On the (In) Security of Stream Ciphers Based on Arrays and Modular
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Middleware in Action 2007
Technology Assessment from Ken North Computing, LLC Middleware in Action Industrial Strength Data Access May 2007 Middleware in Action: Industrial Strength Data Access Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 2 Mature Technology .........................................................................................................3 Scalability, Interoperability, High Availability ...................................................................5 Components, XML and Services-Oriented Architecture..................................................6 Best-of-Breed Middleware...............................................................................................7 Pay Now or Pay Later .....................................................................................................7 2.0 Architectures for Distributed Computing.................................................................. 8 2.1 Leveraging Infrastructure ........................................................................................ 8 2.2 Multi-Tier, N-Tier Architecture ................................................................................. 9 2.3 Persistence, Client-Server Databases, Distributed Data ....................................... 10 Client-Server SQL Processing ......................................................................................10 Client Libraries .............................................................................................................. -
A Practical Attack on Broadcast RC4
A Practical Attack on Broadcast RC4 Itsik Mantin and Adi Shamir Computer Science Department, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel. {itsik,shamir}@wisdom.weizmann.ac.il Abstract. RC4is the most widely deployed stream cipher in software applications. In this paper we describe a major statistical weakness in RC4, which makes it trivial to distinguish between short outputs of RC4 and random strings by analyzing their second bytes. This weakness can be used to mount a practical ciphertext-only attack on RC4in some broadcast applications, in which the same plaintext is sent to multiple recipients under different keys. 1 Introduction A large number of stream ciphers were proposed and implemented over the last twenty years. Most of these ciphers were based on various combinations of linear feedback shift registers, which were easy to implement in hardware, but relatively slow in software. In 1987Ron Rivest designed the RC4 stream cipher, which was based on a different and more software friendly paradigm. It was integrated into Microsoft Windows, Lotus Notes, Apple AOCE, Oracle Secure SQL, and many other applications, and has thus become the most widely used software- based stream cipher. In addition, it was chosen to be part of the Cellular Digital Packet Data specification. Its design was kept a trade secret until 1994, when someone anonymously posted its source code to the Cypherpunks mailing list. The correctness of this unofficial description was confirmed by comparing its outputs to those produced by licensed implementations. RC4 has a secret internal state which is a permutation of all the N =2n possible n bits words. -
Statistical Weaknesses in 20 RC4-Like Algorithms and (Probably) the Simplest Algorithm Free from These Weaknesses - VMPC-R
Statistical weaknesses in 20 RC4-like algorithms and (probably) the simplest algorithm free from these weaknesses - VMPC-R Bartosz Zoltak www.vmpcfunction.com [email protected] Abstract. We find statistical weaknesses in 20 RC4-like algorithms including the original RC4, RC4A, PC-RC4 and others. This is achieved using a simple statistical test. We found only one algorithm which was able to pass the test - VMPC-R. This algorithm, being approximately three times more complex then RC4, is probably the simplest RC4-like cipher capable of producing pseudo-random output. Keywords: PRNG; CSPRNG; RC4; VMPC-R; stream cipher; distinguishing attack 1 Introduction RC4 is a popular and one of the simplest symmetric encryption algorithms. It is also probably one of the easiest to modify. There is a bunch of RC4 modifications out there. But is improving the old RC4 really as simple as it appears to be? To state the contrary we confront 20 candidates (including the original RC4) against a simple statistical test. In doing so we try to support four theses: 1. Modifying RC4 is easy to do but it is hard to do well. 2. Statistical weaknesses in almost all RC4-like algorithms can be easily found using a simple test discussed in this paper. 3. The only RC4-like algorithm which was able to pass the test was VMPC-R. It is approximately three times more complex than RC4. We believe that any algorithm simpler than VMPC-R would most likely fail the test. 4. Before introducing a new RC4-like algorithm it might be a good idea to run the statistical test described in this paper. -
In the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware
Case 21-10527-JTD Doc 285 Filed 04/14/21 Page 1 of 68 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE ) In re: ) Chapter 11 ) CARBONLITE HOLDINGS LLC, et al.,1 ) Case No. 21-10527 (JTD) ) Debtors. ) (Jointly Administered) ) AFFIDAVIT OF SERVICE I, Victoria X. Tran, depose and say that I am employed by Stretto, the claims and noticing agent for the Debtors in the above-captioned case. On April 10, 2021, at my direction and under my supervision, employees of Stretto caused the following documents to be served via first-class mail on the service list attached hereto as Exhibit A, and via electronic mail on the service list attached hereto as Exhibit B: Notice of Proposed Sale or Sales of Substantially All of the Debtors’ Assets, Free and Clear of All Encumbrances, Other Than Assumed Liabilities, and Scheduling Final Sale Hearing Related Thereto (Docket No. 268) Notice of Proposed Assumption and Assignment of Designated Executory Contracts and Unexpired Leases (Docket No. 269) Furthermore, on April 10, 2021, at my direction and under my supervision, employees of Stretto caused the following documents to be served via first-class mail on the service list attached hereto as Exhibit C, and via electronic mail on the service list attached hereto as Exhibit D: Notice of Proposed Sale or Sales of Substantially All of the Debtors’ Assets, Free and Clear of All Encumbrances, Other Than Assumed Liabilities, and Scheduling Final Sale Hearing Related Thereto (Docket No. 268, Pages 1-4) Notice of Proposed Assumption and Assignment of Designated Executory Contracts and Unexpired Leases (Docket No. -
Cryptanalysis of Stream Ciphers Based on Arrays and Modular Addition
KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN FACULTEIT INGENIEURSWETENSCHAPPEN DEPARTEMENT ELEKTROTECHNIEK{ESAT Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee Cryptanalysis of Stream Ciphers Based on Arrays and Modular Addition Promotor: Proefschrift voorgedragen tot Prof. Dr. ir. Bart Preneel het behalen van het doctoraat in de ingenieurswetenschappen door Souradyuti Paul November 2006 KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN FACULTEIT INGENIEURSWETENSCHAPPEN DEPARTEMENT ELEKTROTECHNIEK{ESAT Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee Cryptanalysis of Stream Ciphers Based on Arrays and Modular Addition Jury: Proefschrift voorgedragen tot Prof. Dr. ir. Etienne Aernoudt, voorzitter het behalen van het doctoraat Prof. Dr. ir. Bart Preneel, promotor in de ingenieurswetenschappen Prof. Dr. ir. Andr´eBarb´e door Prof. Dr. ir. Marc Van Barel Prof. Dr. ir. Joos Vandewalle Souradyuti Paul Prof. Dr. Lars Knudsen (Technical University, Denmark) U.D.C. 681.3*D46 November 2006 ⃝c Katholieke Universiteit Leuven { Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Arenbergkasteel, B-3001 Heverlee (Belgium) Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotocopie, microfilm, elektron- isch of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher. D/2006/7515/88 ISBN 978-90-5682-754-0 To my parents for their unyielding ambition to see me educated and Prof. Bimal Roy for making cryptology possible in my life ... My Gratitude It feels awkward to claim the thesis to be singularly mine as a great number of people, directly or indirectly, participated in the process to make it see the light of day. -
*UPDATED Canadian Values 07-04 201 7/26/2016 4:42:21 PM *UPDATED Canadian Values 07-04 202 COIN VALUES: CANADA 02 .0 .0 12
CANADIAN VALUES By Michael Findlay Large Cents VG-8 F-12 VF-20 EF-40 MS-60 MS-63R 1917 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.50 13. 45. CANADA COIN VALUES: 1918 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.50 13. 45. 1919 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.50 13. 45. 1920 1.00 1.25 1.50 3.00 18. 70. CANADIAN COIN VALUES Small Cents PRICE GUIDE VG-8 F-12 VF-20 EF-40 MS-60 MS-63R GEORGE V All prices are in U.S. dollars LargeL Cents C t 1920 0.20 0.35 0.75 1.50 12. 45. Canadian Coin Values is a comprehensive retail value VG-8 F-12 VF-20 EF-40 MS-60 MS-63R 1921 0.50 0.75 1.50 4.00 30. 250. guide of Canadian coins published online regularly at Coin VICTORIA 1922 20. 23. 28. 40. 200. 1200. World’s website. Canadian Coin Values is provided as a 1858 70. 90. 120. 200. 475. 1800. 1923 30. 33. 42. 55. 250. 2000. reader service to collectors desiring independent informa- 1858 Coin Turn NI NI 2500. 5000. BNE BNE 1924 6.00 8.00 11. 16. 120. 800. tion about a coin’s potential retail value. 1859 4.00 5.00 6.00 10. 50. 200. 1925 25. 28. 35. 45. 200. 900. Sources for pricing include actual transactions, public auc- 1859 Brass 16000. 22000. 30000. BNE BNE BNE 1926 3.50 4.50 7.00 12. 90. 650. tions, fi xed-price lists and any additional information acquired 1859 Dbl P 9 #1 225. -
An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext
An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext By Isaac Quinn DuPont A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto © Copyright by Isaac Quinn DuPont 2017 ii An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext Isaac Quinn DuPont Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Tis dissertation is an archeological study of cryptography. It questions the validity of thinking about cryptography in familiar, instrumentalist terms, and instead reveals the ways that cryptography can been understood as writing, media, and computation. In this dissertation, I ofer a critique of the prevailing views of cryptography by tracing a number of long overlooked themes in its history, including the development of artifcial languages, machine translation, media, code, notation, silence, and order. Using an archeological method, I detail historical conditions of possibility and the technical a priori of cryptography. Te conditions of possibility are explored in three parts, where I rhetorically rewrite the conventional terms of art, namely, plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext. I argue that plaintext has historically been understood as kind of inscription or form of writing, and has been associated with the development of artifcial languages, and used to analyze and investigate the natural world. I argue that the technical a priori of plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext is constitutive of the syntactic iii and semantic properties detailed in Nelson Goodman’s theory of notation, as described in his Languages of Art. I argue that encryption (and its reverse, decryption) are deterministic modes of transcription, which have historically been thought of as the medium between plaintext and ciphertext. -
Data Extraction Tool
ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS FOR HOME AREA NETWORKS FOR SMART GRID Mayur Anand B.E, Visveswaraiah Technological University, Karnataka, India, 2007 PROJECT Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in COMPUTER SCIENCE at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO SPRING 2011 ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS FOR HOME AREA NETWORKS FOR SMART GRID A Project by Mayur Anand Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Isaac Ghansah, Ph.D. __________________________________, Second Reader Chung-E-Wang, Ph.D. ____________________________ Date ii Student: Mayur Anand I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the Project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ________________ Nikrouz Faroughi, Ph.D. Date Department of Computer Science iii Abstract of ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS FOR HOME AREA NETWORKS FOR SMART GRID by Mayur Anand This project discusses home area networks in Smart Grid. A Home Area Network plays a very important role in communication among various devices in a home. There are multiple technologies that are in contention to be used to implement home area networks. This project analyses various communication protocols in Home Area Networks and their corressponding underlying standards in detail. The protocols and standards covered in this project are ZigBee, Z-Wave, IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11. Only wireless protocols have been discussed and evaluated. Various security threats present in the protocols mentioned above along with the counter measures to most of the threats have been discussed as well. -
Security Evaluation of the K2 Stream Cipher
Security Evaluation of the K2 Stream Cipher Editors: Andrey Bogdanov, Bart Preneel, and Vincent Rijmen Contributors: Andrey Bodganov, Nicky Mouha, Gautham Sekar, Elmar Tischhauser, Deniz Toz, Kerem Varıcı, Vesselin Velichkov, and Meiqin Wang Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Department of Electrical Engineering ESAT/SCD-COSIC Interdisciplinary Institute for BroadBand Technology (IBBT) Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, bus 2446 B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium Version 1.1 | 7 March 2011 i Security Evaluation of K2 7 March 2011 Contents 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Linear Attacks 3 2.1 Overview . 3 2.2 Linear Relations for FSR-A and FSR-B . 3 2.3 Linear Approximation of the NLF . 5 2.4 Complexity Estimation . 5 3 Algebraic Attacks 6 4 Correlation Attacks 10 4.1 Introduction . 10 4.2 Combination Generators and Linear Complexity . 10 4.3 Description of the Correlation Attack . 11 4.4 Application of the Correlation Attack to KCipher-2 . 13 4.5 Fast Correlation Attacks . 14 5 Differential Attacks 14 5.1 Properties of Components . 14 5.1.1 Substitution . 15 5.1.2 Linear Permutation . 15 5.2 Key Ideas of the Attacks . 18 5.3 Related-Key Attacks . 19 5.4 Related-IV Attacks . 20 5.5 Related Key/IV Attacks . 21 5.6 Conclusion and Remarks . 21 6 Guess-and-Determine Attacks 25 6.1 Word-Oriented Guess-and-Determine . 25 6.2 Byte-Oriented Guess-and-Determine . 27 7 Period Considerations 28 8 Statistical Properties 29 9 Distinguishing Attacks 31 9.1 Preliminaries . 31 9.2 Mod n Cryptanalysis of Weakened KCipher-2 . 32 9.2.1 Other Reduced Versions of KCipher-2 . -
A History of Syntax Isaac Quinn Dupont Facult
Proceedings of the 2011 Great Lakes Connections Conference—Full Papers Email: A History of Syntax Isaac Quinn DuPont Faculty of Information University of Toronto [email protected] Abstract the arrangement of word tokens in an appropriate Email is important. Email has been and remains a (orderly) manner for processing by computers. Per- “killer app” for personal and corporate correspond- haps “computers” refers to syntactical processing, ence. To date, no academic or exhaustive history of making my definition circular. So be it, I will hide email exists, and likewise, very few authors have behind the engineer’s keystone of pragmatism. Email attempted to understand critical issues of email. This systems work (usually), because syntax is arranged paper explores the history of email syntax: from its such that messages can be passed. origins in time-sharing computers through Request This paper demonstrates the centrality of for Comments (RFCs) standardization. In this histori- syntax to the history of email, and investigates inter- cal capacity, this paper addresses several prevalent esting socio–technical issues that arise from the par- historical mistakes, but does not attempt an exhaus- ticular development of email syntax. Syntax is an tive historiography. Further, as part of the rejection important constraint for contemporary computers, of “mainstream” historiographical methodologies this perhaps even a definitional quality. Additionally, as paper explores a critical theory of email syntax. It is machines, computers are physically constructed. argued that the ontology of email syntax is material, Thus, email syntax is material. This is a radical view but contingent and obligatory—and in a techno– for the academy, but (I believe), unproblematic for social assemblage. -
Distinguishing Attacks on the Stream Cipher Py
Distinguishing Attacks on the Stream Cipher Py Souradyuti Paul‡, Bart Preneel‡, and Gautham Sekar‡† ‡Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dept. ESAT/COSIC, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B–3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium †Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India, Dept. of Electronics and Instrumentation, Dept. of Physics. {souradyuti.paul, bart.preneel}@esat.kuleuven.be, [email protected] Abstract. The stream cipher Py designed by Biham and Seberry is a submission to the ECRYPT stream cipher competition. The cipher is based on two large arrays (one is 256 bytes and the other is 1040 bytes) and it is designed for high speed software applications (Py is more than 2.5 times faster than the RC4 on Pentium III). The paper shows a statistical bias in the distribution of its output-words at the 1st and 3rd rounds. Exploiting this weakness, a distinguisher with advantage greater than 50% is constructed that requires 284.7 randomly chosen key/IV’s and the first 24 output bytes for each key. The running time and the 84.7 89.2 data required by the distinguisher are tini · 2 and 2 respectively (tini denotes the running time of the key/IV setup). We further show that the data requirement can be reduced by a factor of about 3 with a distinguisher that considers outputs of later rounds. In such case the 84.7 running time is reduced to tr ·2 (tr denotes the time for a single round of Py). The Py specification allows a 256-bit key and a keystream of 264 bytes per key/IV. As an ideally secure stream cipher with the above specifications should be able to resist the attacks described before, our results constitute an academic break of Py. -
New Developments in Cryptology Outline Outline Block Ciphers AES
New Developments in Cryptography March 2012 Bart Preneel Outline New developments in cryptology • 1. Cryptology: concepts and algorithms Prof. Bart Preneel • 2. Cryptology: protocols COSIC • 3. Public-Key Infrastructure principles Bart.Preneel(at)esatDOTkuleuven.be • 4. Networking protocols http://homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~preneel • 5. New developments in cryptology March 2012 • 6. Cryptography best practices © Bart Preneel. All rights reserved 1 2 Outline Block ciphers P1 P2 P3 • Block ciphers/stream ciphers • Hash functions/MAC algorithms block block block • Modes of operation and authenticated cipher cipher cipher encryption • How to encrypt/sign using RSA C1 C2 C3 • Multi-party computation • larger data units: 64…128 bits •memoryless • Concluding remarks • repeat simple operation (round) many times 3 3-DES: NIST Spec. Pub. 800-67 AES (2001) (May 2004) S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S • Single DES abandoned round • two-key triple DES: until 2009 (80 bit security) • three-key triple DES: until 2030 (100 bit security) round MixColumnsS S S S MixColumnsS S S S MixColumnsS S S S MixColumnsS S S S hedule Highly vulnerable to a c round • Block length: 128 bits related key attack • Key length: 128-192-256 . Key S Key . bits round A $ 10M machine that cracks a DES Clear DES DES-1 DES %^C& key in 1 second would take 149 trillion text @&^( years to crack a 128-bit key 1 23 1 New Developments in Cryptography March 2012 Bart Preneel AES variants (2001) AES implementations: • AES-128 • AES-192 • AES-256 efficient/compact • 10 rounds • 12 rounds • 14 rounds • sensitive • classified • secret and top • NIST validation list: 1953 implementations (2008: 879) secret plaintext plaintext plaintext http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cavp/documents/aes/aesval.html round round.