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Gesellschaft Und Demographie Im Spät- Byzantinischen Griechenland (1261-1453)

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Gesellschaft Und Demographie Im Spät- Byzantinischen Griechenland (1261-1453) Dionysios Stathakopoulos Gesellschaft und Demographie im spät- byzantinischen Griechenland (1261-1453) Die Untersuchung der Bevölkerungsentwicklung und -struk- nachgeholt, um eine fl ächendeckende Kolonisierung der er- tur der meisten Balkanländer hat die wissenschaftliche For- oberten Regionen zu beschleunigen. Dies vermochte jedoch schung stark beschäftigt und nicht selten kontrovers geführte nichts daran zu ändern, dass Franzosen immer eine Minder- Diskussionen nach sich gezogen. Die folgenden Ausführun- heit blieben. Nicht unähnlich verhielt es sich mit den Vene- gen verstehen sich als ein Überblick über die demographi- zianern, wenngleich anzumerken ist, dass in den Städten, in sche Entwicklung Griechenlands in spätbyzantinischer Zeit, denen Franzosen und Venezianer eine dauerhaftere Präsenz wobei hier eine – ganz unbyzantinische – Einschränkung auf zeigten (Negroponte sowie einige Städte in Morea), größere das Staatsgebiet der heutigen Republik Griechenland vor- Zahlen von Siedlern und bald auch zahlreiche interkultu- genommen werden soll, die letztlich auch die Quellen- und relle Ehen zwischen Neuankömmlingen und Einheimischen gegenwärtige Forschungslage refl ektiert. Im Vordergrund der nachweisbar sind 2 . Wegen ihrer kürzeren Präsenzperiode Betrachtung wird die Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Region in Griechenland fi elen Katalanen und Florentiner in Attika stehen; Fragen von gesellschaftlicher und wirtschaftlicher und Böotien nur in geringem Ausmaß demographisch ins Relevanz werden dabei am Rande angeschnitten. Ziel dieser Gewicht 3 . Im Norden Griechenlands muss man die Anwesen- kurzen Studie ist es, eine kritische Sichtung der aktuellen heit von Serben im 14. Jahrhundert wohl ähnlich bewerten, Forschung vorzunehmen und dabei nicht zuletzt Materialien wenngleich freilich mit bedeutenden Zahlen in Beroia, Serres und Ergebnisse aus verschiedenen Untersuchungsgebieten und Ioannina zu rechnen ist 4 . zusammenzuführen, die nicht immer direkt voneinander Ein bleibendes Dasein in Griechenland mit bedeutenderen Kenntnis nehmen. Bevölkerungszahlen kann man lediglich für zwei andere eth- nischen Gruppen postulieren: für Albaner und Türken. Erstere fi nden sich schon im 13. Jahrhundert in den Bergregionen Ethnische Zusammensetzung Thessaliens 5 ; nach 1341 beherrschten sie in Zusammenhang mit der serbischen Eroberung die Zone des Acheloos (Gini Man darf davon ausgehen, dass die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung Bua Spata), Arta und Rogoi (Peter Liosa) – lediglich Ioannina des zu untersuchenden Gebietes griechisch war, oder byzan- blieb frei. Später kämpfen sie gegen die Tocco in Epeiros tinisch, wie man es eben defi nieren möchte. Demographische (1410-1412); Johannes Kantakuzenos zufolge 6 lebten dort Schwankungen eher ephemerer Natur brachten freilich die ab um die 12 000 Albaner. Als Söldner der Katalanen sind sie dem Jahr 1204 häufi g vorkommenden Eroberungskriege in in Phokis um das Jahr 1368 zu fi nden, etwas später auch in die Region. Im Regelfall handelte es sich dabei um das Hin- Boetien und Attika. Im Jahre 1382 wurde die albanische An- zukommen von anderen, zahlenmäßig meist relativ geringen siedlung dann von Petrus III. von Aragon offi ziell bestätigt 7 . ethnischen Gruppen, die nach erfolgreichen Eroberungen als Um 1426 wurden albanische Gruppen in Euboia angesiedelt 8 , herrschende Minderheiten bestimmte Regionen Griechen- und allmählich rückten sie in die Richtung der Peloponnes lands regierten – ohne jedoch, dass ihre Präsenz die Gebiete vor. Theodoros Palaiologos siedelte um 1405 10 000 Alba- demographisch nachhaltig zu prägen vermochte. Hierbei las- ner in der Isthmusgegend an, welche wohl aus dem Gebiet sen sich insbesondere die französischen Ritter und Soldaten des serbischen Fürstentums in Thessalien vertrieben worden aufführen, die Teile Nordgriechenlands und vor allem der waren und vom Despoten auf brach liegenden Ländereien Peloponnes nach 1204 eroberten. Das Kontingent, das etwa eingesetzt wurden 9 . Es bleibt hierbei freilich unklar, ob es sich die Eroberung Moreas vorantrieb, bestand anfänglich aus 500 um Einzelpersonen oder Familien handelte. Rittern 1 . Nach der erfolgten Sicherung des Gebietes wurden Was die Türken betrifft, so hatte schon um 1263 Michael dann freilich schrittweise auch deren Familien aus Frankreich VIII. zum Christentum übergetretene Seldschuken (Gagausen) 1 Bon, Morée 58 Anm. 2. 6 Iōannēs Kantakuzenos, Historiai II,28 (Schopen 474). 2 Koder, Lebensraum 148. 7 Panagiotopoulos, Plethysmos 80 Anm. 2. 3 Zu Katalanen, Florentinern usw. s. Ntourou-Eliopoulou, Dytikoi. 8 Ebenda 80 Anm. 3. – Dukas, Historia Turcobyzantina 32 f. 4 Koder, Lebensraum 143. – Bartusis, Serbs. 9 Panagiotopoulos, Plethysmos 81. 83 Anm. 1 f. – Dukas, Historia Turcobyzantina 5 Dukas, Historia Turcobyzantina 15 f. 19. 38. Gesellschaft und Demographie im spätbyzantinischen Griechenland | Dionysios Stathakopoulos 181 aus Anatolien in Veroia angesiedelt 10. Als die Stadt osmanisch Ferner ist die slawische Präsenz in der Peloponnes an- wurde (1387), wurden sie wiederum von Sultan Bayezid I. zuführen, vor allem die Melingoi auf dem Taygetos, deren Yıldırım im Gebiet der Stadt Zichne angesiedelt, wo sie bis Präsenz in dieser Periode reichlich dokumentiert ist 17, und zum 20. Jahrhundert nachweisbar blieben 11. Die osmanischen ebenso slawische Gruppen in Nordgriechenland, die unab- Türken drangen nach 1359 zuerst in Thrakien und dann in hängig von der serbischen Eroberung in der Region zu fi nden den 1390er Jahren südwärts nach Thessalien ein 12. Ferner waren 18. nimmt M. Kiel an, dass man in Thrakien (Rhodope, Komotini) in denjenigen Gebieten, die infolge von Kriegszügen entvöl- kert waren, mit einer bedeutenden Anzahl von vorosmani- Bevölkerungsentwicklung und -struktur schen Türken rechnen müsse, nämlich nomadischen Siedlern aus Westanatolien, die in solche Gebiete migrierten. Ähnlich Es muss an dieser Stelle nicht betont werden, dass wir auch für verhielt es sich im späten 14. Jahrhundert in Ostthessalien, ei- die spätbyzantinische Zeit über kein absolutes demographi- ner Region, die in den zeitgenössischen byzantinischen Quel- sches Datenmaterial verfügen. Eine mögliche Bevölkerungs- len ebenfalls als geradezu menschenleer präsentiert wird. Die zahl lässt sich allerdings überschlagen, wenn man die Fläche dortige Toponymik zeugt von einer bedeutenden türkischen des Gebiets mit einer angenommenen Bevölkerungsdichte Präsenz: Ortsnamen wie Aydınlı, Germiyanlı, Menteşeli oder multipliziert. Den Ansichten J. Koders in Der Lebensraum der Saruhanlı weisen auf Provinzen in Westanatolien hin 13. Wei- Byzantiner folgend kann man für Griechenland (bei einer tere Siedlungswellen traten nach den mongolischen Sieges- Fläche von ca. 132 000 km²) in der spätbyzantinischen Zeit zügen am Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts auf, ihnen folgte eine eine Bevölkerung von etwa 1,2 bis 2 Millionen Einwohnern dritte Welle wohl um die Zeit der Eroberung von Konstantino- annehmen. Wie alle Zahlen, auf die im Folgenden Bezug ge- pel im Jahr 1453, die allgemein von größeren Bevölkerungs- nommen wird, soll dieser Wert freilich nur als Vergleichsgröße verschiebungen charakterisiert war. Weiter südlich, in der herangezogen werden. Was jedoch die spätbyzantinische Zeit Peloponnes, wurden Türken von den Byzantinern als Söldner hinsichtlich der demographischen Daten auszeichnet, ist eine eingesetzt. Gruppen von türkischen ataktoi dürften recht Fülle von Dokumentarquellen auf Griechisch und Lateinisch – zahlreich gewesen sein, spricht doch Betrandon de la Broqui- aber auch auf Türkisch –, die eine Rekonstruktion der Bevöl- ère von 60 000 bis 120 000 Soldaten in den 1430er Jahren 14. kerungsstruktur einiger Regionen ermöglicht. Wir sind am Einige Gruppen davon blieben in der Peloponnes zurück und besten über die Situation in Makedonien (anhand von Urkun- assimilierten sich offensichtlich mit der örtlichen Bevölkerung. den aus den Athosklöstern) und in der Peloponnes (hier aus Trotz alledem blieb der Hauptanteil der Bevölkerung im venezianischen und fl orentinischen Dokumenten) informiert; 15. Jahrhundert sowohl in Thrakien als auch in der Pelopon- außerdem lassen sich für beide Regionen Daten aus frühen nes griechisch. Im osmanischen Verwaltungsregister (Defter) osmanischen Katastern heranziehen. Vorweg erscheint jedoch von 1452-1455 über Thrakien stehen den jüngeren musli- ein kurzer Exkurs zu Faktoren, die die Bevölkerungsstruktur mischen Siedlungen etwa doppelt so viele christliche Dörfer und -höhe in dieser Zeit beeinfl usst haben, angebracht, die entgegen. Ebenso verhält es sich in den frühesten osmani- man als malthusianische Fallen bezeichnen könnte: schen Dafātir über die Peloponnes (aus dem Jahr 1461, also In den zwei Jahrhunderten der Palaiologenzeit wurde das ausgesprochen kurz nach der Eroberung des Gebiets): Bei byzantinische Reich von zahlreichen demographischen Krisen einer Gesamtbevölkerung von etwa 48 000 waren ca. 15 % heimgesucht, welche das Bevölkerungsbild stark und vor Muslime (d. h. 8 000), der Rest waren Christen, davon neben allem nachhaltig prägten. Darunter sind die vielen Kriegs- den Griechen etwa 34 % Albaner 15. züge zu nennen, sowohl gegen äußere Feinde (Kreuzfahrer, Zusätzlich zu den oben genannten Gruppen müssen hier Venezianer, Katalanen, Serben und Osmanen), aber auch Bür- freilich auch diejenigen Erwähnung fi nden, die sich bereits gerkriege (Andronikos II. gegen Andronikos III. 1321-1328; lange vor 1204 in Griechenland ansiedelten, aber in eigenen Johannes Kantakuzenos gegen die Regentschaft Johannes’ V. ethnischen Verbänden lebten: Zu nennen
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