sp1281cover 8/2/05 1:51 PM Page 1 SP-1281 SP-1281 Topical Teams in the Life & Teams Topical New Research Applications in Space Physical Sciences: Towards Topical Teams in the Life & Physical Sciences Towards New Research Applications in Space Contact: ESA Publications Division c/o ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Tel. (31) 71 565 3400 - Fax (31) 71 565 5433 Contents.qxd 8/2/05 1:38 PM Page 1 SP-1281 June 2005 Topical Teams in Life & Physical Sciences Towards New Research Applications in Space Contents.qxd 8/2/05 1:38 PM Page 2 sp-1281 Contents Foreword 5 Physical Sciences Vibrational Phenomena in Near-Critical Fluids and Granular Matter 6 D. Beysens & P.Evesque Thermophysical Properties of Liquids: Modelling and Non-Metallic Materials 24 H.-J. Fecht et al. Solidification in Multicomponent Multiphase Systems (SIMMS) 36 S. Rex & U. Hecht Ices in the Universe: Answers from Microgravity 52 H.J. Fraser et al. Zeolite Synthesis in Microgravity 78 R. Aiello et al. COSMIC: Combustion Synthesis under Microgravity Conditions 86 G. Cao et al. Macromolecular Crystallisation in Microgravity 94 SP-1281 ‘Topical Teams in Life & Physical Sciences: Towards New Research Applications in Space’ A.Tardieu et al. ISBN 92-9092-974-X ISSN 0379-6566 Microencapsulation Processes 102 T.L. Whateley & D. Poncelet Edited by Andrew Wilson ESA Publications Division Instabilities in Lean Gas-Phase Combustion 108 K. Schneider et al. Coordination Benny Elmann-Larsen Directorate of Human Spaceflight, Life Sciences Microgravity & Exploration Cartilage Engineering and Microgravity 114 R.Toffanin et al. Published by ESA Publications Division Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Kidney Function Research in Space 120 ESTEC, Noordwijk,The Netherlands P. Norsk et al. Price €50 Space Motion Sickness and Stress Training Simulator 136 using Electrophysiological Biofeedback Copyright © 2005 European Space Agency C. Gadeau et al. 2 3 Contents.qxd 8/2/05 1:38 PM Page 4 contents foreword Foreword Eye-Hand Coordination: Dexterous Object Manipulation 148 The concept of scientific Topical Teams (TTs) This ESA Special Publication contains in New Gravity Fields evolved in the context of ESA’s human reports submitted in 2004 by TTs that were J.L.Thonnard et al. spaceflight programme a decade ago.The initiated around 1998, most of which have purpose was to support scientists in since submitted proposal(s) to ESA’s Muscle Physiology 164 establishing forums grouped around Announcements of Opportunity, either as M. Narici et al. selected topics to prepare ESA’s future individual coordinators for a team, or as a scientific directions and specific areas of team originating in a TT setting Low-Back Pain in Microgravity: Causes and Countermeasures 174 focus.The basic idea was to allow scientists C.J. Snijders & C.A. Richardson of similar scientific orientation, approaching The success of these Topical Teams in the a scientific focus from different viewpoints, to AO peer review process demonstrates a very Shielding against Cosmic Radiation on Interplanetary Missions 184 meet and exchange views and experience, high return on investment, in terms of quality M. Casolino et al. with the primary goal of developing of the scientific projects, industry support to coherent and mature research approaches. them, European synergy and the likely impact Preservation of Samples during Space Experiments 200 Likewise,TTs would identify industries of the research.This publication F.J. Medina et al. interested in teaming with leading scientists, demonstrates the significant outcome of and would attempt initial steps to involve these efforts. It should also be stressed that Gravity-Sensing and Plant Development in Space 210 those industries.They could then submit the IMPRESS Integrated Project, kicked-off in M. Pagès et al. research programme proposals in response November 2004 and co-funded at a level of to Announcements of Opportunity released EUR40 million by ESA and the European by ESA and define the instrumentation Commission, is the long-term result of the required to support the research incubation and definition of research programme. In doing so, scientists were programmes within Topical Teams. encouraged to seek funding from various national and European sources to reach a In total, more than 400 scientists from a critical mass rapidly. multitude of disciplines in Life and Physical Sciences have been involved in Topical Teams Over time, more than 50 Topical Teams over a period of 10 years. have seen the light of day. A large number of them have successfully submitted one or I hope that this publication gives you a more research programme proposals. good impression of the effectiveness of the A number of members of these TTs or even Topical Teams in gathering the best European entire TTs have gone on to develop projects scientists and industries together, and in that qualify for partial funding by ESA under focusing their research efforts in life and the Microgravity Applications Programme physical sciences in space. (MAP).This has been to their own scientific benefit as well as to that of their industry Daniel Sacotte partners.The contents of these projects are Director, Human Spaceflight, the core of the Research Plan that constitutes Microgravity and Exploration the basis of the European programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space – the ELIPS programme. 4 5 Evesque3.qxd 8/2/05 1:40 PM Page 6 physical sciences Report of the Vibrational Phenomena in Near- ESA Topical Team in Physical Sciences Vibrational Phenomena Critical Fluids and Granular Matter Contributors: D. Beysens, Grenoble (F) P.Evesque, Paris (F) Often, experiments are performed under 1. Rotational Vibration microgravity because of their sensitivity to Whereas translational vibration affects only gravitational effects, which means they are heterogeneous media, rotational vibration also sensitive in space to inertial effects and also works on homogeneous fluids, meaning g-jitter. Any movement by an astronaut or that it also operates in space.To illustrate the experiment is efficiently transmitted by the problem, consider a spinning cup of coffee. spacecraft structure; this vibration may At the start of rotation around its main axis, perturb other experiments. Knowledge, the coffee near the wall rotates with the wall, prediction and minimisation of vibration is a while the central part moves less. On necessity for controlling space experiments. stopping rotation, the outer part stops but whole end of the cell (centre-right photo). Fig. 1.Left: the experiment on rotational vibration on Earth,from The natural mechanical noise of a spacecraft, the central part continues. Hence there is a Although they cannot be seen on the Selin et al.(2002).Centre left: the mean flow generated with a which is probably non-homogeneous and dephasing of the motion that depends on photos, there is also a narrow vortex localised water-glycerine mixture at the end of a rectangular cavity below ϕ the threshold ( o = 0.165 rad; Rep = 68.4).Centre right: the mean non-isotropic, can largely be avoided by the distance to the centre of the cell. in the boundary layer thickness of each ϕ flow obtained above the threshold ( o = 0.165 rad; Rep = 70.7). positioning and orienting experiments Rotational vibration can induce boundary, associated with each macroscopic Right: the speed of the permanent flow V = va/ν (in reduced unit) carefully. inhomogeneous flow that may act as a vortex and rotating with its opposite sign. as a function of the Reynolds number.The structure and intensity Any apparatus moves as a whole with random force and provoke ‘over-diffusion’. This example shows that rotational of the average flow depend on the dimensionless number ω Ω ν ϕ Ω ν random rotation and translation in the frame When the boundary is non-circular, the vibration can change mixing properties and =a / ,which is determined by the parameter Rep = o a / of the space laboratory. If the part sensitive interaction of the flow with the walls perturb the measurement of diffusion and V = va/ν. a = width of rectangular cavity; ν =viscosity; ϕ Ω π to gravity is composed of different fluids, for depends on time and space in an coefficients. It has long been known and o = angle of rotation; /(2 ) = frequency of rotation. example, it will behave as heterogeneous inhomogeneous way. Under these studied with a square geometry; the fluids submitted to translation and rotation conditions, a permanent flow is induced that rectangular geometry is now under vibrations.The accurate control of such an depends on the square of the amplitude of investigation (Selin et al., 2003). experiment requires knowledge of the six vibration at low speed. An example is given Another noteworthy effect is the levitation different components of vibration in Fig. 1 (Selin et al., 2003).The left part of of heavy particles by rotational vibration (3 translational, 3 rotational) because it can Fig. 1 shows a long rectangular cell of width (Fig. 2), a phenomenon recently discovered be viewed as a rigid device within a moving 2a, much larger than its length, L: L >>2a.The (Kozlov et al., 1996; Kozlov, 1996; Ivanova et laboratory. cell is filled with liquid and rotated al., 1998; Kuzaev et al., 2003).When a periodic The effects of rotational vibration and periodically.The centre photos show the rotation is imposed on a toric sector filled translational vibration are treated here pattern of the permanent flow in the left end with liquid and containing a heavy particle, separately. Rotational vibration acts even on of the cell.These flows are permanent, the particle is attracted towards the axis of homogeneous fluids, where it generates superimposed on a periodic rapid flow.They rotation. On Earth, this occurs above a given periodic flow. It is an unavoidable are produced by the interaction of the rapid threshold only when the toric axis is inclined phenomenon that can be studied on Earth.