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Nuclear Technology
Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Space Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Angelo, Joseph A. Nuclear technology / Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. p. cm.—(Sourcebooks in modern technology) Includes index. ISBN 1–57356–336–6 (alk. paper) 1. Nuclear engineering. I. Title. II. Series. TK9145.A55 2004 621.48—dc22 2004011238 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004011238 ISBN: 1–57356–336–6 First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 To my wife, Joan—a wonderful companion and soul mate Contents Preface ix Chapter 1. History of Nuclear Technology and Science 1 Chapter 2. Chronology of Nuclear Technology 65 Chapter 3. Profiles of Nuclear Technology Pioneers, Visionaries, and Advocates 95 Chapter 4. How Nuclear Technology Works 155 Chapter 5. Impact 315 Chapter 6. Issues 375 Chapter 7. The Future of Nuclear Technology 443 Chapter 8. Glossary of Terms Used in Nuclear Technology 485 Chapter 9. Associations 539 Chapter 10. -
Richard G. Hewlett and Jack M. Holl. Atoms
ATOMS PEACE WAR Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission Richard G. Hewlett and lack M. Roll With a Foreword by Richard S. Kirkendall and an Essay on Sources by Roger M. Anders University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London Published 1989 by the University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Prepared by the Atomic Energy Commission; work made for hire. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hewlett, Richard G. Atoms for peace and war, 1953-1961. (California studies in the history of science) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Nuclear energy—United States—History. 2. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission—History. 3. Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969. 4. United States—Politics and government-1953-1961. I. Holl, Jack M. II. Title. III. Series. QC792. 7. H48 1989 333.79'24'0973 88-29578 ISBN 0-520-06018-0 (alk. paper) Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii List of Figures and Tables ix Foreword by Richard S. Kirkendall xi Preface xix Acknowledgements xxvii 1. A Secret Mission 1 2. The Eisenhower Imprint 17 3. The President and the Bomb 34 4. The Oppenheimer Case 73 5. The Political Arena 113 6. Nuclear Weapons: A New Reality 144 7. Nuclear Power for the Marketplace 183 8. Atoms for Peace: Building American Policy 209 9. Pursuit of the Peaceful Atom 238 10. The Seeds of Anxiety 271 11. Safeguards, EURATOM, and the International Agency 305 12. -
Editor's Note
Editor’s Note This issue begins with an article by David Patrick Houghton analyzing U.S. decision-making during the so-called Pueblo Crisis that erupted in January 1968 when North Korean forces seized the USS Pueblo, a naval intelligence vessel operating in international waters off North Korea’s coast. U.S. policymakers at the time mistakenly assumed that the Soviet Union had abetted the North Korean seizure, and thus the Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article-pdf/17/4/1/698753/jcws_e_00594.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 crisis took on a distinct Cold War dimension. Houghton seeks to understand why U.S. policymakers eschewed the use of military force to rescue the hostages and instead allowed the crisis to stretch out for nearly a year. In retrospect, many scholars and former officials have cited the U.S. military involvement in Vietnam (with more than 540,000 U.S. troops deployed there) as the main reason that President Lyndon B. Johnson did not want to embark on another armed conflict over the Pueblo,but Houghton shows that things were not so clear-cut at the time. He demonstrates that analogies with earlier hostage seizures and with recent shoot-downs of U.S. aircraft helped to shape the Johnson administration’s deliberations. Seeking to avoid the loss of any hostages while preserving national “honor,” U.S. officials gradually pieced together a face-saving compromise. The next article, by TommasoPiffer, discusses the relationship between the British and U.S. clandestine operations agencies that were active during World War II—the United Kingdom’s Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the U.S. -
A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, J
A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, J. Robert Oppenheimer Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 17 March 2021 Version 1.47 Title word cross-reference $1 [Duf46]. $12.95 [Edg91]. $13.50 [Tho03]. $14.00 [Hug07]. $15.95 [Hen81]. $16.00 [RS06]. $16.95 [RS06]. $17.50 [Hen81]. $2.50 [Opp28g]. $20.00 [Hen81, Jor80]. $24.95 [Fra01]. $25.00 [Ger06]. $26.95 [Wol05]. $27.95 [Ger06]. $29.95 [Goo09]. $30.00 [Kev03, Kle07]. $32.50 [Edg91]. $35 [Wol05]. $35.00 [Bed06]. $37.50 [Hug09, Pol07, Dys13]. $39.50 [Edg91]. $39.95 [Bad95]. $8.95 [Edg91]. α [Opp27a, Rut27]. γ [LO34]. -particles [Opp27a]. -rays [Rut27]. -Teilchen [Opp27a]. 0-226-79845-3 [Guy07, Hug09]. 0-8014-8661-0 [Tho03]. 0-8047-1713-3 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1714-1 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1721-4 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1722-2 [Edg91]. 0-9672617-3-2 [Bro06, Hug07]. 1 [Opp57f]. 109 [Con05, Mur05, Nas07, Sap05a, Wol05, Kru07]. 112 [FW07]. 1 2 14.99/$25.00 [Ber04a]. 16 [GHK+96]. 1890-1960 [McG02]. 1911 [Meh75]. 1945 [GHK+96, Gow81, Haw61, Bad95, Gol95a, Hew66, She82, HBP94]. 1945-47 [Hew66]. 1950 [Ano50]. 1954 [Ano01b, GM54, SZC54]. 1960s [Sch08a]. 1963 [Kuh63]. 1967 [Bet67a, Bet97, Pun67, RB67]. 1976 [Sag79a, Sag79b]. 1981 [Ano81]. 20 [Goe88]. 2005 [Dre07]. 20th [Opp65a, Anoxx, Kai02]. -
Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence
Russia • Military / Security Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 5 PRINGLE At its peak, the KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti) was the largest HISTORICAL secret police and espionage organization in the world. It became so influential DICTIONARY OF in Soviet politics that several of its directors moved on to become premiers of the Soviet Union. In fact, Russian president Vladimir V. Putin is a former head of the KGB. The GRU (Glavnoe Razvedvitelnoe Upravleniye) is the principal intelligence unit of the Russian armed forces, having been established in 1920 by Leon Trotsky during the Russian civil war. It was the first subordinate to the KGB, and although the KGB broke up with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the GRU remains intact, cohesive, highly efficient, and with far greater resources than its civilian counterparts. & The KGB and GRU are just two of the many Russian and Soviet intelli- gence agencies covered in Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence. Through a list of acronyms and abbreviations, a chronology, an introductory HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries, a clear picture of this subject is presented. Entries also cover Russian and Soviet leaders, leading intelligence and security officers, the Lenin and Stalin purges, the gulag, and noted espionage cases. INTELLIGENCE Robert W. Pringle is a former foreign service officer and intelligence analyst RUSSIAN with a lifelong interest in Russian security. He has served as a diplomat and intelligence professional in Africa, the former Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe. For orders and information please contact the publisher && SOVIET Scarecrow Press, Inc. -
70Th Anniversary of the Manhattan Project Atomic Heritage Foundation
Atomic Heritage Foundation presents 70th Anniversary of the Manhattan Project June 2 and 3, 2015 Carnegie Institution for Science 1530 P Street, NW Washington, DC 20005 Visit our merchandise tables to purchase books, posters, and hats! Manhattan Project 70th Anniversary Manhattan Project veterans Lawrence S. O’Rourke (left) and William E. Tewes (right) with his future wife, Olive. The Atomic Heritage Foundation is proud to host events commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Manhattan Project. It took more than half a million people to build the world’s first atomic bombs; we are honored to welcome more than a dozen men and women who participated in that astonishing effort. The 70th Anniversary Reunion on June 2 will be an opportunity for vet- erans and family members to share their memories and catch up with old friends. Veterans from Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Hanford, Chicago and other locations will discuss how each site contributed to the Manhattan Project in its own unique way. The 70th Anniversary commemoration will continue on June 3 with a day- long symposium, which will feature a discussion of the new Manhattan Project National Historical Park. We have assembled a first-class roster of Manhattan Project veterans and experts who will discuss topics ranging from innovation to women in science to atomic spies and more. We hope you enjoy the events! Cynthia C. Kelly President, Atomic Heritage Foundation Atomic Heritage Foundation The Atomic Heritage Foundation (AHF), founded by Cynthia C. Kelly in 2002, is a nonprofit organization in Washington, DC, dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of the Manhattan Project and its legacy. -
Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001
Technical Report 02-5 July 2002 Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001 Katherine L. Herbig Martin F. Wiskoff TRW Systems Released by James A. Riedel Director Defense Personnel Security Research Center 99 Pacific Street, Building 455-E Monterey, CA 93940-2497 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704- 0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DDMMYYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From – To) July 2002 Technical 1947 - 2001 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Katherine L. Herbig, Ph.D. Martin F. Wiskoff, Ph.D. 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. -
Waterlooville U3a Modern History Group 1 Project 2020
WATERLOOVILLE U3A MODERN HISTORY GROUP 1 PROJECT 2020 Waterlooville U3A Modern History Group 1 Research Projects 2020 Introduction Prior to the restrictions brought about by Covid 19, our Modern History Group met fortnightly on a Thursday morning at the home of one of our members. Each session, members would take it in turn to bring a subject of historical interest to the table that they had researched. This would be presented to the group, followed by much lively discussion led by Ted Packer our Group Co-Ordinator Since March of course we have not been able to meet ‘round the table’ but from the beginning of August we resumed our sessions using Zoom. After some initial reservations and getting to grips with the technology, most of the group have come back together and our sessions have continued much as before. The aim of the group has always been, in keeping with the U3A ethos, to learn through our own research and endeavours and to enjoy sharing that knowledge with others in a friendly and enjoyable manner. When, through necessity, the Open Day was cancelled in October, the Group came up with the idea of sharing our collectively gained knowledge more widely by posting a precis of each of our research topics from 2020 on the WU3A website. As you will see, the subjects are varied and wide ranging and invoked much debate and discussion. We hope you enjoy reading what follows and that it may inspire you to find out more! Anna Leonowens (1831 – 1915) Anna Leonowens was born in 1831 to a military family in British India and later became a tutor to the King of Siam's children. -
An Analysis of the Parallel Frames in the Media Used To
AN ANALYSIS OF THE PARALLEL FRAMES IN THE MEDIA USED TO DESCRIBE COMMUNISM IN THE EARLY COLD WAR AND TERRORISM IN THE POST-9/11 ERA By: SAVANNAH CARTER A THESIS Presented to the Department of Journalism and Communications and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts June 2015 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professors Suzanne Clark, Jane Cramer, and Gretchen Soderlund for their patience and insights, which aided immensely in allowing me to delve into not just one, but two crucial periods in American history. In addition, I am sincerely grateful to all of the members of the Robert D. Clark Honors College, specifically Thesis Coordinator Miriam Jordan and my past professors for their guidance in the research and thesis development process. Without their help this undertaking would not have been possible. And finally, I would like to acknowledge my amazing family, in particular my parents Larry and Cheryl as well as my sister Victoria Carter for being patient with me this past year. From talking sense into me during countless tearful phone calls, to reading through my hundred page drafts and listening to me rant about even the most mundane aspects of the process, I couldn’t be more grateful for all of their love and support. Truly this thesis is for them. iii Table of Contents Key Terms vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Early Cold War Years I. Post World War II and the Official Start of the Cold War 4 A. Brief Historical Context 4 B. -
Untitled, Undated Document, Rtskhldni, 533-6-317
McKnight provides a superbly documented analysis of how the Communist International organized its clandestine activities and the guidelines for underground and covert political work that it laid out for Communist parties around the world. He provides as well case studies of Comintern conspiratorial activities and demonstrates how this covert work later overlapped with and contributed to Soviet foreign espionage undertakings. Students of both the Comintern and the various national Communist parties will have need of this book. John Earl Haynes, author of The Secret World of American Communism and Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America From the 1930s to the 1950s a significant number of left-wing men and women in the United States, Britain, Europe, Australia and Canada were recruited to the Soviet intelligence services. These people were amateurs rather than professional intelligence workers, and the reasons for their success is intriguing and has never been satisfactorily explained. Using recently released Soviet archives, this book seeks to explore the foundations for these successes in the deliberately concealed tradition of underground political activity which was part of the communist movement. This tradition, which became extremely useful to Soviet intelligence, also explains the origins of the 'tradecraft' of espionage. The book seeks to contribute to the study of the causes of the early Cold War, by explaining how this underground tradition led to espionage. This book shows that while allegations of disloyalty during the Cold War were often part of a witchhunt, the Left and their liberal allies sometimes unwittingly had a number of skeletons in their own closet. David McKnight has studied and written about espionage and politics for over 15 years. -
Literature, CO Dime Novels
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 068 991 CS 200 241 AUTHOR Donelson, Ken, Ed. TITLE Adolescent Literature, Adolescent Reading and the English Class. INSTITUTION Arizona English Teachers Association, Tempe. PUB DATE Apr 72 NOTE 147p. AVAILABLE FROMNational Council of Teachers of English, 1111 Kenyon Road, Urbana, Ill. 61801 (Stock No. 33813, $1.75 non-member, $1.65 member) JOURNAL CIT Arizona English Bulletin; v14 n3 Apr 1972 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS *Adolescents; *English; English Curriculum; English Programs; Fiction; *Literature; *Reading Interests; Reading Material Selection; *Secondary Education; Teaching; Teenagers ABSTRACT This issue of the Arizona English Bulletin contains articles discussing literature that adolescents read and literature that they might be encouragedto read. Thus there are discussions both of literature specifically written for adolescents and the literature adolescents choose to read. The term adolescent is understood to include young people in grades five or six through ten or eleven. The articles are written by high school, college, and university teachers and discuss adolescent literature in general (e.g., Geraldine E. LaRoque's "A Bright and Promising Future for Adolescent Literature"), particular types of this literature (e.g., Nicholas J. Karolides' "Focus on Black Adolescents"), and particular books, (e.g., Beverly Haley's "'The Pigman'- -Use It1"). Also included is an extensive list of current books and articles on adolescent literature, adolescents' reading interests, and how these books relate to the teaching of English..The bibliography is divided into (1) general bibliographies,(2) histories and criticism of adolescent literature, CO dime novels, (4) adolescent literature before 1940, (5) reading interest studies, (6) modern adolescent literature, (7) adolescent books in the schools, and (8) comments about young people's reading. -
Pomen in Vloga Jedrske Oborožitve V Politično-Strateških Razmerjih 21
UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Jure Egelič Pomen in vloga jedrske oborožitve v politično-strateških razmerjih 21. stoletja Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2016 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Jure Egelič Mentor: red. prof. dr. Anton Bebler Pomen in vloga jedrske oborožitve v politično-strateških razmerjih 21. stoletja Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2016 Izjava o avtorstvu Pomen in vloga jedrske oborožitve v politično-strateških razmerjih 21. stoletja Povzetek Razvoj znanosti in tehnologije v 20. stoletju je s seboj prinesel tudi temno plat, ki se je prvič pokazala svetu avgusta 1945 na Japonskem, nato pa v teku desetletij zaznamovala življenja več sto milijonov ljudi, ki jih je ločevala železna zavesa. Jedrsko orožje se je pojavilo na koncu dolgega, zapletenega in dragega raziskovalnega programa v ZDA, nato pa se je to znanje na tak ali drugačen način širilo med ostalimi državami. Danes je na svetu devet držav, ki razpolagajo z jedrskim orožjem in vsaka je ubrala nekoliko drugačno pot za dosego tega cilja. Razlikujejo se tudi politične, varnostne in zgodovinske okoliščine, ki uravnavajo odnos do jedrskega orožja in njegovo vlogo v širšem družbenem sistemu teh držav. Ponekod se je jedrsko orožje razvilo iz želje po večjem vplivu v svetovnih dogajanjih, drugje zaradi potrebe po odvračanju znanih in neznanih virov ogrožanja, ali pa preprosto zaradi bridkih preteklih izkušenj, ki so tako državnemu vrhu kot širšemu prebivalstvu vtisnili v zavest zahtevo po najbolj uničujočem in zastrašujočem orožju, ki bi preprečilo, da bi se zgodovina ponovila. Motivov za razvoj jedrskega orožja je veliko, nič manjše pa ni število pojavnih oblik in možnih načinov uporabe jedrske tehnologije.