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The Policy of Darius and Xerxes Towards Thrace and Macedonia Mnemosyne Supplements History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity

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The Policy of Darius and Xerxes Towards Thrace and Macedonia Mnemosyne Supplements History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity The Policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia Mnemosyne Supplements history and archaeology of classical antiquity Series Editor Hans van Wees (University College London) Associate Editors Jan Paul Crielaard (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Benet Salway (University College London) volume 379 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mns-haca The Policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia By Miroslav Ivanov Vasilev leiden | boston Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vasilev, Miroslav Ivanov. The policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia / by Miroslav Ivanov Vasilev. pages cm. – (Mnemosyne supplements. History and archaeology of classical antiquity, ISSN 2352-8656 ; volume 379) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-28214-8 (hardback : acid-free paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-28215-5 (e-book) 1. Darius I, King of Persia, 548 B.C.-485 B.C.–Military leadership. 2. Xerxes I, King of Persia, 519 B.C.-465 B.C. or 464 B.C.–Military leadership. 3. Iran–Military policy. 4. Iran–Relations–Thrace. 5. Iran–Relations–Macedonia. 6. Thrace–Relations–Iran. 7. Macedonia–Relations–Iran. 8. Power (Social sciences)–History–To 1500. 9. Thrace–Politics and government. 10. Macedonia–Politics and government. I. Title. DS282.7.V37 2015 938'.03–dc23 2014047081 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2352-8656 isbn 978-90-04-28214-8 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28215-5 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgements vii Preface ix Abbreviations x Introduction 1 1 The Policy of Darius towards Thrace and Macedonia (514–512) 40 2 The Policy of Darius towards Thrace and Macedonia (499/8–492/1) 124 3 The Policy of Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia (480–479) 162 4 The Expulsion of the Persians from Europe 212 Conclusion 227 Works Cited 233 Index 254 Acknowledgements To my parents Evgenia and Ivan ∵ I owe my most sincere thanks to Michael Zahrnt, Christopher Tuplin, and Ioan- nis Xydopoulos, who kindly agreed to read and comment on the text. I would like to express my gratitude to the anonymous reviewer as well, whose remarks were particularly useful for improving some parts of the manuscript concern- ing the early history of Macedonia. Without their critical and detailed com- ments the study would hardly be as it is. Of course, it is the author alone who is fully responsible for both the conclusions and the possible mistakes. I am also indebted to many colleagues who were so good as to send me articles, even books, they had published, as well as literature inaccessible to me: Michael Zahrnt, Christopher Tuplin, Stavros Paspalas, Bruno Tripodi, Kalin Porozhanov, Maria-Gabriela Parissaki, Nevena Panova, Catharine Lorber, Ioannis Xydopou- los, Paula Rose, Ivan Jordovich, Salvatore Constanca, Miroslav Izdimirski, and Plamen Petkov, with whom I have been linked by the bonds of a long-standing friendship. I am grateful to Johannes Heinrichs, who gave me permission to reproduce a picture of a Macedonian coin whose obverse displays a horseman with a short sword. I am also grateful to Dimitra Tzangari (Alpha Bank) and Travis Markel and Dale Tatro (Classical Numismatic Group), who have sent me pictures of other coins from the same series. I could hardly omit the late Zla- tozara Gocheva, who encouraged me to visit the Hardt Foundation (Geneva), and the scientific secretary of the Foundation, Monica Brunner, who made my double stay there possible (in November 2008 and November 2009). This is where I obtained a considerable amount of the bibliography material I sub- sequently used while carrying out the present study. I would especially like to thank Kalin Porozhanov for the unstinting support he has given me over the years at important points in my academic career. I am also grateful to Engin Beksac who promised full cooperation, including on trips to the European part of Turkey I had planned and which, unfortunately, for financial reasons I was not able to realize. The contact with Beksac became possible thanks to Vale- ria Fol, who offered constant support while I was a doctoral student. I am also indebted to my friend and colleague Stephen O’Connor who, though extremely viii acknowledgements busy, kindly agreed to revise parts of the English version of the manuscript (Preface, Chapter 4, and the Conclusion) and especially to the Brill publishing company in the persons of Jennifer Pavelko and Tessel Jonquière, who made the revision of the rest of the text possible. Special thanks are also due to Tim- othy Beck for his punctilious work in that process. My last and greatest debt is to my wife Hristina for being patient and understanding of my scientific work, and I ask her forgiveness if I have ever neglected her or our children, Martin and Eva. Miroslav Vasilev Troyan, June 2014 Preface The idea for the present study was conceived in April 2011. By that time it had been six months since the successful defense of my dissertation and I found myself wavering whether I should pursue further my studies in the field of Thracian–Macedonian relations, or devote the forthcoming years to a study of the history of Macedonia prior to the accession of Philip ii. Due to the chronic shortage of specialized literature in Bulgaria, the development of both subjects required visits to foreign libraries, which was beyond my financial capabilities. For this reason, and due to the fact that much of the requisite literature was available to me, I decided to focus my pursuit on examining the issues relevant to the policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia. This was not a new topic of research for me, for part of my dissertation related precisely to these issues, which is in itself an indication of the keen interest in the topic that I nurtured then and continue to nurture now. The beginning was made in June 2011. In the months that followed I worked hard on my research and also established contact with Michael Zahrnt and Christopher Tuplin, who kindly agreed to read and comment on the entire text. Though from the very outset a huge amount of scientific literature was available to me, I contacted during my work a number of fellow researchers, who were kind enough to send to me not only publications of their own, but also several studies by other researchers which were currently inaccessible to me. To some extent this entailed certain difficulties, since I had to take into account the newly acquired literature, to analyse the issues they addressed and to incorporate their data at the appropriate places within the text, which had already emerged in a partly finished state. In spite of these difficulties, I believe that this challenging task has been successfully completed. In July 2013 the text was finished and sent to Brill for review. Only after receiving the review (in late February 2014) did I find out that three books relevant to my topic had been newly published. They were also included in the footnotes and the bibli- ographical apparatus of the monograph: Herodotus Histories. Book v (2013), by Simon Hornblower; Persomacedonica. Македониja иПерсиja предАлександър (2013), by Vojislav Sarakinski; and История на племената в Югозападна Тра- кия през i хил. пр. Хр. (2014), by an author whom I regard with the highest esteem, Peter Delev, who in the years 2004–2006 mentored the writing of my master’s thesis. Abbreviations aa Archäologischer Anzeiger aaash Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae absa Annual of the British School at Athens afo Archiv für Orientforschung aja American Journal of Archaeology ajah American Journal of Ancient History AJPh American Journal of Philology ami Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran anes Ancient Near Eastern Studies asnsp Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa aw Ancient World awe Ancient West & East bch Bulletin de correspondance hellénique bsoas Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies cah Cambridge Ancient History chi Cambridge History of Iran cj Classical Journal cng Classical Numismatic Group CPh Classical Philology cq Classical Quarterly cr Classical Review csca California Studies in Classical Antiquity gif Giornale Italiano di Filologia g&r Greece & Rome grbs Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies HSCPh Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ics Illinois Classical Studies im Istanbuler Mitteilungen JCPh Jahrbücher für Classische Philologie jhs Journal of Hellenic Studies jnes Journal of Near Eastern Studies jraigbi Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland jrgs Journal of the Royal Geographical Society jrs Journal of Roman
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