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Northwestern Ontario COFRDA REPORT 3312 NWOFTDU TECHNICAL REPORT 60 Landform Features in Northwestern Ontario R.A. Sims and K.A. Baldwin Forestry Canada. Ontario Region Sauli Sie, Marie. Ontario 1991 Canada-Ontario Forest Resource Development Agreement Entente sur la mise en valour de la ressource forestiere "Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1991 Catalogue No. Fu 29-25/3312E ISBN 0-662-1X607-9 ISSN 0847-2866 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Publication 4628 Copies of this publication are available at no charge from: Communications Services Great Lakes Forestry Centre Forestry Canada-Ontario Region P.O. Box 490 Sauli Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7 Northwestern Ontario Foresi Technology Development Unit Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources R-R- #1. 25th Side Road Thunder Bay. Ontario P7C 4T9 This report is based upon information and materials prepared under Project 33038, "Development of a Soils/Landfonn Course Relating to Northwestern Ontario-, carried out under the Research Development and Applications Sub-program of the Canada-Ontario Forest Resource Development Agreement. Sims R.A and Baldwin. K.A. 1991. Landform features in northwestern Ontario For. Can., Onl. Region. Saul: Sic. Marie. Onl. C0FRDA Rep. 3312. Oat. Min. Nat. Resour.,Thunder Bay. Om. NWOFTDU lech. Rep. 60. 63 p. ABSTRACT This report provides information on commonly encountered landform features in northwestern Ontario. A brief introduction is provided to the glacial history and current surficial geology of northwestern Onlano. Photographs are provided lo illustrate common landform features. For 13 common landform features, the following are summarized: typical landscape pattern, topographic expression, genesis, distribution in northwestern Ontario, material eomposilion (including comments on soil drainage and frost-heave hazard) and concerns related lo lorest management, Using the terminology of the Northwestern Ontario Korest Ecosystem Classification, soil and vegetation conditions related to each landform feature are noted. Forest managers in northwestern Ontario can use landform features to more effectively predict site-specific soil and vegetation characteristics, and to help improve integrated resource management of the forest landhase. RESUME Ce rapport eontfeni des donnees sur les formes de relief communes dans le nord-oucst de rOmarm. 11 comprcml une breve introduction a Thistoire slaciairc ct it la geologic des formations superfieielles aciuelles dans eetle pariie de la province. Des photographies illustrent 13 formes de relief eourantes. dont les suivanies out etc resumces: module de relief typique, topographic genese. distribution dans le nord-oucst de 1'Qntario, composition des maLeriaux (y compris des commentaires sur le drainage du sol et la sensibiliic du sol mi gel) et les problemes relies a ramenagement des forets. Les conditions pedologiqucs el les types de vegetation pour chaque forme de relief sonl indiques. conformemem ;i la terminologie utilisee dans la classification des ecosystemes forestiers du nord-ouest de rOnlario. Les amenagistes forestiers du nord-ouesl do la province peuvenl utilise.- les formes de relief pour evalucr plus efficaccment les caracierisliques des sols ct de la vegetation parliculieres a un site el pour ameliorer la gestion intcgree des ressources de la superficie forestiere. in AUTHORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ricbard A. Sims Forestry Canada. Ontario Region Great Lakes Forestry Centre Saull Sie. Marie, Ontario Kenneth A. Baldwin Forestry Canada. Ontario Region Great Lakes Forestry Centre Saull Ste. Marie. Oniario I his report was produced through ihe cooperation of Forestry Canada Ontario Region, and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) Funding lor some of the work was provided by the Canada-Ontario Forest Resource DeveJopnie.il Agreement (COFRDA Contract #33C38) OMNR's Northwestern Ontario Forest Technology Development Unit" and Forestry Canada. Background work for the preparation of this report was carried out by Greg Wickware. We would also like to thank Bill Towill lor his comments and suggestions during the preparation of this report Richard Rawling, Rob Lowe and Annalee McComb assisted with the preparation or illustration material. In addition to those taken by the authors, photos were provided by a number of individuals: Greg Wickware Bill Towill Phil Kor. Ed Sado. Daryl Cmvcll. Clay Rubec. Sheila Walsh and Martin Sillanen. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 GLACIAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO 3 LANDFORM FEATURES IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT 11 INTRODUCTION TO THE LANDFORM SUMMARIES 15 COMMON LANDFORM FEATURES IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO Ground Moraine (Subglacial Till) 18 Drumlins 2® Ablation (Supraglacial) Till 22 Shallow Drift Overlying Bedrock 24 End Moraines Eskers f Kames and Crevasse Fillings JU Outwash Deposits *j Glaciolacustrine and Glaciomarine Deposits 34 Alluvial Deposits ^6 Colluvial Deposits ~B Aeolian Deposits ^0 Organic Terrain GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS 59 LITERATURE CITED 61 COVER PHOTOS: {top} Wasting ice at the edge of 9 glacier results in the deposition of warer- bome debris (C. Rubee). (middle) A ponioo of a Northern Oraario Engineering Geology Terrain Study map (NOEGTS Map No. 5O&3). (haitem) Aerial view of a betock-controlted larafecape in northwestern Ontario (S. Walsh). LANDFORM FEATURES IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO INTRODUCTION needed for integrated resource planning, prime- site determination and land suitability or capability mapping. Information on landform l.andform Features are shapes thai have been features can be of value for a variety of specific produced in the landscape by natural processes operating on or near the earth's .surface- They forest management purposes, including forest are created and then modified over time by road planning and engineering, limber harvesting, weathering and erosion, glacial action, flowing or wildlife management and silviculture. A number of silvicultural interpretations may be directly standing water, waves, wind and mass movement (Flint 1971. Mollard and Janes 1984). In north related lo landform features, including llie western Ontario, as well as in other parts of prediction ol' frost-heave hazard, vegetation Canada, the most recent continental glaciers had competition potential and site quality (Racey el a strong and pervasive influence on the al. 1989). With a general knowledge of the characteristics of landfonn features in development of the majority of contemporary northwestern Ontario, foresi managers can landform features. effectively utilize a variety of surrogate In northwestern Ontario, close relationships exist information sources on the distribution of between landform features and sedimeni types, as landform features, including aerial photos and well as with various soil and vegetation factors. mapped information (Table I), to facilitate the By their nallire (i.e.. the processes related lo their management planning process. formation), certain landform features exhibit similar soil characteristics regardless of geo Al a more localized scale, it is generally agreed that the ecological character of a forest site is a graphic location (Tattle 1970. Paton 1978, Jenny 1980). In addition, the distribution of vege- function of the complex interaction of many tationai communities is often closely related lo biophysical conditions: climate, soil parent soil/site factors (Jones el al. 1^83, Corns and material, biodiversity, ecosystem function, topographic effects and elapsed developmental Annas 1986. Sims et al. 1989, Baldwin et al. 1990). When relationships between landform time are all important factors in defining the features and other ecological parameters are ecological uniqueness of a particular site (Jenny 1941. 1980; Paton 1978: Brady 1984). Within a understood within a specific physiographic or geographic area, ii is then possible lo make relatively small geographic area, such as a local accurate predictions about certain soil and management unit, these biophysical conditions vegetation characteristics based on ihe will either be relatively similar among specific recognition of landform features. sites or vary within a limited (and usually predictable) range of expression. Thus, even at a For forest management purposes al a broad lo very local level, a knowledge of the intermediate scale, it is important that foresters characteristics of landform features can assist are able to recognize landform features. An forcsl managers in projecting relationships appreciation of the processes involved in the among ecological parameters. Soil texture, soil formation of different landform features leads to depth, coarse-fragment content, organic matter a general understanding of their material form and thickness, vegetation cover and composition and of the characteristics ol microtopography are properties that may be associated soil deposits. A knowledge of ihe readily anticipated from a knowledge of the recurring relationships among landform.s. soils landform features in a local area (Baldwin and vegetation within a geographic area is el al. 1990). Table Landform features; some useful mapped information for northwestern Ontario. I. Surliual (;l>h1o»v / Quaternary Geology. Geological Series Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) (e,g,, Geddesand Bajc 1985) 1:50,000 scale map-; showing detailed Quaternary covers selected areas in northwestern Ontario Northern Ontario Engineering Geology 00 S Terrain SiuJy (NOHGTS) (e.g.. Mo I lard 1:100.001) scale maps showing terrain units with landform. 1979, Mallard and Mollard I£8H mode or deposition, texture, drainage
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