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Kinds of Sentence Structure Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Sentences

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Kinds of Sentence Structure Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Sentences NL_EOL_SE07_P1_C07_172-189.qxd 4/18/07 2:31 PM Page 172 CHAPTER Kinds of Sentence Structure Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Sentences Diagnostic Preview A. Identifying and Classifying Clauses Identify each clause in the following sentences. Then, classify each clause as an independent clause or a subordinate clause. EXAMPLE 1. Students who are interested in attending the science fair at the community college should sign up now. 1. Students should sign up now—independent clause; who are interested in attending the science fair at the community college—subordinate clause 1. We did warm-up exercises before we practiced the routine. 2. The musical West Side Story is a modern version of the story of Romeo and Juliet. 3. The first poem in the book is about spring, and the second one is about autumn. 4. Molasses,which is made from sugar cane,is a thick brown liquid used for human food and animal feed. 5. Before the test we studied the chapter and did the chapter review exercises. 6. While our teacher discussed the formation of the African nation of Liberia, we took notes. 172 Chapter 7 Kinds of Sentence Structure NL_EOL_SE07_P1_C07_172-189.qxd 4/18/07 2:31 PM Page 173 7. It rained Saturday morning, but the sun came out in time for the opening of the Special Olympics. 8. The player whose performance is judged the best receives the Most Valuable Player Award. 9. Not all stringed instruments sound alike,for their shapes and the number of their strings vary. 10. The tourists that we saw wandering up Esplanade Avenue went to the Japanese ceramics exhibit after they had reached the museum. GRAMMAR B. Identifying Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Sentences Identify each of the following sentences as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. EXAMPLE 1. The Museum of Science and Industry, which is in Chicago, features a German submarine captured during World War II. 1. complex 11. Either Ana or Lee will sing the opening song for the fair. 12. We visit the Liberty Bell whenever we go to Philadelphia. 13. Have you chosen a topic for your report yet, or are you still making your decision? 14. When George Washington Carver was working on soil improvement and plant diseases, the South was recovering from the Civil War, and his discoveries gave planters a competitive edge. 15. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, which was written by Betty Smith, is one of my favorite books. 16. The call of a peacock sounds very much like that of a person in distress. 17. Although it was warm enough to go swimming on Monday, snow fell the next day. 18. The student whose photographs of American Indian cliff dwellings won the contest was interviewed on the local news. 19. The house looked completely empty when I first saw it, yet a party was going on in the backyard. 20. The game was tied at the top of the ninth inning, but then Earlene hit a home run. Diagnostic Preview 173 NL_EOL_SE07_P1_C07_172-189.qxd 4/18/07 2:31 PM Page 174 The Simple Sentence Reference Note 7a. A simple sentence contains one independent clause For information on and no subordinate clauses. independent and SV subordinate clauses, see Chapter 6. EXAMPLES A good rain will help the farmers. VS Up for the rebound leaped Reggie. GRAMMAR VS Where are my keys? V Reference Note Please put that down near the table in the corner. For information on the [The understood subject is you.] understood subject, see page 65. A simple sentence may have a compound subject, a com- pound verb, or both. SSV EXAMPLES Chalupas and fajitas are two popular Mexican dishes. [compound subject] SV V Kelly read The Planet of Junior Brown and reported on it last week. [compound verb] SSVV The dog and the kitten lay there and napped. [compound subject and compound verb] Exercise 1 Identifying Subjects and Verbs in HELP Simple Sentences Some sentences Identify the subjects and the verbs in each of the following in Exercise 1 have a sentences. compound subject, a compound verb, or both. EXAMPLE 1. I enjoy urban life but need to escape from the city once in a while. 1. I—subject; enjoy, need—verbs 1. My favorite escape from city life is the green world of Central Park in New York City. 2. Its beautiful woods and relaxing outdoor activities are just Identify and use simple a few minutes from our apartment. sentences. 174 Chapter 7 Kinds of Sentence Structure NL_EOL_SE07_P1_C07_172-189.qxd 4/18/07 2:31 PM Page 175 Douglass Circle Frawley Circle 7 3. The enormous size of the park, however, can sometimes Central Park North a, b Boathouse Harlem be a problem. Meer Great 4. Often, I take this map with me for guidance. W 105th St. Hill The Loch 5. Using the map, I can easily find the zoo, the band shell, Pool and the Lost Waterfall. W 100th St. North East 6. In the summertime my brothers and I row boats on the Meadow Meadow lake, climb huge rock slabs, and have picnics in the Tennis Court Fifth Ave. Sheep Meadow. 7. I also watch birds and often wander around the park in Jacqueline Central Park West Kennedy E 90th St. GRAMMAR W 90th St. Onassis search of my favorite species. Reservoir South 8. Last month a pair of purple finches followed me along Gate House Summit the pond. Rock The Great Metropolitan 9. Near Heckscher Playground, the birds tired of the game Lawn Museum of Art and flew off. American Belvedere E 80th St. Museum of Belvedere Lake Natural History Castle 10. In Central Park my family and I can enjoy a little bit of Shakespeare Garden Lost Waterfall nature in the middle of a bustling city. Loeb Boathouse The Lake Fifth Ave. Central Park West W 70th St. E 70th St. Naumberg Bandshell Sheep The Compound Sentence R Meadow Ballfields Zoo 7b. A compound sentence contains two or more Wollman Rink Heckscher E 60th St. Playground The independent clauses and no subordinate clauses. W 60th St. Pond Central Park South E 59th St. INDEPENDENT Melvina wrote about her mother’s Columbus Circle CLAUSE aunt Bridge Food Monument Restroom INDEPENDENT Leroy wrote about his cousin from Building Playground CLAUSE Jamaica COMPOUND Melvina wrote about her mother’s aunt, and SENTENCE Leroy wrote about his cousin from Jamaica. The independent clauses of a compound sentence are usually Reference Note joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, For more about using for, nor, or, so, or yet). commas in compound sentences, see page 339. EXAMPLES A variety of fruits and vegetables should be a part of everyone’s diet, for they supply many important vitamins. Kathryn’s scene is in the last act of the play, so she must wait in the wings for her cue. No one was injured in the fire, but several homes were Identify and use com- destroyed, and many trees burned down. pound sentences. The Compound Sentence 175 NL_EOL_SE07_P1_C07_172-189.qxd 4/18/07 2:31 PM Page 176 Reference Note The independent clauses of a compound sentence may be For more about using joined by a semicolon. semicolons in com- EXAMPLES Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St. Augustine, pound sentences, see page 352. the first permanent European settlement in the United States; he also established six other colonies in the Southeast. My favorite places are Miami, Florida, and Aspen, Colorado; Bernie’s favorites are San Diego, California, and Seattle, Washington. GRAMMAR Exercise 2 Identifying Subjects and Verbs in Compound Sentences Identify the subject and verb in each independent clause. Then, give the punctuation mark and coordinating conjunction (if there is one) that join the clauses. EXAMPLE 1. A newspaper reporter will speak to our class next week, and we will learn about careers in journalism. 1. reporter—subject; will speak—verb; we—subject; will learn—verb; comma + and 1. Ruth Benedict was a respected anthropologist, and Margaret Mead was one of her students. 2. An area’s weather may change rapidly, but its climate changes very slowly. 3. Linh Phan lived in Vietnam for many years, so he could tell us about Vietnamese foods such as nuoc mam. 4. Students may prepare their reports on the computer, or they may write them neatly. 5. Our apartment manager is kind, yet she will not allow pets in the building. 6. Daniel Boone had no formal education, but he could read and write. 7. Sofia’s favorite dance is the samba; Elena enjoys the merengue. 8. Benjamin Franklin is known for his inventions, and he should also be remembered for his work during the Constitutional Convention. 9. Sheena did not play soccer; she had sprained her ankle. 10. They did not watch the shuttle take off, nor did they watch it land. 176 Chapter 7 Kinds of Sentence Structure NL_EOL_SE07_P1_C07_172-189.qxd 4/18/07 2:31 PM Page 177 Simple Sentence or Compound Sentence? A simple sentence has only one independent clause. It may have a compound subject or a compound verb or both. A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. Each independent clause has its own subject and verb. Any of the independent clauses in a compound sentence may have a com- pound subject, a compound verb, or both. SSV SIMPLE Kim and Maureen read each other’s short stories GRAMMAR SENTENCE V and made many suggestions for improvements. [compound subject and compound verb] SSV COMPOUND Kim and Maureen read each other’s stories, SENTENCE SV and they gave each other suggestions for improve- ments.
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