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Index

A

AFGHANISTAN, War Crimes, 48 AGGRESSION, see CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; WAR CRIMES AffiCRAFf, HAGUE CONVENTION FOR 1HE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL SEIZURE OF (1970),24 AffiSPACE, Straits, 267 ALAND ISLANDS, Demilitarized, 503 ALAND ISLANDS STRAIT, Right of Passage, 278-79 , Economic Sanctions, 463,466 ANTARCTICA, Demilitarized, 503 , Strait of Magellan, 276-77 ARMED CONFLICT See also LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf; WAR CRIMES, Grave Breaches Bosnia, see INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Definition, 121 International/lnternal Distinction, 52 See also under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf Naval Warfare, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf; MILITARY OPERATIONS Regional,391 Rwanda, see INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw IN RWANDA ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT, Nuclear Weapons, 65, 318-19 See also NON.PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS; WEAPONS ARUSHA TRffiUNAL, see INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA ATTORNEY GENERAL 1.1. EICHMANN (1962), 20, 22 See also JURISDICTION; UNIVERSALITY; WAR CRIMES AVIATION See also INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Overflight; MILITARY OPERATIONS; Outer Space Hijacking, 24-25 Use of Force against Aircraft, 442

B

BALTIC STRAITS, Right of Passage, 277-78 BIBLE, Law of Armed Conflict, 145-46 BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION (1972),319,370 BOSNIA See also INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA; YUGOSLAVIA . Law of Armed Conflict, 48, 63, 239, 360, 376-80 BOSPORUS, Right of Passage, 264, 275 BOUNDARIES, Argentina·, 276 Index

BUSINESS PRACTICES, Corporations, 10-15

C

CANADA, Straits, 270-71 CATHOLIC CHURCH, Law of Anned Conflict, 150-51,295 CELESTIAL BODIES, Demilitarized, 503 See also MILITARY OPERATIONS; Outer Space CHEMICALANDBACIERIOLOGICAL WEAPONS PROTOCOL, GENEVA (1925), 188, 371 CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION (1993), 191-92,211-12,219,319,370-71 Economic Sanctions, 459 CHILD, CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE, Protocol Additional on the recruiunent and participation of children in hostilities, 48, 55 CHILDREN, Combatants, 48, 54, 55 CHILE, Strait of Magellan, 276-77 CHINA, ANCIENT, Law of Armed Conflict, 147 CHIVALRY, LAW OF, 151-52 CIVIL WAR, THE (U.S.) See also Stockton, Charles H., xx-xxii, 157 Weapons, 302 , see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Non-State Actors; (1949), Civilian Persons; GENOCIDE; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf; Civilians; WAR CRIMES; Civilian Actors; WEAPONS, Indiscriminate (Incidental Injury to Civilians) CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION International Humanitarian Law, 132-34 Law of Armed Conflict, 143,367 United Nations Claims Commission, 134 United Nations Compensation Commission, 375 CLAUSEWITZ, 141, 165 COLD WAR, 120 , Antipersonnel Mines, 54 COLONIALISM, 120 Pre-World War I, 2-3 , 299 COMBATANTS Children, see CHILDREN, Combatants Civilians, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY; Non-State Actors; WAR CRIMES; Civilian Actors Crirninal Groups, 58 Definition, 405 Guerrillas, 54, 405 Hors de combat, 41, 44 Mental Health, 51 Mercenaries, 26,57,171 Multinational Forces, 60 Private Security Companies, 57-58 Supranational Forces, 61-62 United Nations Armed Forces, 59-60

522 Index

COMMANDER'S HANDBOOK ON THE LAW OF NAVAL OPERATIONS, 204, 266, 404 COMMERCE AND mADE, Japan, 3-4 COMMlTI'EE OF , 123 CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS, CONVENTION ON CERTAIN (1981), 51, 129-30, 342-43 See also WEAPONS (1980) (X-Rays), 189 Protocol II (1996) (Mines, Booby-Traps, and Other Devices), 50, no, 171, 189, 192, 208-11,249,320,344,350-53,361,372 Protocol III (1980) (Incendiary Weapons), 189 Protocol IV (1995) (Blinding Laser Weapons), no, 189,207-08,250,320-21,344-47 CRIMES AGAINSTHUMANITI See also GENOCIDE; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW; REsPONSIBILITY, Individuals; WAR CRIMES Civilians, see This Heading, Non-State Actors Defenses, 106-11 Definition, 113 Development of Offense, 47,122 Discriminatory Intent, 100-01,331 Geneva Conventions (1949), 172 Genocide, see This Heading, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Rwanda Internal Armed Conflicts, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, InternationaVInternal Distinction International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 98-102, 170, 330-31 International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, 26 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Violations oflnternational Humanitarian Law in Rwanda, 327 Non-State Actors, 101 See also WAR CRIMES, Civilian Actors Rape, 327, 332 Remedies, see under INDIVIDUALS Single Acts, 99-100 Terrorism, see TERRORISM, Crimes against Humanity CRIMES AGAINST PEACE, 26,142 See also WAR CRIMES CRUSADES, Law of Armed Conflict, 153 CULTURAL PROPERTI, Protection of, 344 CULTURAL RELATIONS, 9-10

D

DARDANELLES, Right of Passage, 264, 275 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, THE (1776) (U.S.), 300 DEEP SEABED MINING, see under HIGH SEAS

523 Index

DEFENSE AND SECURITI ARRANGEMENTS Seealso NORTHATLANTICTREAn ORGANIZATION; SELF-DEFENSE; WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION Law of Armed Conflict, 59-62, 369 , Baltic Straits, 277-78 DEVELOPMENT, Non-Governmental Organizations, 235, 240 DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR RELATIONS, Law of Anned Conflict, 369

E

ECONOMIC COUNCIL OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS), Economic Sanctions, 458 , Revolution, xxx ENVIRONMENT, Law of Armed Conflict, 173-74, 188, 190, 204-05 ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES, CONVENTION ON TIlE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTIlER HOSTILE USE OF (1977), 188 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Court of Justice, 62, 125 EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 65, 366 EXTRADITION, 23

F

FINLAND, Aland Islands Strait, 278-79 FORCE, USE OF, see USE OF FORCE , Nuclear Weapons, 8-9

G

GENEVA CONVENTION (1906), 159 GENEVA CONVENTION FOR TIlE AMELIORATION OF mE WOUNDED IN ARMIES IN TIlE FIELD (1864), 159,303,340 GENEVA CONVENTION ON mE CONTINENTAL SHELF (1958),436 GENEVA CONVENTION ON TIlE TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE (1958),266,269,431,433 GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1929), 122,159,307,315 GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), 20-21, 23, 27,45-46,62-63,80-83,91- 92, 123, 129, 131,159,169,172,188,293,306,328-30,361 Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (First Convention), 339 Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members ofArmed Forces at Sea (Second Convention), 339 Prisoners of War (Third Convention), 28, 316, 405 Civilian Persons (Fourth Convention), 89, 339 Additional Protocol I (Victims ofInternationalArmed Conflicts) (1977),53-54.57.93,146, 153,157,168,172,199,202-04,308,317-18,342,370,403 Additional Protocol II (Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts) (1977),48,52-55, 93,95, Ill, 123, 126-27, 168, 172,327,342,361 GENEVA PROTOCOL (1925),164, 211,370 GENGHIS KHAN, Law of Anned Conflict, 299

524 Index

GENOCIDE See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y; INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA Definition, 332 GENOCIDE CONVENTION (1948),5,47,122,361 GENTILl, Law of Anned Conflict, 156 GERMAN WAR BOOK (1915),165-66,171 , Straits, 266, 271-72 GIDBON, Law of Anned Conflict, 148 GIDRALTAR, STRAIT OF, Right of Passage, 277 GRAVE BREACHES Rape, 332 See also under WAR CRIMES , ANCIENT, Law of Anned Conflict, 149, 294 GROTIUS, Law of Anned Conflict, 155,295,429,436

H

HAGUE CONVENTIONS, xliii, 41, 122, 187,293 Convention II (Laws and Customs of War on Land) (1899),167,339,343 Convention N (Laws and Customs of War on Land) (1907),167,339,405 Convention XIII (1907),271 ,EcononUcSanctions,463 HERZEGOVINA, see BOSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA HIGH SEAS See also LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Right of Transit; LAw OF THE SEA, High Seas, Straits Deep Seabed Mining, 505-10 Freedom of the High Seas, 505-09 Military Purposes, 501-10 HIJACKING, see under AVIATION HORMUZ, STRAIT OF, 265, 270 HUDSON, MANLEY, xiii HUMAN RIGHTS See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y; GENOCIDE; HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION; INDIVIDUALS; INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW; LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT; International Humanitarian Law, 333 Investigations, 367-69 MinOrities, 122 Non Bis In Idem (Freedom from Double Jeopardy), 28-29 Non-Governmental Organizations, 238-40 Nuclear Weapons, 216 Remedies, see INDIVIDUALS, Remedies Reporting Violations, 246-50 Self-Determination, 122, 124 HUMAN RIGHTS, UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF, 5

525 Index

HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION, 121,369 See also GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Human Rights

I

INDIVIDUALS See also CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION; COMBATANTS; CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI'; HUMAN RIGHTS; JURISDICTION; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Civilians; WAR CRIMES; WEAPONS, Indiscriminate Collective Rights, see HUMAN RIGHTS, Self-Detennination Command Responsibility, 104-06, 112, 485 Defenses, see under CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI'; WAR CRIMES Remedies, 123-28, 366 Responsibility, 91,102-11,122,169-70,331,375 See also This Heading, Command Responsibility; WEAPONS, Individual Responsibility Stateless Persons, 99 Subjects ofIntemationallaw, 120, 126 Terrorists, see TERRORISM INFORMATION, Military Operations, 394-96 INTERNAL CONFLICTS, see GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II; LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT, InternationaVlnternal Distinction INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA), Economic Sanctions, 459 INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO), 270 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC), 49,50,53,55-56,60, 62,65-66,123,129,154,159,173, 197,237-38,241,247, 293,303-04,315-18,339-44, 403 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (IC]) Advisory Opinion on Namibia, 373 Advisory Opinion on The Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 65, 96, 173-76, 185-86,193-94,205,212-21,308-09,373 Ozse concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 373 Corfu Channel Case, 265,373,507 Frontier Dispute (Burkina FasolMali) Case, 373 law of Armed Conflict, 372 v. , 83-84, 86-92,328,373,507-08 U.S. Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran Case, 373 INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (1966) Optional Protocol (1966), 123 Right of Self-Determination, 124 INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (1966), Right of Self-Determination, 124, 239 INTERNATIONAL CRIMES, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI'; CRIMES AGAINST PEACE: WAR CRIMES INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) Creation, 313-14,325-33,371 Judicial Procedure, 483-95

526 Index

Ju~diction,46-47,56,63, 131, 193,332 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRffiUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Creation, 484 Indictments, 79,325,484 Jurisdiction,27,29, 77,82,92-93,98-99, 173 law of Armed Conflict, 77-114, 170, 192,365,376-80 Production of Documents, 484-95 INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION; LAw OF ARMED CON FLIer; WAR CRIMES Definition, 293 Evolution, 120-26,293-309,328,337-53 Human Rights law, 333 Non-Governmental Organizations, 337-53 Protecting Powers, 314-18, 364 Customary, 96-97 Education, xxi-xxii, 313 Enforcement, 359-84 Sources, 135, 163-64 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) , 270 INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRffiUNAL AT NUREMBERG, 26, 50, 98, 100, 123, 143,167,169,365,483,506 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, Economic Sanctions, 458-59 INTERNATIONAL TRffiUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA, 436, 443 INTERNATIONAL TRffiUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA, 48, 63, 77, 173, 239, 325-26,365,380 IRAN, Strait of Hormuz, 265, 270 IRAQ Claims and Compensation, 375 Economic Sanctions, 471 War Crimes, 48, 360, 374-76 ISLAM, law of Armed Conflict, 150-51,296

J JAPAN, Commerce and Trade, 3-4 JUDICIAL PROCEDURE International Ctiminal Court, 483-95 International Ctiminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 78 Production of Documents, 484-95 JURISDICTION See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY; INTERNATlONALCRIMINAL COURT; INTERNATlONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA; WAR CRIMES, Grave Breaches; UNIVERSALITY Active Personality (Nationality of Offender), 18, 26 Concurrent, 23-24, 26

527 Index

NationallInternational, 123, 127, 132 Passive Personality (Nationality of Victim) , 18, 26 Prescribe/Adjudicate/Enforce,30-32 Primacy of International Tribunals over National Courts, 27-28 Protective Principle, 18, 22 Territoriality, 17-18, 26

K

KELLOGG.BRIAND AGREEMENT, see PARIS, PACT OF (i92S) KELSEN, HANS, xiii-xiv RIEL CANAL, 264

L

LANDMINES, CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF (1997), 130, 192, 210,219, 320, 348-50,372. LANDMINES, see WEAPONS, Mines (Land) LAW ENFORCEMENT Counterdrug Operations, 448 Maritime, 440-48 Posse Comitatus Act (U.S.), 448 U.S. Coast Guard, 448 LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT See also ARMED CONFLICT; GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949) ; WAR CruMES; WEAPONS Civil War, see GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II Civilians (Discrimination), 54, 56,99,199-202,341,399-400,403 Combatants, see COMBATANTS Compensation, see CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION Crimes against Humanity, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y Customary International Law, 192-93 Education, 313 Enforcement!Implementation, 359-84 Environment, see ENVIRONMENT, Law of Armed Conflict Grave Breaches, see under WAR CRIMES History, 40-41,141-76,293-309 Human Rights, 47-49 See also HUMAN RIGHTS International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 77-114, 192 International!Internal Distinction, 52-57, 62, 81-86, 92-94, 98-102, 126, 193, 219, 265, 329,403,485 See also GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol I, Additional Protocol II Legitimate Targets, 127, 190, 403-{)5 Mercenaries, 26,57, 171 , 163 Naval Warfare, xvii-lxii, 263-80 Nuclear Weapons, see INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, Advisory Opinion; WEAPONS, Nuclear

528 Index

Perfidy, 127, 190,202-04 Prisoners of War, 28,55,166,300,316-17 , 43, 215, 218 Protected Persons, 86-92, 152-53 Reprisals, Ill, 370-71 See also under SANCfIONS Right of Overflight, 267, 505-06 Right of Transit, 264-79, 505-06 Stateless Persons, 99 Weapons, see WEAPONS LAW OF LAND WARFARE, THE (U.S. 1956), 163 LAW OF THE SEA Archipelagic Waters, 433-34 COnnguous Zone, 434-35 Deep Seabed, see HIGH SEAS, Deep Seabed Mining Exclusive Economic Zone, 273, 432, 435-36 High Seas, 436-37, 501-10 Hot Pursuit, 437-38 Maritime Exclusion Zones, 505 Pollution, see POLLtITION Right ofInnocent Passage, 273 Right of Overflight, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf Right of Transit, see under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf Straits, 269-73 See also LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Transit See also UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAw OF THE SEA TerritorialSea,431-33 Warships, see LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Transit LAW OF THE SEA, CONVENTION ON, see UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAw OF THE SEA , see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf LffiERIA, Economic Sanctions, 463 LffiYA, Economic Sanctions, 463 LffiBER CODE, xiii, xlii, xlvi, 41,157-58,187,303-04,343 LONDON AGREEMENT FOR THE PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE MAJOR WAR CRIMINALS OF THE EUROPEAN AXIS (1945), 26 LONDON, DECLARATION OF, CONCERNING THE LAW OF NAVAL WAR (1909), xiii,lv

M

MAGELLAN, STRAIT OF, Right of Passage, 276-77 MANU, CODE OF (INDIA), Law of Armed Conflict, 296 MARMARA SEA, Right of Passage, 275 MARTENS CLAUSE, 66, 168, 174, 176,210, 220,343 See also HAGUE CONVENTIONS, Convention II MEnECINS SANS FRONTIERES, 238 MERCENARIES, see under COMBATANTSi LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf

529 Index

METIIODS OF WARFARE, see WEAPONS MIDDLE AGES, Law of Armed Conflict, 40, 154 MILITARY OPERATIONS Demilitarized Areas, 503 High Seas, 501-10 Humanitarian, 392 See also HUMANITARIAN PROTECfION; UNITED NATIONS, Armed Forces, Peacekeeping Forces Information Systems, 394-96 Naval Warfare, 263-80, 501-10 Operation Deliberate Force (Former Yugoslavia), 378 Operation EI Dorado Canyon (Libya), 402 Outer Space, 399, 503 Weapons Systems, 396-99 See also WEAPONS MONTENEGRO, see BoSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA MONTREAL OZONE PROTOCOL, Economic Sanctions, 459 MONTREUX CONVENTION (1936),264,275 MOORE, JOHN BASSETT, xiii, xlii, xliii, xlvii MULTINATIONAL FORCES, Law of Armed Conflict, 60 MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATIES, see DEFENSE AND SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS

N

NATIONAL SECURITY Straits, 267 United States, 392-94 NATURAL LAW, 297-98 NAVAL WAR CODE (1900), Development, xli.xlviii, 119 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE, xiii, 164 Stockton, Charles H., xxxi-lxii NEUTRALITY International Committee of the Red Cross, 247 International Humanitarian Law, 128-29 Maritime, see This Heading, Straits Non.GovernmentalOrganizations, 246-50 Straits, 263, 267-79 NICARAGUA tI. UNITED STATES, see under INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE NON.GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS See also INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS Accountability, 251-53 Armed Conflicts, 65-66, 233-56 Development, 235-36, 337-53 Human Rights, 238-39, 246-50 Human Rights Watch, 344-48 International Humanitarian Law, 333,337-53 Landmines, 348-53

530 Index

Ml!decins sans Frontieres, 238 Medical, 237-38, 245-46, 341 Neutrality, 246-50 Refugees and Displaced Persons, 238,340-41 Relief, 236-37, 242-45, 341 Safety ofNGO Workers, 372 NON.INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS, see GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, IntemationaVIntemal Distinction NON.PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS Conventional Weapons, 51, 56, 392 High-Technology Weapons, 391 Nuclear (Non-Proliferation Treaty), 221 NORm ATLANTIC TREATI ORGANIZATION, 59,60,378 NORm KOREA, Nuclear Weapons, 8 NUREMBERG TRffiUNAL, see INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TruBUNALAT NUREMBERG o

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) , Economic Sanctions, 458 ORGANIZATION ON SECURITI AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE) Development Assistance, 240 Human Dimension, 124 OUTER SPACE, see under MILITARY OPERATIONS

P

PANAMA CANAL, 263-64 PARIS, DECLARATION OF (1856), xliv, lx, 159 PARIS, PACT OF (1928), 143,321 PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648),402--­ PEACEKEEPING,52 Law of Armed Conflict, 59-62 United Nations, 312-13, 378 PICTET,}EAN,297-98 POLLUTION, Maritime, 438-40 POPULATION,5-6 PRISONERS OF WAR, see under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF mE UNITED NATIONS, CONVENTION ON (1946),131 PROTECTED PERSONS, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf PROTECTING POWERS, see under INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

R

RAPE, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Rape; WAR CRIMES, Grave Breaches RED CRESCENT, 56, 66 RED CROSS, see INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS REMEDIES, see CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION; INDIVIDUALS

531 Index

REPRISALS, see under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT; SANCTIONS REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, Economic Sanctions, 466 RESPONSIBILITY See also INDIVIDUALS, Responsibility; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT; WAR CRIMES States, 86-87, 125, 132,169,376 RHODESIA, SOUTHERN, Economic Sanctions, 471 ROME, ANCIENT, Law of Armed Conflict, 149,296 ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D., Chemical Weapons, 164 ROUSSEAU, JEAN.JACQUES, Law of Armed Conflict, 300-301 RWANDA See also INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA Economic Sanctions, 463 s

SAN REMO MANUAL ON INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE TO ARMED CONFLICTS, 203, 271-72, 507-08 SANCTIONS Against Individuals, 369 Arms Control and Disarmament, 319-20 Economic, 455-77 Humanitarian Limits, 473-74, 476 Reprisal, 111, 370 United Nations, 459-69 SELF.DEFENSE, 144,402,442 Necessity, 218 Proportionality, 218 Straits, 272-73 Weapons, 189 SELF.DETERMINATION, see under HUMAN RIGHTS , see BoSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA SHAKESPEARE, Law of Armed Conflict, 147-48 SHIPPING Neutral, 265 Use of Force against Civilian Vessels, 440-48 , Economic Sanctions, 463 SOMALIA Economic Sanctions, 463 United Nations, 59, 239, 361 SOUTH AFRICA, Economic Sanctions, 471 SOVEREIGNTY, 121 See also CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION; JURISDICTION SPAIN Colonization, 299 Strait of Gibraltar, 277

532 Index

ST. PETERSBURG, DECLARATION OF (1868),159,187,190,197,302,343,409 STATELESS PERSONS, 99 STOCKTON, CHARLES R., xiii, 119, 136 Biography, xvii-lxii STRAITS, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Right of Transit SlnDAN,EcononrlcSanctions,463 SUEZ CANAL, 264 SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, Law of Anned Conflict, 61-62 , Aland Islands Strait, 278-79

T

TALLEYRAND, Law of Anned Conflict, 301 TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Television, 6 TERRORISM, Crimes against Humanity, 113, 331 THE IAW AND USAGES OF WAR AT SEA, xiii TORTURE CONVENTION (1984),124 TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, LAW OF, Breach, 144 , Straits, 264 u

UNITED KINGDOM Chenrlcal Weapons, 211 Law of Anned Conflict, 162,371-80 UNITED NATIONS Anned Forces, 59-60, 311-13, 379 Claims COmnUssion, 134 Comnrlssion on Human Rights, 48, 63, 132 Compensation Comnrlssion (1991),375 Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 344 High COmnUssioner for Refugees, 238, 378 Human Rights Comnrlttee, 216, 239 Implementation Force (Fonner Yugoslavia), 379 International Police Task Force (IPTF) , 379 Peacekeeping Forces, 312-13, 378 Transitional Adnrlnistration for Eastern Slavonia, 379 UNITED NATIONS AND ASSOCIATED PERSONNEL, CONVENTION ON THE SAFETY OF (1994),26,130,372 UNITED NATIONS CHARTER Crimes against Peace, 144 Right ofSelf-Deternrlnation, 124 Use of Force, 59 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (1982), 266-67, 269, 273,275-79,429-44,501-10 UNITED STATES Chenrlcal Weapons, 211 National Security, 392-94

533 Index

Nicaragua, see INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, Nicaragua v. United States UNIVERSALITI, 17-32 Aircraft Hijacking, 24-25 Crimes against Humanity, 98-102 Piracy, 19 War Crimes, 17-32,46 USE OF FORCE See also ARMED CONFLICf; AVIATION, Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft; CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; DEFENSE AND SECURITI ARRANGEMENTS; HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION; LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf; MILITARY OPERATIONS; SANCTIONS; SELF-DEFENSE; WEAPONS History, 1-15 Law Enforcement, 440-48 United Nations, 59-62 USS VINCENNES, 51, 267 v

V A TIEL, Law of Armed Conflict, 156-57, 301

W

WAR CRIMES See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI; CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; INTERNATIONAL CRiMINAL COURT; INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL AT NUREMBERG; INTERNATIONAL CRiMINAL TRiBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA; INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw IN RWANDA; RESPONSIBILITI, Individuals Allied-State-Actors, 19-20 Bosnia,48,63,239,360,374 Civilian Actors, 19 Defenses, 105,106-11,491 Definition, 21, 92-97 Grave Breaches, 20-21, 27, 46,63,80-92,123,172,328-29,332,485 Internal Armed Conflicts, see LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf, InternationaVInternal Distinction Iraq, 48, 360, 374 Jurisdiction over the Person, see UNIVERSALITI Neutral-State-Actors, 19-20 Prohibited Weapons, see WEAPONS, Prohibited Remedies, see INDIVIDUALS, Remedies Reporting, 378 WARFARE, LAW OF, see WEAPONS WARFARE, ME1HODS OF, see MILITARY OPERATIONS; WEAPONS WARSHIPS, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Transit WEAPONS Acousric, 398 Biological,44, 188,319-20,343,397

534 Index

Chenrlcal, 164, 166, 188, 191,211-12,302,319-20,340,343 (to Civilian Objects), 204-05, 398 See also ENVIRONMENT, Law of Armed Conflict Conventional, see CONVENTION ON CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS Electromagnetic-Pulse, 43, 221,398 History, 186-89 Incendiary, 48, 220 Indiscriminate (Incidental Injury to Civilians), 191, 194, 199-202,406,505 Individual Responsibility, 171,219-20 Infonnation Systems, 394-98 International/lnternal Armed Conflict Distinction, 219 Lasers, 43, 48, 64, 130, 207-08, 250, 320-21, 344-47 Microtechnology, 398 Microwaves, 43,398 Mines (Land), 49, 54, 66, 130, 208-11, 320, 344, 348-53, 372 Mines (Sea), 265-66, 505-07 Miniaturized Munitions Technology, 397 Nonlethal, 44, 398, 406 Nonproliferation, see NON.PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS Nuclear, 48, 65,173-76,213-16,308-09,318-19,342 See also INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, Advisory Opinion Precision-Guided Munitions (Smart Weapons), 7-9,379,407 Prohibited, 43,64, 127, 159, 166, 185-<'37, 194-99,206-12,302,409 Proportionality, see This Heading, Collateral Damage, Indiscriminate Space-Based,44 Technology, 42-43 Unnecessary Suffering, see WEAPONS, Prohibited WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION (WEU), Law of Armed Conflict, 61-62 WILSON, GEORGE GRAFTON, xiii WOMEN, Law of Armed Conflict, 152-53 WOOLSEY, THOMAS, xiii, xliii WORLD WAR 1,2 Stockton, Charles H., lvi-Ix WORLD WAR II, 7-<'3, 47-48,50, 112 War Crimes, 19 See also International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg

Y

YOM KIPPUR WAR (1973), 277 YUGOSLAVIA, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF, 80 Economic Sanctions, 472 YUGOSLAVIA, SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF (FORMER YUGOSLAVIA), 80 See also BoSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRiBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Economic Sanctions, 472

535