNYHMxH05,.0O[[W!^^^PULNPVYNT_ 0UZ[P[\[V5HJPVUHSWHYHLS-LKLYHSPZTV`LS+LZHYYVSSV4\UPJPWHS05(-,+!O[[W!^^^PU HMLKNVIT_ 5H[PVUHS*V\UJPSVU,]HS\H[PVUVM:VJPHS+L]LSVWTLU[7VSPJ`*65,=(3O[[W!^^^JV UL]HSNVIT_ 6UZL[+H[H3VNNLYZO[[W!^^^VUZL[JVTWJVT :7(*,:O[[W!^^^ZWHJLZNHSSLY`VYN <5,:*6>VYSK/LYP[HNL*VU]LU[PVUO[[W!^^^^OJ\ULZJVVYN >VYSK:VPS0UMVYTH[PVU0:90*O[[W!PZYPJVYN APPENDIX A | CONTEXT 4(7 6- 4,?0*6 (5+ :(5 3<0: 76;6:0 36*(;,+ *,5;9(3569;/,(:; SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.WELT-ATLAS.DE/DATENBANK/KARTEN/KARTE-8-115.GIF. ;/, :;(;, 6- :(5 3<0: 76;6:0 (5+ ;/, /<(:;,*( 9,.065 3,-; ;/, 4<50*07(30;@ 6- ?030;3( 90./; SOURCES: HTTP://WWW.VISITASANLUISPOTOSI. COM/UNICO/ELEMENTOS/MUNICIPIOS/M_MAPA57.JPG; HTTP://CRONISTAMASOPO.BLOGSPOT. 100 MAP OF THE HUASTECA AND XILITLA. SOURCE: HTTP://MEXICO.PUEBLOSAMERICA. COM/MAPAS/UHAXUQUITO 101 32=$6 P P P P P P SITE PLAN OF LAS POZAS, +0:73(@05.:,=,5;@(*9,:6-:<);9670*(3-69,:;(5+ (7796?04(;,3@;/09;@:0?3(9.,:*(3,:;9<*;<9,: SOURCE: MATHEW HOLMES, 2011. 102 ?030;3(»: :(5 (.<:;Ð5 ;,473, ),-69, *3,(505. SOURCE: HTTP://XILITLAN. BLOGSPOT.COM/2009/03/BLOG-POST.HTML. :(5(.<:;Ð5;,473,(-;,9;/, *3,(505.*(47(0.5 SOURCE: HTTP://HOTELAURORAXILITLA.BLOGSPOT.COM/. 103 ;/,-;+967*(=,256>5(:SOTANO DE LAS GOLONDRINAS*(=, 6- :>(336>: 0: 36*(;,+ ( ;/09;@405<;, +90=, 569;/ 6- ?030;3( SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.TURISMOENFOTOS.COM/ITEMS/MEXICO/OTROS/6078_SOTANO-DE-LAS- GOLONDRINAS/ AERIAL VIEW OF TAMUL WATERFALL, ONE OF THE HUASTECA»:.9,(;5(; URAL TREASURES. SOURCE: GETTY IMAGES, HTTP://WWW.TIME.COM/TIME/TRAVEL/ARTI- CLE/0,31542,1930353,00.HTML THE NATURAL POOLS AT LAS POZAS ARE VISITED REGULARLY BY XILITLANS AND TOURISTS. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 105 VIEW FROM STAIRWAY TO THE SKY LOOKING EAST TOWARDS THE SIERRA MADRE ORIENTAL MOUNTAINS. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. ,+>(9+1(4,:»:-694,9/64,(;>,:;+,(5SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2011. ;/, *6<5;9@:0+, 6- >,:; :<::,? >/,9, ,+>(9+ 1(4,: :7,5; /0: CHILDHOOD. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2011. 9,5, 4(.90;;, ,+>(9+ 1(4,: 05 -965; 6- º65;/,;/9,:/63+ 6- 30),9;@» .,3(;05 :03=,9 7905; SOURCE: THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, HTTP://WWW. ARTSTOR.ORG. 4652;65 /6<:, ,+>(9+ 1(4,:»: -694,9 :<99,(30:; /64, 05 ,5.3(5+ SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2007/04/01/STYLE/TMAGAZINE/04TALK.SURREALISM.T.HTML ,+>(9+ 1(4,: 05 4,?0*6 *( SOURCE: AVERY DANZIGER, HTTP://WWW.XILITLA.ORG/ PHOTOS.PHP. 16:, 3<0: (.<03(9»: ,3()69(;, >66+,5 -694>692 65 +0:73(@ (; EL CASTILLO IN CENTRAL XILITLA. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 110 FORMWORK FOR COLUMN CAPITALS, EL CASTILLO, CENTRAL XILITLA. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. FORMWORK FOR MASSIVE CONCRETE CAPITAL, EL CASTILLO, CENTRAL XILITLA. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 111 APPENDIX B | HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS 112 VIEW OF THE CASCADA DEL GENERAL;/,.,5,9(3»:>(;,9-(33(96<5+;/,;04, 1(4,:7<9*/(:,+LA CONCHITA RANCH. SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. 113 PARTIALLY SUBMERGED CONCRETE AND STONE CONSTRUCTIONS. SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. VIEW OF BAMBOO COLUMNS THROUGH LA CONCHITA’S DENSE VEGETATION. SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. ;/,-(:;-36>05./<0*/0/<(@(590=,9+<905.;/,>,;:,(:65SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. 115 PLUTARCO GASTELUM AT LAS POZAS, *( SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. BAMBOO PALACE, DATE UNKNOWN. SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. A COLORFUL STONE CONSTRUCTION LOCATED NEAR CASCADA DEL GENERAL. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. THE HOUSE WITH A ROOF SHAPED LIKE A WHALE, *( SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. THE HOUSE WITH A ROOF SHAPED LIKE A WHALE, TODAY. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. BAMBOO PALACE *( SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. BAMBOO PALACE, TODAY. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRWAY TO THE SKY. TODAY, THIS LOCATION SERVES AS THE ENTRANCE TO LAS POZAS. SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. 120 CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRWAY TO THE SKY, *09*( SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. 121 VIEW OF STAIRWAY TO THE SKY FROM ONE OF TWO ROADS LEADING TO XILITLA. SOURCE: EJA, WEST DEAN COLLEGE. 122 STAIRWAY TO THE SKY),-69,9,46=(36-:<996<5+05.=,.,;(;065*09*( SOURCE: JORGE VERTIZ, HTTP://WWW.XILITLA.ORG/PHOTOS.PHP. 123 THE CINEMA AND STAIRWAY TO THE SKY(::,,5-964),36>*09*( SOURCE: JORGE VERTIZ, HTTP://WWW.XILITLA.ORG/PHOTOS.PHP. STAIRWAY TO THE SKY,*09*( SOURCE: JORGE VERTIZ, HTTP://WWW.XILITLA.ORG/PHOTOS. PHP. 125 APPENDIX C | CONTEMPORARY PHOTOGRAPHS ,+>(9+ 1(4,:»: -09:; *()05 (; LAS POZAS, *65:;9<*;,+ *09*( SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 73<;(9*6.(:;,3<4»:*()05(;LAS POZAS ca SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. =0,>366205.,(:;6-(7(;06;/(;:;(5+:(+1(*,5;;6,+>(9+1(4,:»: LATER HOUSE. TODAY, THIS STRUCTURE IS KNOWN AS LA CASA ORIGINAL DE EDWARD JAMES, OR EDWARD JAMES’S HOUSE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. A CLOSER LOOK AT THE THIRD STORY OF EDWARD JAMES’S HOUSE. ORCHIDS COLONIZE THE CAPITALS OF ITS DECORATIVE COLUMNS. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. THREE STORY HOUSE THAT MIGHT BE FIVE, AS SEEN FROM A PATHWAY THAT >05+:;/96<./;/,1<5.3,SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. BAMBOO PALACE»:-<3305;,.9(;06505;6;/,1<5.3,SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 130 BLUE PIGMENTED SCULPTURES AND CASCADA DEL GENERAL IN THE BACKGROUND. DURING THE WET SEASON, THE RIVER FLOWS THROUGH THIS ROUNDED ARCHWAY. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 131 (:*,5+05.;/,-3,<9+,30:)90+.,SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. CONCRETE SCULPTURES OF PLUTARCO’S HANDS, RESTORED AFTER DAMAGE INFLICTED BY A TOURIST. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 132 A CONCRETE PATHWAY DESCENDS THE HILLSIDE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. +,;(036-(>,3379,:,9=,+-3669(;LAS POZAS. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 133 ( )3<, 70.4,5;,+ *65*9,;, *63<45 10;/ ( :;65, *(:;3,302,:;9<*;<9,SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. ,+>(9+ 1(4,:»: º)(968<,» -6<5;(05 AT PLAZA SAN EDUARDO. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. MUSHROOM SCULPTURES NEAR THE SITE ENTRANCE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 135 EDWARD JAMES’S CABIN (5+16:,/695(»:JAULA DE LAS BOAS9,:;69,+ SOURCE: AMANDA HOLMES, 2011. 1(4,:»: HOMAGE TO MAX ERNST, LOCATED IN FRONT OF STAIRWAY TO THE SKY, WAS SOLD TO A PRIVATE OWNER AND REMAINS CLOSED TO THE PUBLIC. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. CRACK FORMATIONS IN A COLUMN OF HOMAGE TO MAX ERNST RESULTING FROM LACK OF MAINTENANCE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. APPENDIX D | CONDITIONS AT STAIRWAY TO THE SKY (33+,-050;065:;(2,5-964(4,90*(5*65*9,;,05:;0;<;,»:¸.<0+, -694(205.(:<9=,@6-*65*9,;,05:,9=0*,¹(*09 <53,:: NOTED. CRACKING A SERIES OF CRACKS IN CONCRETE NEAR (5+96<./3@7(9(33,3;61605;: EDGES, AND STRUCTURAL CRACKS 7(;;,95*9(*205.-05, FINE OPENINGS ON CONCRETE SURFACES 05;/,-6946-(7(;;,95"9,:<3;05. FROM A DECREASE OF VOLUME NEAR THE SURFACE, OR INCREASE IN VOLUME OF THE MATERIAL BELOW THE SURFACE, OR BOTH SCALING LOCAL FLAKING OR PEELING AWAY 6-;/,5,(9:<9-(*,769;0656- /(9+,5,+*65*9,;,69469;(9" ALSO OF A LAYER OF METAL CORROSION DESTRUCTION OF METAL BY CHEMICAL, ELECTROCHEMICAL, OR ELECTROLYTIC REACTION WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT SPALL A FRAGMENT, USUALLY IN THE SHAPE OF A FLAKE, DETACHED FROM A LARGER MASS BY A BLOW, BY THE ACTION OF WEATHER, BY PRESSURE, OR BY EXPANSION WITHIN THE LARGE MASS POPOUT THE BREAKING AWAY OF SMALL PORTIONS OF A CONCRETE SURFACE DUE TO LOCALIZED INTERNAL PRESSURE WHICH LEAVES A SHALLOW, TYPICAL CONICAL, DEPRESSION EROSION PROGRESSIVE DISINTENGRATION OF A SOLID BY THE ABRASIVE OR CAVITATION ACTION OF GASES, FLUIDS, OR SOLIDS IN MOTION DISCOLORATION DEPARTURE OF COLOR FROM THAT WHICH IS NORMAL OR DESIRED 1605; A PHYSICAL SEPARATION IN THE CONCRETE, WHETHER PRECAST OR *(:;0573(*,05*3<+05.*9(*2: IF INTENTIONALLY MADE TO OCCUR (;:7,*0-0*36*(;065:"(3:6;/, REGION WHERE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 05;,9:,*;:<*/(:(),(4*63<45 1605; APPENDIX E | BIOLOGICAL GROWTH AT LAS POZAS BIODETERIORATION MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, OR AESTHETIC DETERIORATION RESULTING FROM THE GROWTH, MOVEMENT, OR METABOLIC PROCESSES OF AN ORGANISM BIOLOGICAL COLONIZATION BY HIGHER PLANTS A STRUCTURE IS COLONIZED BY HIGHER PLANTS, I.E. ORCHIDS, :/9<):"46=,4,5;(5+.96>;/ CAUSES MECHANICAL DAMAGE OF THE SUBSTRATE BIOLOGICAL COLONIZATION BY MICROORGANISMS COLONIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS, I.E. FUNGI, )(*;,90("4(@*(<:,4,*/(50*(3 AND/OR CHEMICAL DETERIORATION OF THE SUBSTRATE 4<3;0*6369,+ :;(09: THREE STORY HOUSE THAT MIGHT BE FIVE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. BIOCOLONIZED STONE AND CONCRETE SURFACES, SECRET GARDEN. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. VERDANT CONCRETE SCULPTURES AT LAS POZAS. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. GOTHIC ARCHES BLANKETED WITH PLANT GROWTH. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. BLACK FUNGAL GROWTH, COLUMN, EDWARD JAMES’S HOUSE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. DETAIL OF STAIR TREAD, THREE STORY HOUSE THAT MIGHT BE FIVE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. DETAIL OF COLUMN BASE, EDWARD JAMES’S HOUSE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. DETAIL OF BUTTRESSING. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. BIOCOLONIZATION OF A COLUMN BY PLANTS AND MACROORGANISMS. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. BIOCOLONIZATION OF CEMENTITIOUS COATINGS. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. COLUMNS INTENDED TO SUSTAIN PLANT LIFE. SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 150 )06+,;,9069(;065 6- ( 7(05;,+ -3,<9+,3@: *65*9,;, :*<37;<9, SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2010. 151 APPENDIX F | MISCELLANEOUS 152 GUIDELINE FOR WRITING SPECIFICATIONS WHEN USING D-2 / Biological Solution Select Relevant Selection Division 04900-Masonry Restoration and Cleaning Part 1 – GENERAL 1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. The Contract Documents shall govern work of this section. Provide materials, labor, equipment, and services necessary to furnish, deliver, and install all work of this section as shown on the drawings, as specified herein, and/or as required by job conditions. 1.2 SUMMARY OF WORK A. This section includes, but is not limited to, the following: a. Removal of biological growth by chemicals from all historic surfaces including smooth and ornamental wood, metal, masonry, concrete, and brick. Mock- ups will determine the best appropriate method. B. Visual Requirements: a. Maintain aesthetic or historic qualities of Project by protecting Work designated to remain. 1.3 REFERENCES A. Manufacturer’s specifications and instructions. 1.4 SUBMITTAL A. See Section 01300 SUBMITTALS. Submit each item in this Article according to the Conditions of the Contract and Division 1 Specification Sections. B. Product Data: Submit manufacturer’s specifications and installation instructions for products used including finishing materials and methods. C. Submit manufacturer’s technical data sheet for product indicated including recommendations for their application and use. D. Submit a work plan describing capture, storage, and disposal as required and/or governed by any and all local, state, and/or federal laws, codes, and regulations. Cathedral Stone® Products, Inc. 7266 Park Circle Drive, Hanover, Maryland 21076 (800) 684-0901 FAX: (410) 782-9155 WEBSITE: www.cathedralstone.com 153 Material Safety Data Sheet: D/2 BIOLOGICAL SOLUTION Version No. 24005 Date of Issue: March 2008 ANSI-Z400.1-2003 Format Section 1: PRODUCT & COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Name: D/2 Biological Solution Exclusively Distributed By: Manufactured By: Cathedral Stone® Products, Inc. Sunshine Makers, Inc. 7266 Park Circle Drive 15922 Pacific Coast Highway Hanover, MD 21076 Huntington Harbour, CA 92649 Telephone: 410-782-9150 Telephone: 800-228-0709 Fax: 410-782-9155 Fax: 562-592-3830 Emergency Phone: Chem-Tel 24-Hour Emergency Service: 800-225-3924 Use of Product D/2 Biological Solution is an easy-to-use liquid that aids in the removal of a broad spectrum of soils. It is designed for use on outdoor sculpture, monuments, decorative fountains, stone, brick, terra cotta, concrete, stucco, and other architectural surfaces. Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION D/2 Biological Solution is a colorless liquid with a very faint detergent-like odor. It is non-flammable, non- combustible, non-explosive, and non-reactive. Hazard Rating (NFPA/HMIS) 0 Rating Scale Health = 1* Reactivity = 0 1 0 0 = Minimal 1 = Slight 2 = Moderate Fire = 0 Special = 0 3 = Serious 4 = Severe * Mild eye irritant, non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic 0 Eye Contact: Eye Irritant. Skin Contact: Prolonged skin contact with D/2 Biological Solution may irritate the skin. Repeated daily application to the skin without rinsing, or continuous contact of D/2 Biological Solution on the skin may lead to irritation. Ingestion: Essentially non-toxic. May cause stomach or intestinal upset if swallowed. Inhalation: No adverse effects expected under typical use conditions. Adequate ventilation should be present when using D/2 Biological Solution over a prolonged period of time. Open windows or ventilate via fan or other air-moving equipment if necessary. Mucous membranes may become irritated by concentrate mist. Carcinogens: No ingredients are listed by OSHA, IARC, or NTP as known or suspected carcinogens. Medical Conditions: No medical conditions are known to be aggravated by exposure to D/2 Biological Solution. Section 3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Ingredients CAS Number OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV Surfactants Proprietary None established Wetting Agents Proprietary None established Buffers Proprietary None established Section 4: FIRST AID MEASURES If in Eyes: Immediately rinse the eye with large quantities of cool water; if present, contact lenses should be removed after 5 minutes of rinsing; continue rinsing 10-15 minutes more. Both upper and lower lids should be lifted to facilitate thorough rinsing. If on Skin: Minimal effects, if any, from diluted product; rinse skin with water, rinse shoes and launder clothing before reuse. - Reversible reddening may occur in some dermal-sensitive users; thoroughly rinse area. If Inhaled: Use in well-ventilated area, or use adequate protection from inhaling mist during spray applications. Prolonged exposure of workers to concentrate-mist during spray application may cause mild irritation of nasal passages or throat. If this happens, relocate workers to fresh air. If Ingested: Give several glasses of milk or water to dilute; do not induce vomiting. If stomach upset occurs, consult physician. Pg 1 of 3 Material Safety Data Sheet: D/2 BIOLOGICAL SOLUTION D/2 Biological Solution Immediate Result Method 1. Apply D/2 Biological Solution with a brush, roller D/2 Biological Solution is a safe, easy to use liquid or pump sprayer to a dry surface. Do not pre-wet that removes a broad spectrum of biological the surface. 2. After waiting 2-5 minutes, scrub deposits from hard environmental surfaces. A surface with a non-metallic, short bristle scrub contact time of only 1 to 2 minutes will loosen brush. 3. Allow the undiluted D/2 to remain on the most fungal and algal deposits with manual surface 5-10 minutes longer. 4. Apply additional scrubbing and is typically sufficient for excellent D/2 to maintain a wet surface and continue results. scrubbing. 5. Rinse with clean water. Growth of bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, and mosses contributes significantly to the degradation Heavy biological deposits should first be loosened of many types of construction materials, and can using a low pressure washer (300 to 600 psi), or be disfiguring. D/2 can be utilized to control this by mechanical scraping using wood or plastic problem on outdoor sculpture, monuments, tools. Follow removal with one or more decorative fountains, gravestones, and tombs. applications of D/2 as stated above. The surface Biological growth found on some individual will become cleaner over time as the subsurface building features (such as parapets and zones of biological growth dies and releases. ground contact) or materials (such as stucco) can also be treated with D/2, although it is not a Light biological deposits may be removed with a general purpose architectural cleaner. D/2 dilution of water from 1:1 to 1:4 parts water by volume. Perform tests to determine effectiveness Features and Benefits of various dilutions. Follow testing with application Fast Acting: 1 to 2 minute contact time for of D/2 as stated above. great results. Safety Information Keeps Surfaces Clean for a Minimum D/2 Biological Solution is non-mutagenic, and of 1 year contains no carcinogenic compounds as defined Safe for Landscape Plantings and by NTP, IARC, or OSHA. It is considered Grass essentially non-toxic by swallowing, as it has an oral LD50 of greater than 5.0 g/kg of body weight. No Detrimental Effects on Masonry No special ventilation is required during use. . Non-Toxic and Biodegradable: No special precautions required for handling and Packaging and Coverage storage. D/2 Biological Solution is available in 32 ounce spray bottle, 1 gallon and 5 gallon containers, and Application Procedures 55 gallon drums. No Scrub/No Rinse Method The area that can be treated with one gallon of 1. Apply D/2 Biological Solution with a brush or D/2 will vary considerably as a function of the pump sprayer to a dry surface. Do not pre-wet the nature and extent of biological deposits, as well as surface. 2. Allow to dry. Repeat if there are heavy the physical characteristics of the surface. biological deposits. D/2 works with the elements Typical coverage to remove medium deposits and results occur within one week to one month will vary from 250 to 350 square feet per gallon. depending on severity of growth and weather conditions. The surface will become cleaner over time as the subsurface biological growth dies and releases. Cathedral Stone® Products, Inc. 7266 Park Circle Drive, Hanover Maryland 21076 (800) 684-0901 FAX: (410) 782-9155 WEBSITE: www.cathedralstone.com 155 INDEX A (..9,.(;, (3.(, (:9 (=,9@+(5A0.,9 B )(*;,90( )(4)66 )(4)667(3(*, )05+,9 )06.96>;/ , C *(9)65(;065 */3690+,(;;(*2 *65*9,;, *@(56)(*;,90( D +)06*0+(3:63<;065 +(30 E ,+>(9+1(4,: F -65+6?030;3( -<5.0 H /64(.,;64(?,95:; /<(:;,*(76;6:05( 1 16:,(.<03(9 L 3,(*/05. 3,6569(*(9905.;65 , 30*/,5 M 4(.90;;, 4(9.(9,;/662: P 7,+96(5+,3,5(/,95(5+,A-6<5+(;065 73<;(9*6.(:;,3<4 POACHING 30 769;3(5+*,4,5; 8 8<,,5»:905. R 9,05-69*,4,5;*6996:065 S :,4(5(:(5;( :0,99(.69+( :0,99(4(+9,690,5;(3 :7(3305. :709(31,;;@ :;(09>(@;6;/,:2@ :<3-(;,(;;(*2 T ;/9,,:;69@/6<:,;/(;40./;),-0=, ;033@36:*/ V =(5+(30:4 =0:0;(;065 =60+: W >,:;+,(5 >693+465<4,5;:-<5+ X ?030;3(