1

table oftable contentstable of contents of contents ← ←table ← of contentstable of contents ← ← thethethe furniturefurniturethethe furniture furniturefurniture projectproject project projectproject دليل دليل تدريبي تدريبي يرجى االتصال Materials trainingtrainingtrainingtraining manualmanual manual manual يرجى االتصال www.unido.org www.unido.org www.unido.org www.unido.org training manual www.unido.org لمشروع لمشروع صناعة صناعة األثاثاألثاث الترجمة العربية للكتيب، الترجمة العربية للكتيب، لمزيد من المعلومات حول لمزيد من المعلومات حول

casebasicbasic studyhealthbasic carpentrycarpentry furniture and safety أساسيات ّالنجارة [email protected] بـ basic carpentry أساسيات ّالنجارة [email protected] بـ instructionsmaterials,materials,awarenessmaterials,materials, for المواد، المواد، planningtoolstoolsin thetools andandand techniquesproductiontechniquesand workshop techniques and techniques األدوات ّوالتاألدوات ّوالتقنياتقنيات 1 Issued together with the vocational training courses for high quality furniture productionIssued together high quality furniture with courses for the vocational training influx of Syrian refugees communities by sustainable livelihoods affected LEBANON: Creating for لبنان: توفير سبل عيش مستدامة للمجتمعات المتأثرة بتدفق الالجئين السوريين تم إصداره باإلضافة إىل دورات تدريب مهني إلنتاج أثاث بجودة عالية Issued together with the vocational training courses for high quality furniture productionIssued together high quality furniture with courses for the vocational training influx of Syrian refugees communities by sustainable livelihoods affected LEBANON: Creating for لبنان: توفير سبل عيش مستدامة للمجتمعات المتأثرة بتدفق الالجئين السوريين تم إصداره باإلضافة إىل دورات تدريب مهني إلنتاج أثاث بجودة عالية materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentrybasic carpentry Issued together with the vocational training courses for high quality furniture productionIssued together high quality furniture with courses for the vocational training influx of Syrian refugees communities by sustainable livelihoods affected LEBANON: Creating for productionIssued together high quality furniture with courses for the vocational training influx of influx of Syrian refugees Syrian refugees communities communities by by sustainable livelihoods sustainable livelihoods affected affected LEBANON: Creating LEBANON: Creating for for productionIssued together high quality furniture with courses for the vocational training influx of Syrian refugees communities by sustainable livelihoods affected LEBANON: Creating for ← tableofcontents

لمزيد من المعلومات حول الترجمة العربية للكتيب، يرجى االتصال بـ [email protected]

لمشروعصناعة األثاث قنيات جارة أساسيات الن دليلتدريبي ّ األدوات والت ّ المواد،

تم إصداره باإلضافة إىل دورات تدريب مهني إلنتاج أثاث بجودة عالية لبنان: توفير سبل عيش مستدامة للمجتمعات المتأثرة بتدفق الالجئين السوريين

Issued together with the vocational training courses for high quality furniture production LEBANON: Creating sustainable livelihoods for communities affected by influx of Syrian refugees www.unido.org tools andtechniques tools the furniturethe project basic carpentry training manual materials, first edition the furniturethe project case studyfurniture health andsafetyhealth basic carpentry training manuals part1/ 3 origin → properties → properties two classes according to their origin and two accordingto classes their

Wood species areWood into alsoclassified species density of summergrowndensity of into three classes according to their according tointo classes their three

highly humidityaffected commercial use. This classification and winter grown fibers low densityandweight, inhomogenous, Mostly inhomogenous, Mostly : Relatively properties ferous coni mostly High difference in properties. This classification Wood species areWood classified species

trade classification general classification density of summergrowndensity of Little to nodifferenceLittle in and winter grown fibers mostly non-coniferous mostly homogenous, Lower affection to humidity : Mostly : Mostly properties Arpapan Chantanakajornfung determines the use that can be made of them them madeof canbe use that determines the higher density, in trade andaffects and abilityto import the www. hegner-gmbh.com hardwood export products species. madefrom these visual concept, layout visual concept, english proofreading arabic version layout of them in and the way andthe they inwoodworking them of arabic proofreading technical drawings technical Hisham Zeineddine Printing &Binding arabic text editor Klaus Mayr-Luong Klaus Mayr-Luong PhilippReinsberg determines the use that can be made canbe usethat determines the machine images Philipp Reinsberg Hegner GermanyHegner text andediting Johnny Ragland grafisches Büro Johnny Ragland grafisches Büro www.makita.biz Sarah ElKareh www.unido.org Roger YounesRoger Felder Austria photography Nivine Chahni Makita Japan www felder.atwww illustrations Paul Jatalian translation Suisse Int’l Int’l Suisse publisher co-writer ← tableofcontents concept concept UNIDO Imprint Paper type type

materials have processed. to be properties to wood ,from to wood properties : Highdensity,properties other plants than trees plantsthan other bamboo, rattan, cane, Materials with similar Materials with sustainable Livelihoods sustainable Livelihoods

other materialsother the furniturethe Industry in Northern Lebanon in Northern Stavros Papastavrou Technical Education

Directorate General affected by influxof job opportunities in job opportunities solid wood accompanies the accompanies Tomoyoshi Koume UNIDO – Office for –Office UNIDO through improving project ‘ project of Japan, Ministry Japan, of of Vocationalof and Jordan, Lebanon high elasticity for Communities for Communities Syrian Refugees Syrian Refugees with The People species in cooperation in cooperation in Lebanonby management palmwood This volume first edition first edition distributed distributed wood of Industry,of and Syria Creating project project 1 2017

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materials, tools and techniques basic carpentry 1

لمزيد من المعلومات حول الترجمة العربية للكتيب، يرجى االتصال jigsandclampingaids surface finishingmedia clamping andpressing

بـ workshop organization [email protected] wood based materials based wood purpose made tools madetools purpose assembling process wood of processing woodworking tools tools woodworking andbiscuit templates andjigs protective blocks/ quick assembling maintenance tool and wood-based assembling and assembling combined joints combined and workplace and machines clamping jigs basic joints tool storingtool laminating solid wood adhesives workshop materials work area materials moulds joining 40 30 46 45 38 36 29 25 47 37 41 15 12 31 13 9 1 6 5 4 2 3 1

لمشروعصناعة األثاث قنيات جارة أساسيات الن دليلتدريبي ّ األدوات والت ّ المواد،

تم إصداره باإلضافة إىل دورات تدريب مهني إلنتاج أثاث بجودة عالية لبنان: توفير سبل عيش مستدامة للمجتمعات المتأثرة بتدفق الالجئين السوريين

Issued together with the vocational training courses for high quality furniture production LEBANON: Creating sustainable livelihoods for communities affected by influx of Syrian refugees www.unido.org tools andtechniques tools the furniturethe project basic carpentry training manual materials, first edition the furniturethe project case studyfurniture first edition health andsafetyhealth basic carpentry training manuals the furniturethe project case studyfurniture health andsafetyhealth basic carpentry part1/ training manuals 3 part1/ 3 origin → properties → properties two classes according to their origin and two accordingto classes their

Wood species areWood into alsoclassified species density of summergrowndensity of into three classes according to their according tointo classes their three

highly humidityaffected commercial use. This classification and winter grown fibers low densityandweight, inhomogenous, Mostly inhomogenous, Mostly : Relatively properties ferous coni mostly High difference in properties. This classification Wood species areWood classified species softwood

trade classification general classification density of summergrowndensity of Little to nodifferenceLittle in and winter grown fibers Arpapan Chantanakajornfung mostly non-coniferous mostly homogenous, Lower affection to humidity : Mostly : Mostly properties www. hegner-gmbh.com visual concept, layout visual concept, english proofreading arabic version layout determines the use that can be made of them them madeof canbe use that determines the arabic proofreading Arpapan Chantanakajornfung higher density, technical drawings technical Hisham Zeineddine Printing &Binding in trade andaffects and abilityto import the arabic text editor hardwood hardwood export products species. madefrom these Klaus Mayr-Luong Klaus Mayr-Luong PhilippReinsberg machine images Philipp Reinsberg Hegner GermanyHegner text andediting Johnny Ragland www. hegner-gmbh.com of them in woodworking and the way andthe they inwoodworking them of grafisches Büro Johnny Ragland grafisches Büro visual concept, layout visual concept, www.makita.biz Sarah ElKareh english proofreading www.unido.org arabic version layout Roger YounesRoger Felder Austria photography Nivine Chahni arabic proofreading Makita Japan www felder.atwww illustrations Paul Jatalian technical drawings technical determines the use that can be made canbe usethat determines the translation Hisham Zeineddine Printing &Binding Suisse Int’l Int’l Suisse arabic text editor publisher Klaus Mayr-Luong Klaus Mayr-Luong PhilippReinsberg machine images co-writer Philipp Reinsberg Hegner GermanyHegner text andediting concept concept Johnny Ragland grafisches Büro Johnny Ragland grafisches Büro www.makita.biz UNIDO Imprint Sarah ElKareh www.unido.org Paper Roger YounesRoger Felder Austria photography Nivine Chahni Makita Japan www felder.atwww illustrations type type Paul Jatalian translation Suisse Int’l Int’l Suisse publisher co-writer concept concept

UNIDO Imprint Paper type type

materials have processed. to be

sustainable Livelihoods sustainable Livelihoods

properties to wood ,from to wood properties : Highdensity,properties the furniturethe Industry in Northern Lebanon in Northern Stavros Papastavrou Technical Education other plants than trees plantsthan other Directorate General affected by influxof job opportunities in job opportunities bamboo, rattan, cane, accompanies the accompanies Tomoyoshi Koume UNIDO – Office for –Office UNIDO through improving Materials with similar Materials with project ‘ project of Japan, Ministry Japan, of of Vocationalof and Jordan, Lebanon for Communities for Communities Syrian Refugees Syrian Refugees with The People in cooperation in cooperation other materialsother sustainable Livelihoods sustainable Livelihoods

in Lebanonby management

This volume solid wood the furniturethe Industry in Northern Lebanon in Northern first edition first edition Stavros Papastavrou Technical Education distributed distributed Directorate General affected by influxof job opportunities in job opportunities accompanies the accompanies high elasticity Tomoyoshi Koume UNIDO – Office for –Office UNIDO of Industry,of through improving project ‘ project species of Japan, Ministry Japan, of of Vocationalof and and Syria Jordan, Lebanon for Communities for Communities Creating Syrian Refugees Syrian Refugees with The People project project in cooperation in cooperation palmwood in Lebanonby management wood This volume first edition first edition 2017 distributed distributed of Industry,of and Syria Creating 1 ’ project project

2017 ’ materials, tools and techniques basic carpentry 1

jigsandclampingaids surface finishingmedia clamping andpressing workshop organization wood based materials based wood purpose made tools madetools purpose assembling process wood of processing woodworking tools tools woodworking dowels andbiscuit templates andjigs protective blocks/ quick assembling tool maintenance tool and wood-based assembling and assembling combined joints combined jigsandclampingaids surface finishingmedia and workplace clamping andpressing workshop organization and machines wood based materials based wood clamping jigs purpose made tools madetools purpose assembling process wood of processing basic joints tool storingtool woodworking tools tools woodworking laminating solid wood dowels andbiscuit templates andjigs adhesives protective blocks/ workshop materials work area quick assembling tool maintenance tool materials and wood-based assembling and assembling combined joints combined moulds and workplace joining and machines clamping jigs basic joints tool storingtool laminating solid wood adhesives workshop materials work area materials moulds joining 40 30 46 45 38 36 29 25 47 37 41 15 12 13 31 9 1 6 5 4 2 3 1

40 30 46 45 38 36 29 25 47 37 41 15 12 31 13 9 1 6 5 4 2 3 1

2 3

from ‚tropical woods‘ grain direction temperate climates origin: tropical regions most common species The different principal cuts give different grain origin: temperate : materials directions. Each grain direction has different materials to arctic zones of the northern , jacaranda, hemisphere , zebrano, properties, benefits and inconveniences that most common species : , padouk, have to be kept in mind when choosing a , , , , , fernambuc, ironwood, piece of wood. , ash, , sycamore, lacewood, pearlwood, walnut, cherry, , poplar, pear louro preto, pao ferro, and other fruitwood satine ...

As some of the tropical species are Additionally to this, the use of tropical standing grain – endangered of extinction for reasons of woods is rejected in many markets for vertical grain 1 excessive trading in the past, trade reasons of ecofriendliness. with those species is limited and in some growth direction parallel to the surface of the cases forbidden in many markets. board, grain almost perpendicular to the An internationally accredited list surface of the board benefits of endangered species (CITES) lists all : resistant species of limited or forbidden trade. against warping, angled grain even shrinking, even surface properties disadvantages: high growth direction lateral shrinking (10%) parallel to the cuts surface of the board, grain angled to the surface of the board principal cuts benefits: economic disadvantages: Wood fibers grow vertically in rings around irregular shrinking (rhomboid) the core of the tree. There are three principal ways of cutting the tree into tradeable units. The principal cut influences both surface and aesthetic properties, general stableness and dimension stableness. Traded wood for furniture making mostly is cut tangential for end grain economic reasons. growth direction perpendicular to the surface of the board benefits: harder surface than other cuts, used in special kinds of flooring on slab disadvantages: difficult to , growth direction parallel edges break easily, to the surface of the core region tends to board, grain in circular stress cracks, irregular segments radial tangential transversal shrinking (trapezoid) benefits: can give decorative patterns, parallel to direction of parallel cuts going perpendicular to growth economic cut disadvantages growth going from the parallel to growth and grain direction, : center of the tree to direction, giving board- giving slice-shaped warping, splintering, the bark, giving shaped pieces. most pieces. Not frequently breaking, irregular wedge-shaped pieces economic way to cut. used in furniture making shrinking (concave/ of standing grain Giving different convex/ v-shaped), grains dependant on dependant of species which part of the trunk and distance to core the piece is taken from Training course manuals Training Theory tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 4 5

veneer cuts shrinking

Veneers are thinly cut woods that are precious woods are processed into Wood fibers take on and loose moisture and shrinking and is most evident with

materials glued onto carcasses made from other woods veneers. There are three different ways of due to relative air moisture in the wood that has no coating or surface materials out of different reasons. Mostly producing veneers determining thickness surroundings to build a dynamic balance. This finishing. The percentage of growth and expensive, highly decorative or otherwisely and properties of the veneer. results in a cyclic dimension growth shrinking is different in different grain directions.

longitudinal: neglectible transversal: ca. 10% radial: ca. 5% 1

cut blade cut rotary cut shrinkage induced deformations

tangential or radial cut tangential cut done cut done with blades by Due to the different shrinking done with special with blades going around the trunk used for rather used for thin veneers used for thin veneers to percentages in different grain directions, thick veneers (1-5mm) (0,3-1mm) grain special patterns in boards with grain going in an angle or in certain wood species. circular segments are changing their form and in many cases warp.

The thickness of veneers depends on the Veneers from precious woods thicker Warping is dependant of lieing grain and denseness of the wood species as well as on than 0,8 mm are mainly used in grain irregularities and will lead to breaking the way it is produced. Softwood veneers conservation/restoration and artesanal if the board is fixed on all sides. are mostly thicker than hardwood veneers. furniture making and are very often custom made. Thick veneers from cheaper Generally most commercially traded woods are used in production. veneers are 0,4-0,9mm and blade cut.

general material properties of wood

end grain angled cut on slab main split direction cut grain On slab cuts give boards that End grain cut Units with angled consist both of standing and Most wood species tend to split more grain direction and parallel to the growth units will shrink to grain will shrink to lieing grain. Due to different likely in a certain angle. This angle is radial direction of the wood. The tendency to split a trapezoid form a rhomboid form shrinking directions of those to the core, perpendicular to the is different in different wood species. grain directions, the board will tend to get convex/concave.

irregularities Care has to be taken Also when using not to use wood in a way where nails or , the Most grain irregularities punctual weight is put on wood will crack like twisted or irregular in this direction, especially in this direction grain will lead to warping when fibers are short if the hole is even when well stored.

materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry (e.g. curved leg of a chair). not pre-drilled. tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 6 7

material quality

materials flaws materials

Not all parts of the tree are suitable for use in furniture making and woodworking. branches irregular fiber resin cells There are parts that will cause problems growth coniferous woods if used due to their irregular shrinking, Branches as well as the area around branches Grain going in large Cavities containing warping or provoking cracks and breaks („root“ of the branch curves in more viscous resins when ageing. and surrounding fibers) than one direction disadvantages: the there are light coloured disadvantages: areas resins spoil any surface and black (dead) ones of short grain effect treatment when ageing. Also some growth irregularities will disadvantages impede cutting, and surface : the the stabilty in a So these areas have 1 irregularity of the fibers negative way and to be removed locally. 1 treating. Some of these woods will be used around the branch and can make the piece In many cases these despite this for their aesthetic qualities the lack of cohesion unuseable for cavities are not visible or effects like colouring, play of light, between the branch and load carrying from the outside. liveliness or rustic charme, but normally the surrounding wood construction parts core these parts of the trunk are cut away effect both stability and shrinkage behaviour in as cutting waste. a negative way. Wood from the center dead branches have to of the trunk, often be cut out. removed directly after logging of the tree to avoid corebreaking disadvantages: irregular shrinking leads to stress cracks. boards containing the core tend to shrink to a V-shape. grain anomalities There are also flaws that make the wood useless for carpentry and furniture making. There are grain anomalities that give These woods should not be chosen at all. optical effects or patterns highly apreciated in high end furniture making. Woods showing these anomalities fungus are more expensive than plain woods and mostly too precious to use There are certain species of fungus them as solid woods but commonly or rot occurring in the live trees that cause colour changes and processed into veneers. One has to keep possible stabilty problems. Fungus in mind that irregularities in grain is visible as dark or blueish stains always demand higher care in cutting sapwood and surface treatment.

Wood from the outer area of the trunk of corewood species. (f. i. oak, larch, pine, walnut and most fruitwood trees) disadvantages: less dense than heartwood, higher water content, less dimension twisted grain flames/curls/quilts burr birds eye stableness and higher Grain going in a helix mode inclination to breaking. Fibers are waved in one Wood taken either from Anomalities around the trunk in some species, or two directions. This the roots ot a tree or resembling small knots, disadvantages: will warp sapwood must not phenomenon occurs from pathological growth twigs or branches, uncontrollable even if properly be used for furniture most often in compact areas. highly decorative, most stored making. like maple, common in maple wood materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry walnut, fruitwoods tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 8 9

storing

veneer storing

materials solid wood storing materials Veneers are traded, delivered and stored in Wood storing can be done inside or outside packs of 16, 24, 32 or 64 sheets. buildings. The way wood is stored has a Veneers are fragile and predisposed to high impact on the moisture of the wood as damages from wrong handling and storing. well as on certain deteriorations. Outside Storing veneers requires higher care than storing is practised for the first steps of drying. storing other timber and wood. Inside storing has to take place before using the wood in furniture production.

light cleanliness climate 1 1

As veneers from Even small particles Veneers need a stable precious woods can damage veneers climate of moderate are often chosen if getting between the Termperature (around because of their colour, sheets. The storage 15-20°C) and high discolouring due to place has to be kept relative air moisture sunlight and other very cleanly to avoid (about 65%). If stored storage direction air circulation moisture and fluids light must be avoided. this kind of damages too dry, the veneer will Veneer storing rooms get rough and brittle. have to be protected Wood can be In order to avoid Influence of water as from excessive daylight deformed by its own deformations, well as other liquids has and other excessive weight if influenced deterioration and to be avoided by any light sources. If it is over a longer period other damages due to means, as continuing not possible to have a of time due to wrong irregular drying, air has exposure to moisture light protected room storage. Wood leaned to circulate around will cause discolouring, for storing veneers only, to the wall or stored the single wood pieces. further the growth of the stacks should be horizontally on an To achieve this, fungus and rot and covered. uneven ground will show spacers have to be ruin the wood. For this these deformations. used when stacking. reason wood stored These deformations Spacers are wooden outside has to be can be made undone bars with sqare protected from rain and only with great efforts. If cross-section that other atmospherical possible, wood should have to be positioned influences by a cover be stacked horizontally in one line to avoid or roof. Inside storage on an even ground warping due to uneven rooms have to be to avoid weight weight distribution. protected against water induced warping. pipe breakages and leaking roofs. Care has to be taken to avoid condensation. wood based materials insects climate basic kinds of wood based materials Constant care has to As wood is sensitive be taken to avoid wood to moisture and vermin like Anobia. changes in relative air Area underneath stored moisture, care has Wood based materials are commercial woods have to be to be taken to achieve products based on wood, often combined controlled regularly for a stable climate in with artificial substances. insect traces like small storing areas. Damages white heaps of dust. in wood will occur with moisture too high as They were developed to avoid technical well as with moisture problems caused by the specific too low. It is reasonable material properties of wood like dimension to control the relative instability, tendence to break in air moisture in storage rooms by using a certain grain directions, relatively high thermohygrogaph. specific weight, dimension limits or different processing effort in different materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry grain directions. tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry

↧ 10 ↥ 11

Most of these materials are made from cheap wood species and therefore often chosen for economic reasons. materials materials materials based on solid wood

chipboard – oriented strand fiberboard MDF softboard board OSB Wooden dust or fibers pressed Wooden dust or fibers pressed wooden chips or shaving together with adhesives together by using the „wet process“ characteristics characteristics pressed together with adhesives : : low density, characteristics 1 : uneven very even texture and density, by incorportating additives certain 1 texture and density, fragile edges produced in different density properties can be improved, used for: cheap board construction grades comes, natural or coloured e.g. moisture or fire restistance used for used for solid wood panels blockboard and laminboard veneer plywood like solid wood, construction sites, : board constructions : insulation shuttering boards and free modeled forms, mould board due to their acoustic Glued together from bars of solid Put together from bars of solid Put together from several making, backsides of furniture and thermal properties wood and can also be assembled wood glued or unglued, covered layers of thick veneers, grain into multi-layered boards. by thick veneers on both sides alternately perpendicular characteristics: warps less than characteristics: warps characteristics: solid wood, shrinks like solid wood less than solid wood, shrinks dimension stable used for: board construction like less than solid wood used for: cheap board solid wood used for: board construction constructions and like solid wood backsides of furniture

fiberboard

Wooden fibers pressed together with adhesives Characteristics: even surface, higher density at the board surfaces special kinds used for: all kind of constructions. of wood drawer-side plywood Mostly used in veneering based materials Put together from several layers of thick veneers, grain parallel lightweight and composite materials characteristics: cheaper than solid wood used for: bending and drawers

materials based on wood dust, chips or shavings

Dust, chip and shaving based materials need different blades than solid wood when cut on machines due to the adhesives and other substances added in production of the cavity chipboard: composite boards: respective material. Chipboard with tubular cavities and Top layers from wood, middle layer thick veneering made from cardboard, synthetic Especially fine-cutting characteristics: lightweight material or metal sed for characteristics blades for veneer cutting have to be u : architectural woodworks, : very lightweight exchanged before cutting chipboard or doors used for: furniture, architectural materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry fiberboard. woodworks, doors tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 12 13

adhesives surface finishing media

basic kinds of adhesives used in drying oils materials furniture making materials

Drying oils are filmbuilding natural substances Drying oils produce heat when drying and Adhesives are used in furniture making that dry chemically catalyzed by UV light bear the danger of self-igniting when drying to join prepared units of wood and temperature. They are absorbed by open on porous surfaces like paper, textiles or together or fix sheet materials on prepared grain and by that deepen the colour and wood shavings and dust. units of wood. pattern of wood. Textiles and paper saturated with drying Drying oils can be used as a oils have to be washed immediately priming or as a surface film for open-pored or stored under exclusion of oxygen to animal glue (hot) fish glue surfaces. Oils have to be applied in very avoid fire. ↗ ● p 26 1 1 thin layers to accelerate drying. Oiled surfaces Made from animal Made from fish skins have to be reworked regularly. bones, skin or fish bladders and bladders specially Varieties: treated to hide glue, bone be cold processed Benefits glue, isinglass glue : Benefits: non toxic, water non toxic, water swellable and soluble, pure oils swellable and soluble, doesnt contain thermoplastic when solvents, reversible Disadvantages wet, doesn't contain : solvents, reversible sensitive to dryness linseed oil walnut oil poppyseed oil Disadvantages : and moisture, Chemically drying Chemically drying Chemically drying has to be heated for susceptible to fungus processing, sensitive Varieties: comes benefits: non toxic, benefits: non toxic, to dryness and natural or bleached. natural substance, natural substance, moisture, susceptible benefits: non toxic, environmentally environmentally to fungus, long setting urea glue natural substance, friendly, ages better friendly, ages better time (8 hours) environmentally friendly than linseed oil than linseed oi Urea or Melamine disadvantages: disadvantages: disadvantages: based 2-components long drying time, very long drying very long system gets yellow or brown time drying time Benefits PVA and PVAC glue : not water when ageing sensitive, fills cavities isadvantages Poly Vinyl Alcohol/ D : Poly Vinyl Acetate Benefits irreversible, : non toxic, environmentally short setting time unfriendly mixtures Disadvantages: irreversible, needs Acetone to swell. PU glue linseed oil teak oil hard oils

Poly Urethane Benefits pre-dried linseed oil mixture of different oils, mixtures of different : not water with drying agents to be resins and solvent oils, resins, waxes and melting glue sensitive benefits benefits EVA, PA or PU Disadvantages thinned with turpentine : solvents : : benefits: modest drying time modest drying time irreversible, environ- shorter drying time disadvantages: disadvantages: Ethylen Vinyl Acetate, Poly mentally unfriendly disadvantages: gets contains environ- contains environ- Amid or Poly Urethane yellow or brown when mentally unfriendly mentally unfriendly Benefits: thermoplastic ageing, contains components protective components protective Disadvantages: environmentally measures should measures should be irreversible, environmentally 3/1 PU foam glue unfriendly components be taken when working taken when working unfriendly (drying agents) with solvents with solvents Poly Urethane with protective measures foaming agent should be taken when Benefits: not water working with turpentine sensitive, fills cavities Disadvantages: irreversible, environ-

materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry mentally unfriendly tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 14 15

solvents 2

materials Solvents are used to thin oils and in order to faciliate oils penetrating the wood, woodworking to apply even layers of coatings and to dilute and disperse resins and or waxes in mixtures tools and machines and dilutions. Solvents are contained in most mixtures of oils, resins and waxes.

turpentine – balm turpentine essential oils white spirit distilled from fir resin lavender, rosemary, citrus petrochemical product 1 2 solves most resins and some solves most resins solves most waxes vapours waxes skin penetrating, can be harmful. Skin contact vapours can be harmful. cancerogenous. Avoid skin can cause irritations Skin penetrating, contact environmentally cancerogenous. harmful Avoid skin contact. environmetally harmful ethanol solves most resins

vapours can be harmful. processing wood and wood based materials

solid wood → splitting

storing surface finishing Splitting is a technique to radially fragment materials and chemicals trunks into tradeable units without cutting the fibers by taking advantage of the main split direction, done by or similar. Surface finishing substances, solvents and other chemicals should be stored in special No waste is produced. lockers made from metal. It is mainly used for fire wood and for preparing tonewoods for musical instrument making. It is not used in furniture industry. cleanliness climate air circulation

As many of the As many surface to avoid critical substances used for finishing substances enrichment of solvent solid wood and wood based materials → surface finishing are are inflammable when vapours in the air, sawing dangerous goods, still unprocessed or the locker should be the area of storing hold the danger of self ventilated by small as well as the area of igniting, it is advisable apertures and the Sawing is the main technique for both working has to be tidy to keep the temperature room the locker is fragmenting trunks into tradeable units and and clean. low. This includes placed in has to positioning the be ventilated naturally trimming units to size in poduction Containers have to be solvents locker in a or technically.. process. Within the process of sawing, closed to minimize place protected from material is abrased perpenticular to evaporation of volatile direct sunlight. the cutting direction, leaving a rough or components and hinder riffled surface. Waste is produced in chemical reactions like setting or oxydation of the form of dust and rest pieces. the substances stored. Sawing can be done in or against growth materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry direction with different saw blades. tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry

↧ 16 ↥ 17

hand saws power tools

Saws for hand sawing differ according to Power saws have to be fitted with purpose of use. There are different blades exchangeable saw blades according to the for length cutting and for cross cutting requested fineness and accurateness of as well as differences in the direction of the cut as well as to the material to be cut. abrasion movement. ↗ ● p 42 woodworking tools woodworking tools

2 asian fine saw 2 dozuki

used for rough cuts. used for fine cuts works drawing. not used in both directions in furniture building fret saw/ saw electric / hand-held used for curved sabre saw cuts in Used for rough cuts and thin units (slabs fragmenting trunks and boards. Used for straight or Used for straight cuts and veneers) not used in furniture making curved cuts asian double saw ryoba machines used for crosscuts and parallel cuts Machine saws have to be fitted with used for cutting exchangeable saw blades according to the units to size requested fineness and accurateness of the cut as well as to the material to be cut. For safety reasons, the machine setup has back saws to be adapted accordingly. ↗ ● p 13, 14, 7, 8, 9, 10 used for fine cuts in thin units (bars, sheets and asian offset saw akagashi veneers) and carpenters mitre saw joints used for crosscuts used for preparation of mitred joints asian kataba

used for saw parallel cuts

used for cutting holes and curves

, chop saw , sizing saw Used for short straight cross cuts, ↗ ● p 14 mitred and length cuts

Used for long straight length cuts, materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry orthogonal or angled cutting edge tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry

↧ 18 ↥ 19

solid wood and wood based materials → cutting

Cutting techniques are used to achieve smooth surfaces both in plane surfaces planing and in three dimensional surfaces carving/planing/ /turning woodworking tools by cutting the fibers in woodworking tools direction of growth.

Within the process of cutting, material is unraveled and lifted parallel to the cutting direction, leaving a smooth surface. Waste is produced in the form of shavings. 2 2

hand tools

carving

Carving is a fiber-cutting method of creating three-dimensional free form. It leaves a smooth surface and doesnt produce dust. In carving, it is important to avoid the cutting direction going against the grain

band saw

Used for curved cuts ↗ ● p 21 carving knifes veneer knifes

Used for carving three- Used for cutting dimensional forms veneers

Used for small radius curved and free-form cuts on thin units veneers sculptors chisels panel saw Used mainly for carving Used mainly for three- Used for long straight length cuts, flat surfaces and dimensional free form cutting edge orthogonal or angled geometric form in and sculpted surfaces jointmaking in decoration work materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 20 21

scraping power tools

Scraping is used to take off particles or planing/milling smudges from the surface. It is also a cutting method of surface preparation that can be Power planes and milling machines work used instead of sanding, leaving a glossy different than hand planes. Blades surface and enhancing the colour and pattern are mounted on a rotating . Power

woodworking tools of the wood. planes are mostly used in surface preparation. woodworking tools ↗ ● p 42, 7

scraper 2 blades 2

Used to clean and smoothen surfaces

planing

Planing is a fiber-cutting method of trimming used in traditional carpentry to trim to size hand held planer template to size, flattening surfaces or produce as well as to achieve flat and even surfaces. linear mouldings. It leaves a smooth surface There are special planes for producing Used to flatten surfaces Used for three dimensional mouldings and produces shavings. Machine three-dimensional mouldings. and depressions planing produces dust. In planing, it is important to avoid the cutting direction going European planes work when pushed, Asian against the grain. Hand planes are planes work when drawn.

machines

planing ↗ ● p 26, 30, 7, 45

plane Used to flatten Used for preparation surfaces in preparation Used to produce of length joints of length joints rectangular depression

smoothing moulding planes planes Used to straighten thicknessing machine surface planer surfaces roughly or Used to achieve a Used to produce to roughen the smooth surface shaped mouldings Used to trim to size surfaces Used to flatten surface and trim to surface for glueing size surfaces and edges materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 22 23

milling solid wood and wood based materials → abrasing ↗ ● p 33, 7, 45

Abrasing is trimming units to size and/or form by grinding down the surface. It is done by rasping, filing or sanding. Sanding are surface treatment methods by using agents

woodworking tools applied to textiles or paper. woodworking tools

It is used for planing surfaces. Waste is produced in form of wooden dust mixed with mineral particles from the abrasive agents. Care has to be taken not inhale the dust and not to bring the dust or the sanded piece into 2 contact with cutting blades. 2

hand tools

spindle moulder rasping/filing Used to create straight, curved, angled and shaped mouldings are fiber-crushing methods for trimming produce dust. and files are used for to size, neating edges and producing angled small correctures and neatening. working surfaces or free-form. They direction is perpendicular to direction of force application. turning

files rasps

used for filing edges used for trimming

sanding

is a fiber-crushing method of trimming to size, surfaces flattening and surface preparation. It leaves a smooth surface dependant to the gradation of the abrasive component. Sanding is done by making use of abrasive papers, textiles or fleece, coming in different gradations. Abrasive paper and textiles should be used with a special made from cork, rubber or another Used to create units with elastic material or with special circular or oval cross section moulded liners. Care has to be taken not to slur surfaces and edges. materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 24 25

polishing/varnish sanding 3

Varnish sanding and polishing is done by making use of abrasive papers, textiles or fleece of very fine gradation. It can also be workshop and done by loose abrasive powders or pastes and cloth. workplace woodworking tools

power tools ↗ ● p 42, 7, 10, 11 2 2

workshop organization

hand belt disc sander Organization, both of layout and working Used for small scale flat or Used for small scale flat or practices in the workshop increases product curved surfaces and edges, curved surfaces and edges, quality, efficiency and safety. usually with coarse or usually with coarse or medium gradation paper medium gradation paper Dependant of the size of the space given, a smooth development of working places and a binding procedure should be established to avoid obstructions of the production process.

machines ↗ ● p 10, 11, 46 A well planned workshop also has a positive psychological effect leading to a maximisation of efficiency.

spatial separation/defining areas

For the purposes of safety and efficiency, finishing. spraying determines a it is essential to designate and requirement for a completely separate room. differentiate certain areas of the workshop. An enclosed office area for designing, Ideally areas of segregation should planning, administration and discussion is include: storing, machining, hand work and naturally advantageous.

long belt sander/edge sander arrangement of areas

Used for sanding Used for sanding edges If possible the different areas of the workshop routes and unnecessary transports. surfaces, usually with and small scale surfaces, should be sequentially arranged. This A typical layout is: timber storage → bench coarse or medium usually with coarse or enables work in progress to follow logically machines → small/fine machines materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry gradation paper medium gradation paper from one stage to another avoiding circuit → bench work → hand surface finishing tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 26 27

passageways the 5-S method of process improvement It is important to have walkways and gangways people (usually 1m) and, depending on the workshop workshop clear of all obstacles. They should be kept to size of projects being manufactured, To maximize efficiency, save time and avoid a width wide enough for easy passing of two convenient for ease of object movement. disruptive factors as well as accidents, the 5 S method was developed.

Its goal is to eliminate every factor tidyness, cleanliness and order distracting from value–creating activites in production process. It includes It is necessary to keep everything tidy, in safe and efficient running of projects. A sink, cleanliness, keeping of an proven order, particular working surfaces. A workshop free positioned close to the entrance for hand regular dismissal of unnecessary tools and from obstacles and a minimum of waste washing before exiting the workshop, is an other items as well as habitualization. and contaminants, as well as replacing tools essential aspect of a good workshop. 3 in their designated storage, makes for the 3

lightling sorting shining

Lighting in working areas has to be sufficient product quality and can impede workflow. If Clearly distinguish Keep the workplace needed items neat and clean is for the work done. Insufficient lighting possible, there should be natural light but no from unneeded ones necessary for reasons increases the risks of accidents and other direct sunlight in addition to artificial lighting. and eliminate the of product quality. associated health risks. It also influences Artificial lighting has to be glare-free. latter. This includes the Cleaning should be elimination of damaged, done on a regular basis outdated or unfit tools and parallel to work by for reasons of all employees. product quality, safety ventilation and dust and time saving.

Ventilation and dust extraction is vital for Airborne dust can ignite and in some cases health and saferty. Wood dust and other self-ignite. Dust extractions have to be used airborne particles can cause allergies, in any dust producing work. Working areas standardizing sustaining respiratory problems and potentially lead should always be ventilated but not exposed to diseases, in some cases even cancer. to strong air-flow. ↗ ● p 11, 46 Habitualize proven Maintain established procedures to save procedures to achieve time, avoid flaws in constant quality and product quality and reduce organisation unnecessary delays in and preparation time finishing cloth disposal production process. requirement

Cloths contaminated with flammable based in an open disposal unit. They should only products will under certain circumstances be placed in a specially designed, sealed self-ignite; therefore, they should never be put metal container. ↗ ● p 17 setting in order/ straightening

Keep needed items in the correct place for easy and immediate retrieval. This is necessary to save time by having the right tool by hand immediately. materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 28 29

tool storing and other methods of supporting work Proper storage of tools and machine parts workshop workshop minimises unnecessary wear of cutting For efficiency, as well for safety reasons, tools and sawblades. This reduces not only work should be clamped and/or supported the costs and expenditure of time invested during an operation to enable in tool maintenance or acquisition of new accurate and safe working. tools, but is also necessary for good working practices leading to product quality and Tables and supports have to be stable working safety. enough not to flex or move when the work is being carried out. Saws and cutting blades have to be stored separately from abrasive media. All tools, workbench especially those with ferrous-based parts, 3 should be stored in a dry place. 3 The traditional workbench is one of the best options for working on small to medium sized workpieces. It has different methods to hold work, consisting of vices and clamping dogs. hand saws and circular saw blades should be made from a heavy species of solid hardwood Stored hand saws and circular saw blades supports or be hung on wooden supports. to make them stable and strong. should be done so with cutting edges and Hand saws should be vertically stored or In most cases, workbenches will have teeth protected. Circular saw blades should supported in a wooden saw holding device. a drawer or containers for storing either be stored flat on wooden or cardboard ↗ ● p 45 small handtools.

work tables

Work tables are used for assembly and work. They can usefully act to support large, flat work pieces and panels or veneers.

Height adjustable tables improve working posture and can be quickly adapted to other cutting tools the working height size of the work piece. As workbenches, work tables have to be Knives, chisels and planes should be stored at the workbench. Chisels and tools can be stable and strong. in a way the cutting edges are not in contact hung to wooden supports or stored lying flat with metal or other hard surfaces to maximize on wooden fixtures. Plane blades can be their lifetime. Mostly these tools retracted for protection if the plane is not in work trestles are stored in wooden boxes or in containers use for a longer time. ↗ ● p 45

Larger flat pieces, such as table tops, can also be placed on work trestles.

Although not as stable as a purpose made table they can nonetheless be useful when the operation does not require too much pressure or movement, such as painting.

They are light, can be stacked and therefore have the advantage of materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry easy storage. tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 30 31

tool maintenance and 4 sharpening

workshop Maintaining tools and machines is essential for good quality of work and for safety reasons. wood

The sharpening of saws and saw blades is normally outsourced to a firm specialising in these practices. Sharpening of cutting blades of hand tools or scrapers is usually done in-house.

correct use 3 Machines and hand tools have recognised machine parts in the intended way (right 4 and accepted methods of usage. This directions and angles), using the correct tool maximises lifetime and minimizes for which it was designed and the correct maintenance This includes using tools and blade for the material being cut. ↗ ● p 45 basic joints industrial and economic joints

tool sharpening butt joints

Tools can be sharpened in-house on blades become jagged. When using a The simplest way to connect wood units is to , whetstones and polishing tools. grinder to sharpen, care has to be taken glue them together. Butt glued joints are so It is generally advisable to re-sharpen cutting not to burn the blade (apparent called because two pieces of wood are butted tools regularly and not waiting until through a change of colour). ↗ ● p 45 up against each other. This is often used for solid wood board construction.

Where any load bearing strength is required, this type of joint should not be used for connecting end to end grain. Glued joints always have to be tight fitting to guarantee a durable and strong joint.

O I

joints reinforced with materials other than wood

The strength of some joints will be increased by use of metal or plastics. Most commonly used are nails and screws.

For light construction, staples can aid a joint These reinforcements are mostly, but not materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry necessarily used in combination with glueing. tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry

↧ 32 ↥ 33

grooved edge and tenon joints jointing jointing

Tusk tenons and grooved edge are used nails srews staples where there is the likelihood of an increased load. The greater the load requirement Nails can be used Using screws increases Staples are used for the more complex the interlink has to be in for both glued and the durability and connecting thin material unglued joints. Unglued strength of a joint. to a frame and for where order to maximize the glueing nailed joint should be heads can be set there is little or no load surface and resilience against shear forces. considered weak or below the surface or left bearing requirement, The glue joints have to be tight fitting, temporary. heads showing. Screwing is for example, for back as much as possible. ↗ ● p 41-43, 45 can be set below the often used for ‘flat pack’ panels of inexpensive surface or left flush with self-assembly furniture. flat packed furniture. the surface. Nailing Prior to screw use, the 4 4 carries the danger of wood will require pre- splitting wood. This . ↗ ● p 38 preparatory is less likely when the edge joints nail´s point is blunted. ↗ ● p 38 Preparatory edge joints are used to enlargen boards before using them in furniture production.

These joints are used in the joints reinforced with production of pre-fabricated wood and wooden wood based materials. Preparatory edge joints are always glued together. The strength of joints can be increased by real carpenters joints. Most of these glueing joint / use of wooden connecting pieces. reinforcements are prefabricated. finger edge joint These improve resilience in different stress They are generally used in combination Finger edge joints are used on the directions but are less effort to do than with glueing. ↗ ● p 41-43, 45 edge of boards to construct large panels. A router or spindle moulder is used to cut corresponding angled grooves before glue and pressure are applied.

edge joints

dowels biscuits Edge joints are used to connect board-shaped units of wood to form larger Dowels are solid Biscuits are pre- boards. These joints are usually done wood cylindrical rods fabricated flat that are inserted into oval-shaped, highly grain parallel. Loose corresponding holes. A dried compressed tongue joints stable joint is achieved solid wood dowels They can be glued or left without glue with multiple dowels which are inserted into dependant on the construction and the Loose tongues are positioned for every corresponding slots. intended use. strips of rectangular direction of stress. They expand when wet section material Dowels can be used with glue, increasing tongue used as an alternative for straight or angled the strength of the and joint to cutting a tongue-and jointing, mainly for bond. Biscuits are used groove for edge joints. corner and frame joints. for corner or edge joints offer They are inserted They are usually pre- joints; they are a method of board enlargening into corresponding fabricated. particularly used when without the requirement for continuous grooves. ↗ ● p 40 bonding end grain. specialist machinery. They can be They are usually not ↗ ● p 40 glued or left without glue where prefabricated, but the boards are fixed to supports made specifically for for easier disassembly and to allow enlargement and shrinking. materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry each project. tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 34 35

board stabilizing jointing jointing For solid wood board construction, larger surfaces require supports in order to avoid warping. The joints used for this must allow for expansion and contraction and therefore must not be glued to avoid stress cracking and warping.

mortise and hidden mortise tenon slot and stub tenon

4 Used for building Aesthetically 4 frames or seating pleasing frame joint, dovetail key breadboard ends furniture. Because the used for building support tenon is supported on frames or seating Breadboard ends are used at all sides, it is possible furniture. Invisible to increase the bond’s Dovetail keys are used in the the ends of boards to avoid from the outside. strength with the use middle of boards crossing the warping. They can be done as of wedges driven either grain. The grain direction of grooved boards or as loose side of the tenon. the dovetail key is perpendicular tongues. The grain direction to the grain of the board. If of breadboards runs at 90 degrees necessary, the dovetail key to the board´s grain. can be glued to the board on one end. frame joints

Frame joints are used to connect bar- shaped section pieces of wood. They are often used for the construction of seating furniture or supporting frame constructions. angled joints

Grain directions are usually close to right Carpenters angled joints (corner joints) angles to each other, the ends to be joined are used mainly in cabinet-building to usually showing end grain. connect board-shaped section pieces of That’s why complex joints are necessary wood to build angled constructions. to achieve a stable connection. The grain direction of the units is usually ↗ ● p 41-43, 45 perpendicular or angled to each other.

mitred joint finger interlocking joint half- mortise and Aesthetically pleasing corner joint, mostly used for tenon Stable joint for corner A simple joint used for building cabinets. Can be butt glued joining, very often used or reinforced with the use of frames. Can also be done mitred. A simple but strong and stable joint for drawer construction. corner dowels or biscuits, the Larger joints of this type can be, on for building frames. Visible from Visible from both sides. latter especially necessary occasion, reinforced with the use both sides. Can also be done mitred Can be done by hand or when bonding end grain. of wooden nails. or be, on occasion, reinforced with by machines. materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry the use of wooden nails. tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry ↧ 36 ↥ 37

5 jointing assembling and laminating

hidden finger grooved interlocking joint panels For corner joining, the Can be done hidden in dovetail joint is the most This method is used for stable interlocking joint. 5 4 one or both directions. securing panels. Most drawers Aesthetically pleasing, It is usually used for use this method for the base. assembling process but not as stable as drawer construction. Also for cabinet backsides, other interlocking joints. Visible from both sides. mostly from fiberboards The task of assembling work Mostly done by hand. Mostly done by hand. or plywood. Not very stable. should be carried out in an area separate from workshop machines. For best results a table/raised area with a flat surface should be used for this purpose.

This is especially important for assembling of seating furniture, essential to ensure angles combined joints remain correct during the clamping process. supporting frame joints

Similar to board stabilizing techniques, supporting frame joints and parqueting are chronological order methods of stabilizing large, solid wood surfaces such as doors, table tops, large Assembling furniture or similar projects assembly only in one direction (dovetail key cabinets and floors. should be carried out in a planned joints). The step by step process of assembly chronological order, especially when should be decided upon and prepared for Frame joints are glued, edge joints carpenters joints are used that allow before commencing the assembling process. between the frame and the filling board have to be left unglued to allow expansion and shrinking. preparation

As it is essential when using glued clamps, protective blocks or clamping jigs joints to do assembly work quick and in a needed. Screw clamps, lever and other clean way, any complex assembling clamps as well as clamping jigs and other process should be tried without glue aids should be positioned close to hand supporting parqueting („dry “) beforehand to determine the to avoid delays when glueing. frame joints number and position of Section pieces of wood A combination of are joined together by frame joints and and tongue and groove edge joints done to joints in different grain reduce the likeliness of directions within a surface protection warping. Supporting frame to achieve frame joints are dimension stabilty. Dependent on the sensitivity of the surface use of protective blocks and other aids is Mostly used for floors mostly used for doors, of the work piece to assemble, care has to essential for reducing these risks. The space shutters and large but also for tabletops. cabinets. be taken not to cause damage by hammer or where assembling takes place should be materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry clamping marks and scratches. Consistent clean and dust free. tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 38 39

methods of fixing for quick assembly using screws

For subordinate projects, invisible furniture Prior to using screws, the wood will require allows the screw to pass through it with no assembling assembling parts or in situations where aesthetics pre-drilling. For keeping the screw in grip. A smaller bit will pilot a hole into the are of minor consequence, assembly can be the desired position and to achieve strength, ‘accepting piece’. done by using nails or screws instead of two sizes of drill are used. wood to wood joints. Using two size holes is particularly The larger one forms a clearance hole in important when using screws with threads In some cases, carpenters glued joints the ‘holding piece’ approximately the same over the entire length. can be strengthened by using nails or screws. size as the screw’s diameter and 5 5

using nails

Nailed joints are done with nails or pins punched (set below the surface) or left flush using a hammer. To avoid hammer marks, the with the surface. For subordinate projects last strokes should be done with a centre the heads may be left visible, otherwise they punch or second nail in between should be punched and the cavity filled hammer and nail. Nail heads can be with a color coordinated material.

↗ ● p 42

centre punch

srewdrivers cordless screwdriver

Screwdrivers are available Battery operated drills/ for different slots and in screwdrivers have the possibility several sizes. It is important of using exchangeable to use the correct slot and screwdriver ‘bits’ for use with size so as not to damage different screw sizes, slots and the slot of the screw. crosses. It is important to use the correct slot and size in order not to damage the slot of the screw. materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 40 41

fixing with dowels presses and clamps

Industrial jointers are used to assemble Glued joints need clamping pressure for the workpieces using both butt glued and glue to reach full adhesive strength. Pressure assembling assembling mitred frame joints and corner joints. They can be achieved by using different methods. have pre-cut grooves for glue and can be used for corner and angle joints. Complex three-dimensional assembling has to They are always used additionally to glueing be done by hand by using clamps and straps. and need clamping. Board enlargening, surface assembling and laminating is done using presses. The presses are mostly integrated with heating elements which significantly shorten the setting time. using dowels

5 Dowels used in construction are designed sizes which are referred to as dowel pins. 5 to be invisible in the finished product. Dowels The dowels are inserted into corresponding are solid wood cylindrical rods and are also holes on the pieces that comprise a joint. clamps available in a small, conveniently cut There are different kinds of clamps for Clamps need to be positioned vertically different purposes. According to the amount towards the surface to be clamped to avoid of pressure needed and the sensitivity of sliding and slipping or distorting of the the surface, metal screw clamps or wooden workpiece. lever clamps can be used.

hand screw clamps

drilling machines Screw clamps are used to provide high, localised pressure. They lever clamps Drills, slot-mortising are obtainable in machines or dowel boring different lengths, sizes Wooden lever clamps machines are used to edge clamps and strengths. Every are used for assembling prepare the corresponding wood workshop should units with sensitive Edge clamps are used holes for the dowels have a sufficient surface or when ↗ ● p 7 for pressing edges to number available. there is less pressure boards or doing joints needed. The ends where direct counter- are lined with cork to pressure is not possible. protect the surface using biscuits of the workpiece. The mechanism of lever Jointing with the help of biscuits is normally clamps means they used to construct corner or edge joints. apply pressure quickly Biscuits are designed to be invisible from the and easily. outside.

Because biscuits are made from compressed corner clamps material, they expand when wet with glue; this tightening of the joint increases the V-clamps are used for assembling frame strength of the bond. They are particularly corners mainly with used when bonding end grain. biscuit jointer mitred or reinforced mitred joints. biscuit jointers are used to prepare the corresponding slots for the biscuits ↗ ● p 42

materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 42 43

‚rachet‘ or ‚lashing‘ straps veneer press

Such straps can be used for assembling Hot plate veneer presses are frames and carcasses. Using straps used to apply veneers, assembling assembling of this kind can save time as there is no to laminate and to elaborate positioning, and protective bend wood. They blocks and clamping jigs are not always can be heated necessary. electrically or using heated liquids. Sharp edges have to be protected by corner clamping jigs or textile linings. 5 5

vacuum press lashing strap frame clamp Vacuum presses Lashing straps can be used for Frame clamps are used for can be used for assembling frames and carcasses. assembling frames. The corner veneering, bending However, transmission of elements help in achieving wood and glueing press force is not as controllable 90-degee angles at the frames or frame as with clamps. corners of the workpiece. supported constructions. They work energy and time saving and reduce the effort of jig and mould production in comparison to veneer presses and other assembling methods.

presses

Board manufacturing, enlargening and assembly is achieved with the use of large presses. These can work pneumatically, hydraulically, using a vacuum or otherwise automatically.

When used with thermoplastic or hot-melt adhesives, hot plate presses or heatable vacuum membrane presses are used. materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 44 45

6

assembling purpose made tools, jigs and clamping aids 5 protective blocks / 6 clamping jigs

To protect surfaces against marks, impressions, colour changes or scratches, protective wood blocks are necessary where there is contact with the clamps or fixings being used. Such blocks also aid an even transmission of the clamping force to the whole length or surface of the work piece.

Where there is an increased importance to avoid marking the pieces being assembled, or where the surface is particularly sensitive, the blocks can be lined with felt, blotting paper or cardboard.

jigs for assembling, clamping and general working

Clamping jigs are made, adjusted or adapted needed. For rounded surfaces, the jigs in size and form according to the will be correspondingly moulded from solid project requirements. The use of clamping timber or constructed by combining jigs spreads the force of a clamp and flexible material and solid wood pieces. therefore reduces the number of clamps

glueing press

Presses of this kind are used to assemble boards, frame supported constructions and straight length joined carcasses. They are manually operated or

materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry through pneumatic cylinders. tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry 46 47

supporting boards for formers veneer cutting Formers, also known as moulds, are used to To avoid breakout of the edges, apply even pressure to curved shaped work, cutting veneers with saws or spindle moulders and often used for bending or veneering. is done by sandwiching the veneer piece between two flat boards. Additionally, where a project has no flat surface, formers can be used to create a purpose made tools purpose made tools These boards should consist of solid or flat and stable surface of a unit, thus making plywood; plastic or other hard material should further work easier. Fabrication of formers not be used as this will quickly blunt the is time-consuming and therefore costly; saw blade. When using veneer machine saws, consequently they are generally used for the no additional support is necessary. purposes of serial production. 6 6

templates and jigs moulded fixtures

To achieve consistency of form and size To work on workpieces that cannot be fixed while shaping or reducing angled or three stablely to a flat worktop, a supporting dimensional pieces, it is necessary to use mould can create a flat and stable surface for templates and/or jigs. further processing. As this is a high expense, it makes sense only in serial production or Jigs and templates can be made from high-price furniture. inexpensive material such as chipboard for a one-off use; for multiple use they should be made in a more durable way and carefully stored.

templates bending and pressing formers

Templates are used to aid the cutting of For wood bending, laminating or veneering shapes and sizes, as well as to position bent or moulded surfaces, formers are used holes and other removed material exactly. to achieve an evenly pressured surface. Templates are mainly used for ‘’, but can also act like a jig to aid processing. Constructing curves with formers requires two exactly fitting pieces when using a veneer press or pressing with clamps, whereas a vacuum press only requires a single moulded support. ↗ ● p 43

jigs

Used for accurate reproduction of identical units, jigs form a guide for the purposes of machining and working by hand. Jigs are particularly useful when cutting angled or rounded shapes. materials, tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry tools and techniquesmaterials, basic carpentry Imprint Imprint

materials publisher distributed materials 1 publisher distributed 1 UNIDO in Lebanon by UNIDO in Lebanon by solid wood 1 www.unido.org UNIDO – Office for solid wood 1 www.unido.org UNIDO – Office for wood based materials 9 Jordan, Lebanon wood based materials 9 Jordan, Lebanon adhesives 12 concept and Syria adhesives 12 concept and Syria Philipp Reinsberg surface finishing media 13 Philipp Reinsberg surface finishing media 13 Klaus Mayr-Luong This volume Klaus Mayr-Luong This volume the furniture project accompanies the woodworking tools 2 the furniture project accompanies the woodworking tools 2 training manuals text and editing project ‘Creating and machines training manuals text and editing project ‘Creating and machines Klaus Mayr-Luong sustainable Livelihoods Klaus Mayr-Luong sustainable Livelihoods processing of wood 15 basic carpentry co-writer for Communities processing of wood 15 basic carpentry co-writer for Communities health and safety Johnny Ragland affected by influx of and wood-based health and safety Johnny Ragland affected by influx of and wood-based case study furniture english proofreading Syrian Refugees materials case study furniture english proofreading Syrian Refugees materials Johnny Ragland in Northern Lebanon Johnny Ragland in Northern Lebanon part 1 / 3 through improving part 1 / 3 througharabic improving text editor workshop 3 arabic text editor workshop 3 Roger Younes job opportunities in and workplace Roger Younes job opportunities in and workplace translation the furniture Industry’ translation the furniture Industry’ Sarah El Kareh workshop organization 25 Sarah El Kareh workshop organization 25 arabic proofreading project work area arabic proofreading project work area Nivine Chahni management Nivine Chahni management tool storing 29 Paul Jatalian Tomoyoshi Koume tool storing 29 Paul Jatalian Tomoyoshi Koume tool maintenance 30 Stavros Papastavrou tool maintenance 30 Stavros Papastavrou visual concept, layout visual concept, layout joining 4 grafisches Büro in cooperation joining 4 grafisches Büro in cooperation arabic version layout with The People basic joints 31 arabic version layout with The People basic joints 31 Hisham Zeineddine of Japan, Ministry Hisham Zeineddine of Japan, Ministry combined joints 36 technical drawings of Industry, combined joints 36 technical drawings of Industry, Arpapan Chantanakajornfung Directorate General Arpapan Chantanakajornfung Directorate General assembling and 5 illustrations of Vocational and assembling and 5 illustrations of Vocational and laminating grafisches Büro Technical Education laminating grafisches Büro Technical Education photography assembling process 37 photography assembling process 37 Philipp Reinsberg first edition Philipp Reinsberg first edition quick assembling 38 machine images 2017 quick assembling 38 machine images 2017 dowels and biscuit 40 Felder Austria dowels and biscuit 40 Felder Austria www felder.at clamping and pressing 41 www felder.at clamping and pressing 41 Makita Japan Makita Japan www.makita.biz purpose made tools 6 www.makita.biz purpose made tools 6 Hegner Germany jigs and clamping aids Hegner Germany jigs and clamping aids www. hegner-gmbh.com protective blocks/ www. hegner-gmbh.com protective blocks/ clamping jigs 45 type clamping jigs 45 type Suisse Int’l templates and jigs 46 Suisse Int’l templates and jigs 46 moulds 47 moulds 47 Paper Paper Printing & Binding Printing & Binding

materials, tools and tecniquesmaterials, basic carpentry first edition first edition ← tableofcontents

لمزيد من المعلومات حول الترجمة العربية للكتيب، يرجى االتصال بـ [email protected]

لمشروعصناعة األثاث قنيات جارة أساسيات الن دليلتدريبي ّ األدوات والت ّ المواد،

تم إصداره باإلضافة إىل دورات تدريب مهني إلنتاج أثاث بجودة عالية لبنان: توفير سبل عيش مستدامة للمجتمعات المتأثرة بتدفق الالجئين السوريين

Issued together with the vocational training courses for high quality furniture production LEBANON: Creating sustainable livelihoods for communities affected by influx of Syrian refugees www.unido.org tools andtechniques tools the furniturethe project basic carpentry training manual materials,