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Representaciones Sociales De Los Impactos Del Turismo De Surf En Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, México”

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Representaciones Sociales De Los Impactos Del Turismo De Surf En Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, México” Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Facultad de Turismo y Gastronomía Centro de Investigación y Estudios Turísticos “Representaciones sociales de los impactos del turismo de surf en Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, México” Tesis Que para obtener el grado de Maestro en Estudios Turísticos Presenta: Lic. en A. T. Luis Alberto Valencia Chávez Dirigida por: Dra. Maribel Osorio García Dr. Juan Carlos Monterrubio Cordero Dra. Rocío del Carmen Serrano Barquín Toluca, Estado de México; septiembre 2020 Resumen El turismo es un fenómeno que tiene la capacidad de generar impactos positivos y negativos a partir de su presencia en los destinos turísticos. De esta forma, tanto los residentes, el ambiente y ciertos aspectos culturales se pueden ver beneficiados, pero también afectados considerablemente. A partir de entender esa dualidad y teniendo presente que tipos específicos de turismo pueden causar impactos particulares, esta investigación toma como tema central al turismo de surf; un segmento importante en el ámbito del turismo deportivo y de aventura, pero que en el caso de México y en la gran mayoría de los países en vías de desarrollo parece ser casi desconocido. El marco teórico utilizado es la teoría de las representaciones sociales (TRS) propuesta por Moscovici. La TRS sostiene que los sujetos son creadores y portadores un cúmulo de conocimientos que forma parte de su sentido común y que les permite entender la realidad y actuar frente a ella. Tomando en consideración que entre los sujetos de un grupo social existen formas similares, pero también opuestas de ver la realidad, Moscovici señala la coexistencia de tres tipos de representaciones: hegemónicas, polémicas y emancipadas; cada una con particularidades específicas que adquieren sentido en las interrelaciones de los sujetos. A partir de lo anterior, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las representaciones sociales de los residentes de Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, México, en torno a los impactos relacionados con el turismo de surf y el turista surfista y que inciden en el desarrollo local. El caso de estudio se eligió por ser uno de los destinos de surf más famosos de México a nivel nacional e internacional, además de contar con playas que pueden ser surfeadas por surfistas expertos y principiantes. La metodología fue mixta. El enfoque cuantitativo se trabajó mediante una encuesta, en total se aplicaron 182 cuestionarios cara a cara a turistas surfistas; los datos obtenidos ofrecen una aproximación a su perfil sociodemográfico, motivaciones de viajes y comportamiento en el destino. Asimismo, tres tipos de surfistas fueron identificados a partir del nivel de surf de los encuestados: principiante, intermedio y avanzado; cada uno con características específicas. El enfoque cualitativo se trabajó a través una entrevista semi-estructuradas que se aplicó a 28 residentes. A partir del análisis de la información se identificaron los tres tipos de representaciones. Las representaciones hegemónicas estuvieron conformadas por los beneficios económicos, el efecto demostración, el respeto y cuidado por los recursos naturales y el aumento de construcciones que afectan la formación de las olas. Mientras que entre las emancipadas se encontró la creación de estereotipos hacia el surfista y el localismo. Finalmente, en las polémicas, los residentes cuestionaron los beneficios económicos relacionados con el surf y señalaron la contaminación de playas por parte de los surfistas. Los hallazgos demuestran que algunos impactos son propios del turismo y van de la mano con su desarrollo y crecimiento; por ejemplo, la generación de empleos y la derrama económica. Sin embargo, hay otros que son exclusivos del turismo de surf como el localismo o el cuidado de las olas. Los aportes principales de esta investigación son tres; 1) estudiar un segmento de turismo que tiene presencia en México, pero que no ha sido analizado a profundidad; 2) identificar impactos propios del turismo de surf; 3) aproximarse a una comprensión los impactos del turismo a la luz de la teoría de las representaciones sociales de Moscovici. 1 Abstract Tourism is a phenomenon that has the capacity to generate positive and negative impacts from its presence in tourist destinations. In this way, residents, the environment and certain cultural aspects may benefit, but also considerably affected by tourism. From understanding this duality and having in mind that specific types of tourism can cause particular impacts, this investigation takes surf tourism as a central theme; an important segment in the field of sports and adventure tourism, but in the case of Mexico and the great majority of countries in development is practically unknown. The theoretical framework used is the social representations theory (SRT) proposed by Moscovici. The SRT maintains that the subjects are creators and bearers of social representations; an accumulation of knowledge that is part of their common sense and that allows them to understand reality and act in front of it. Taking into consideration that, among the subjects of a social group, there are similar forms, but also opposite ones in relation to the way of seeing reality, Moscovici points out the coexistence of three types of representations: hegemonic, emancipated and polemic; each type of representation with specific particularities that make sense from the interrelationships between the subjects. Based on the above, the aim of this research is to analyze the social representations of the residents of Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico, around the impacts related to surf tourism and the surfer tourist that affect local development. The case study was chosen because it is one of the most famous surfing destinations in Mexico nationally and internationally, which also has beaches where expert surfers and beginners arrive. The methodology was mixed. The quantitative approach was worked on through a survey, a total of 182 face-to-face questionnaires were applied to surfer tourists, the data obtained offer an approximation to their sociodemographic profile, travel motivations and behavior in the destination. Three types of surfers from the level of surfing were identified: beginner, intermediate and advanced. The quantitative approach was worked through a semi- structured interview applied to 28 residents. From the analysis of the interviews, hegemonic, emancipated and controversial representations were identified among residents towards surf tourism. Among the hegemonic representations are: the economic benefits, the demonstration effect, the respect and care for natural resources and the increase in constructions that affect wave formation. The emancipated representations were the stereotypes towards the surfer and localism. Finally, the polemics, residents questioned the economic benefits related to surfing and pointed out the pollution of beaches by surfers. The findings show that some impacts are specific to tourism and go hand in hand with its development and growth, such as the generation of jobs and economic income. However, there are other impacts that are exclusive to the type of tourism, surf tourism, such as localism or wave care. The main contributions of this research are three: 1) to study a segment of tourism that has a presence in Mexico, but that has not been analyzed in depth; 2) to identify impacts typical of surf tourism; 3) to approach an understanding of the impacts of tourism in the light of social representations theory proposed by Moscovici. 2 INDICE GENERAL DE LA TESIS INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................................. 6 Pregunta general ......................................................................................................................... 13 Preguntas específicas .................................................................................................................. 13 Objetivo general .......................................................................................................................... 14 Objetivos específicos ................................................................................................................... 14 De la estructura de la tesis .......................................................................................................... 14 CAPÍTULO 1. FUNDAMENTOS ................................................................................................. 17 1.1 Turismo de surf: revisión de nuevas líneas y temáticas de investigación ......................... 17 1.2 Teoría de las representaciones: justificación y críticas ...................................................... 20 1.2.1 Teoría de las representaciones sociales aplicada al estudio del turismo ....................... 24 CAPÍTULO 2. METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN .................................................. 26 2.1 Proceso metodológico: objetivo 1 ......................................................................................... 28 2.2 Proceso metodológico: objetivos 2 y 3 ................................................................................. 31 CAPÍTULO 3. CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN: PUERTO ESCONDIDO, OAXACA, MÉXICO . 34 3.1 Turismo en Puerto Escondido .............................................................................................. 39 3.2 Impactos del turismo en Puerto Escondido ........................................................................ 44 CAPÍTULO 4. HALLAZGOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ........................................................
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