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Forests of Southeast and South-Central Alaska, 2004-2008

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Forests of Southeast and South-Central Alaska, 2004-2008 Forests of Southeast and South-Central Alaska, 2004–2008 Five-Year Forest Inventory and Analysis Report General Technical Report United States Forest Pacific Northwest PNW-GTR-835 Department of D E E P R A U Service Research Station R T LT March 2011 Agriculture MENT OF AGRICU The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the national forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Technical Editors Tara M. Barrett is a research forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3301 C Street Suite 200, Anchorage, AK 99503; and Glenn A. Christensen is a forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 620 SW Main Street, Suite 400, Portland, OR 97205. Contributing Authors Hans-Erik Andersen is a research forester, Bethany K. Schulz is a research ecologist, and Kenneth Winterberger is a remote sensing specialist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3301 C Street, Suite 200, Anchorage, AK 99503; John Caouette (deceased) was a statistician, The Nature Conservancy, 416 Harris Street, Suite 301, Juneau, AK 99801; Lisa K. Crone is a research economist, formerly with U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka Wood Utilization Center, 204 Siginaka Way, Sitka, AK 99835; Paul Hennon is a research pathologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801; Connie Hubbard is an ecologist, Chugach National Forest, 3301 C Street, Suite 300, Anchorage, AK 99503; Theresa Jain is a research forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1221 S Main, Moscow, ID 83843; Sarah Jovan is a research ecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 620 SW Main Street, Suite 400, Portland, OR 97205; John E. Lundquist is a forest entomologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection Alaska Region and Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3301 C Street, Suite 202, Anchorage, AK 99503; Todd A. Morgan is director of forest industry research, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812; Mark Schultz is an entomologist, and Dustin Wittwer is a biological technician, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection Alaska Region, 2770 Sherwood Lane, Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801. Cover photo by Jon Williams. Abstract Barrett, Tara M.; Christensen, Glenn A., tech. eds. 2011. Forests of southeast and south-central Alaska, 2004–2008: five-year forest inventory and analysis report. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-835. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 156 p. This report highlights key findings from the most recent (2004–2008) data collected by the Forest Inventory and Analysis program across all ownerships in southeast and south-central Alaska. We present basic resource information such as forest area, ownership, volume, biomass, carbon sequestration, growth, and mortality; structure and function topics such as vegetation and lichen diversity and forest age distribution; disturbance topics such as insects and diseases, yellow-cedar decline, fire, and invasive plants; and information about the forest products industry in Alaska, the potential of young growth for timber supply, biofuels, and nontimber forest products. The appen- dixes describe inventory methods and design in detail and provide summary tables of data and statistical error for the forest characteristics sampled. Keywords: Coastal Alaska, temperate rain forests, boreal forests, climate change, carbon accounting, mistletoe, yellow-cedar, Kenai Peninsula, invasive species, timber volume, timberland, wood products. Contents 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 5 Chapter 2: Basic Resource Information 5 Forest Area, Composition, and Ownership Tara M. Barrett and Kenneth Winterberger 13 Biomass and Carbon Hans-Erik Andersen 22 Change in Forests Between 1995–2003 and 2004–2008 Tara M. Barrett 33 Chapter 3: Forest Structure and Function 33 Lichen Biodiversity Sarah Jovan 36 Vegetation Diversity Bethany K. Schulz 45 Older Forests in Coastal Alaska Tara M. Barrett 46 A Day in the Life of Alaska FIA Crew [sidebar] Connie Hubbard 57 Chapter 4: Disturbance and Stressors 57 Use of Forest Inventory Data to Document Patterns of Yellow-Cedar Occurrence, Mortality, and Regeneration in the Context of Climate Paul Hennon, John Caouette, Tara M. Barrett, and Dustin Wittwer 62 Forest Insect Pests in Coastal Alaska Forests John E. Lundquist and Mark Schultz 67 Invasive Plants in Coastal Alaska Bethany K. Schulz 70 The Western Kenai Peninsula: an Opportunity to Study Fire and Its Effects on Soils and Trees Theresa Jain and Tara M. Barrett 74 The Distribution of Hemlock Dwarf Mistletoe Suggests Influences of Climate Paul Hennon, Tara M. Barrett, and Dustin Wittwer 79 Chapter 5: Forest Products 79 Young-Growth Timber Resource in Coastal Alaska Glenn A. Christensen 84 Alaska’s Primary Forest Products Industry Todd A. Morgan 87 Forest Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy in Coastal Alaska [sidebar] Hans-Erik Andersen 88 Nontimber Forest Products Lisa K. Crone 93 Chapter 6: Concluding Remarks 93 Glossary 98 Common and Scientific Names 102 Acknowledgments 103 Metric Equivalents 103 References 113 Appendix 1: Inventory Methods and Design 119 Appendix 2: Summary Data Tables Summary Forests in southeast and south-central Alaska are unique in many ways. The largest old- growth temperate rain forest on Earth extends through most of the region, with huge old Sitka spruce and western hemlock intermixed with yellow-cedar and western redcedar at lower elevations and mountain hemlock (see “Common and Scientific Names”) at higher elevations. But the south-central region also contains the southernmost extent of Alaska’s boreal forest, characterized by black spruce, white spruce, and hardwoods such as aspen, birch, and willow. This report shows that relative to the rest of the U.S. coastal regions, Alaska’s coastal region contains slower growing forest, older forest, less forest in private ownership, and much more forest per capita. Although only approximately 12 percent of Alaska’s forest land is found in the southeast and south-central region, the area contains about half of the state’s timberland and half of the state’s population. Public agencies manage 88 percent of the 15.3 million acres of forest land in the coastal region, with most forest in the two largest national forests in the United States, the Tongass and Chugach National Forests. Although private ownership is only about 12 percent of the forested area in the region, it contains 24 percent of timberland. Nearly 1.3 billion tons of biomass are stored within the live trees of coastal Alaska. Significant amounts of carbon and biomass are also contained in snags, particularly on the Kenai Peninsula where 47 percent of biomass is within dead white spruce, most likely killed by bark beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis [Kirby]) in the 1990s. There was no net change of live-tree carbon or biomass between 1995–2003 and 2004–2008. There has been speculation that the 2- to 3- °F average annual temperature increase that the coastal region has experienced over the past half century could lead to foresta- tion through increasing elevation of treeline, drying of wetlands, and glacial recession. Although change in forest area was difficult to assess because of procedural changes to the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) inventory, a rough estimate of a 0.7 percent increase in forest area per decade suggests that climate-related changes are not yet noticeably impacting biomass and carbon through forestation. The most common species in the region—western hemlock, Sitka spruce, mountain hemlock, and yellow-cedar—did not show any significant change in live tree biomass between 1995–2003 and 2004–2008. Because the range of western hemlock, mountain hemlock, Sitka spruce, and yellow-cedar is quite broad within the inventory region, it is possible that slow migration or more localized changes could be occurring without impact
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