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Women's Participation in Religious Movements in Mozambique

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University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations Spring 2010 "The World Is Upside Down": Women's Participation in Religious Movements in Mozambique Christy K. Schuetze University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the African Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Schuetze, Christy K., ""The World Is Upside Down": Women's Participation in Religious Movements in Mozambique" (2010). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 101. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/101 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/101 For more information, please contact [email protected]. "The World Is Upside Down": Women's Participation in Religious Movements in Mozambique Abstract In recent years, new Pentecostal-style churches have proliferated around the world. Expanding at astonishing rates in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, the growth of Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches has shifted the global center of gravity of Christianity from the West to the global South. This dissertation takes a new approach to studying the impacts of such powerful new religious developments. Rather than study a single type of religious group, the study follows women, the striking majority of participants in Pentecostal churches and in emergent forms of “traditional” religion, through new networks of spiritual healing. Drawing on over ten years of personal connections and more than three years of ethnographic field esearr ch in central Mozambique, this dissertation examines the dynamics of these religious developments in the lives of women participants, providing a view into how larger forces associated with globalization differentially impact women. Central to the dissertation is an illustration of how, through participation in new networks of religious and spiritual healing, women are creating and adopting new strategies to cope with increasing strain in their daily lives. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Anthropology First Advisor Sandra T. Barnes Second Advisor Steven Feierman Third Advisor Carol Muller Keywords Africa, Mozambique, women, Pentecostal churches, spirit mediumship, religion Subject Categories African Studies | Social and Cultural Anthropology This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/101 “THE WORLD IS UPSIDE DOWN”: WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN CENTRAL MOZAMBIQUE CHRISTY K. SCHUETZE A DISSERTATION in Anthropology Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2010 Supervisor of Dissertation _______________________________ Sandra T. Barnes, Professor of Anthropology Graduate Group Chairperson ______________________________ Deborah A. Thomas, Associate Professor of Anthropology Dissertation Committee Steven Feierman, Professor of History and History and Sociology of Science Carol Muller, Professor of Music “The World is Upside Down”: Women’s Participation in Religious Movements in Mozambique COPYRIGHT 2010 Christy K. Schuetze iii To Dina and to her children who carry on iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: In this work I describe networks of support that people create and sustain and that help to make life more manageable. It is only fitting to recognize here the deep networks that have made it possible for me to produce this work, which is the product of more than ten years of efforts, beginning with a three year stay in Gorongosa District in Mozambique, and continuing through eight years of graduate study. Completing this project would not have been possible without the help and support of countless people—family, friends, colleagues, research assistants, and institutions. First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to the innumerable people in Gorongosa who opened their homes and their hearts to me. Each home I visited, and each family I spent time with welcomed me as a respected guest. Several people welcomed me into their families, making each of my returns to Gorongosa feel like a home coming. Principal among them are Ricardina, Fernando Muchanga and their eldest children: Zinha, Tate, Ricardo, João, Chinene and Masada, who were both friends and family to me since the time I worked there as a teacher. Ricardo and Zinha have been excellent research assistants at different times, particularly Ricardo who shared his gift for languages and his keen intellect with me, translating more than words and phrases, but also helping me to understand an extremely complex world of invisible forces and religious action. On Gorongosa Mountain, Aliança Almeida welcomed me into her homestead where she lives with her sons Ricardo, Samuel, Nicolão, and their families. Samuel and his wife Adestra opened their home to me and provided me a place to sleep and to work, and cared for me as if I were one of their children. Both Samuel and Adestra helped as assistants for key periods of the research, walking with me long distances to interview spirit-mediums and church participants and v conversing with me for many wonderful hours around the cooking fire and over delicious food from their gardens. In the district capital, Adélia António and her family also made a place for me in their home at different times. I am especially indebted to Adélia who allowed me to be present as she worked and patiently answered all of my questions. She and her spirits encouraged my participation in different stages of the therapeutic process and often offered up explanations before I asked pointed questions. Suraia Sande, a graduate of Gorongosa’s high school, assisted me as translator as I worked with spirit-mediums in the district capital and Chica Chongo provided wonderful assistance and companionship while I worked on research about her church. Pastor Ernesto Zimba and his wives Belita and Saquina similarly welcomed me into their church family and Pastor Zimba’s son Tiago and his wife Chica Pascoal frequently welcomed me into their home for both short and long stays. Celestino Sacaune K’handa has been a wonderful friend since my first day in Gorongosa and his wisdom and deep perspective on changes in Gorongosa have significantly influenced my work. At different times, other people welcomed me into their homes to provide me with a base for my desk work. Different Peace Corps volunteers have housed me at the district’s secondary school for temporary periods including Brad Wallner, Dawn Kebelman, and Jared and Tara Shambaugh. Manuel and Chica opened a room for me behind their restaurant, Shila’s Spot, and treated me as one of the family. The Catholic priests of Gorongosa’s mission have also provided me a place to stay or space for working when nothing else was available. GTZ similarly provided me with rooms to work with research assistants on transcriptions and translations and assisted me in finding relevant documents vi and maps. Rob, Margie, and Shannon Whitelaw provided me a home outside of Gorongosa, hosting me anytime I needed to get work done in Beira, taking care of me when I was sick for weeks at a time and providing me a place to rest and recharge where I felt like their daughter. Felix Zunguze and Allan Schwartz also helped me to navigate Beira, providing both friendship and assistance with transport and connections. Since 2001, I have worked with many different field assistants at different times and their help has expanded the reach of my work and enlightened my perspective on the complicated worlds I was trying to understand. In addition to those mentioned above, I am also grateful for the assistance of Cândida João, Marcelina Chongo, Zito “Dog,” Nguirazi Bola Nguirazi, David Baptista, Elisha Almeida, Eusébio Adelino, and Américo João. I am also grateful to the support of Gorongosa District’s administration which welcomed me and my research project and provided me with access to recent government records. I am especially grateful to Sr. Pajero of the district’s Department of Religious Affairs not only for access to records of churches but also for many hours of insightful conversation about Pentecostal church groups in the area. Finally, I am grateful to the various acting Secretaries of K’handa/Nyamadzi who have welcomed my visits and residence in the area over the years. Likewise, K’handa’s nyakwawa, Eugénio Almeida, has always welcomed me to reside on Gorongosa Mountain. He and his wife and their children have treated me as a daughter, allowing me to stay with them on several occasions and always offering to feed me when I arrive after a long journey. Eugénio Almeida also welcomed my participation in his weekly court sessions and allowed me to film many of the proceedings about which we had many long and interesting conversations. vii In Maputo, I received similar welcome and support. I am especially grateful to The University of Eduardo Mondlane for incorporating me into a warm academic community whenever I found myself in the capital. Alexandre Mate granted me an affiliation with the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology for the main period of research and Marcelino Liphola offered me an affiliation with the African Studies Programme for two different periods of summer research. Dr. Liphola was always interested to converse about my research, offering important insights. Other researchers provided me with an academic home-away-from-home and hosted me for various stays including: Euclides Gonçalves, Johane Zonjo, Ramah McKay, Kenly Fenio, Michael Walker, and Rebecca Witter. The staff of the Historical Archives of Mozambique was also welcoming and immensely helpful as I sought historical documents relevant to this project. Sidney Bliss has also been a long-time friend and source of invaluable support. He provided me a place to stay on many occasions when I was passing through Maputo and treated me as a friend and colleague. Even when I have been far from Mozambique, Sidney Bliss has kept me in the loop, frequently sending news and information relevant to my research.
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