100 Pugel Sound and Western Washington

MONROE Monroe is a growing town of nearly 2,000 people, on the main line of the Great North- ern, and upon the new "Milwaukee" line, 12 miles east of Everett. The chief indus- tries of the town and surrounding district are logging, lumbering,shinglemanufac- turing,dairying, and small fruit growing and general farming.The townsite is high with fine available factorysites, and an immense farming region.The valleyof the Snoqualmie River for thirty-five miles southeast of Monroe is one of the most famed farming sections tributary to Puget Sound. Dairying is the present chief pursuit of the ranchers in the Monroe valley.The climate and abundance of sparkling water, makes this an ideal dairy region.Many herds of pure bred cows are making their owners rich for although dairying has been followed here since the days of the earliest settlers, its great advance has been since the building of a large plant of the Pacific Coast Condensed Milk Company, which was secured by the efforts of the Monroe Com- mercialClub. The lumber industryof Monroe is very important.Five saw mills and six shingle mills are in operationin the vicinity and many logging camps. The town also has a large canning and box factory, a creamery and isthe home of the Great Northern Fruit Company, which has the largest berry farm in the state, sixty acresalldevoted to berryraising, and shipping hundreds of cases daily dur- ing the summer season to eastern points. Other berry farms are also being developed in a way to make Monroe known as a great center for berry raising.Fruit and vegetables are also raised in large quantities for the cannery. The Washington State Reformatory, an institution recently located at Monroe, is expending annually in con- struction work about a quarter of a million dollars, and will continue to do soar sev- eral years to come.It is for young criminals and first term men. The reformatory is to accommodate one thousand inmates and will furnish positions, when completed, for 100 employees. The town has good stores, sub- stantial brick and concrete buildings, tele- phone, water and elecrtic lighting systems, banks, and a newspaper.The schools are excellent,there aremanychurches,an opera house, and the town is increasing rapidly. Pu get Sound and Western Washington 101

OBJECTS OF INTEREST AT EDMONDS 1 Shingle Mill Row and Steamboat Pier.2 The New Public Library3 The Grammar School. 4 The New High School. a Carnegie Library, and the fraternal orders EDMONDS are also well represented. The town is ad- Edmonds, a town of 1,200 people, islo- mirably situated on the Sound shore,is cated on the shore line of the Great Northern gaining in numbers and is sure of a sub- Railway, about midway between Seattle andstantial and continuous growth. Everett.Many trainsfrom these larger ARLINGTON cities stop at Edmondsdaily. Steamers plying between Seattle and Everett make At the confluence of the north and south forks of theStillaquamishRiver, in the stops at Edmonds on every tripseveral center of one of the rich timber and agri- times daily. The gradually rising land which cultural districts of Snohomish County, is forms the townsite andwhichisabout 60miles from Seattle and 30 three miles long and two miles wide, is Arlington, very rich soil and garden truck here growsfrom Everett, with good graveled wagon roads to all parts of the county.Arlington prolifically.Most of the land is adapted tohas excellent schools, four churches and a the culture of berries of all kinds.On the population of 1,500.It has electric light waterfront aremills and factories Ed- and water systems, a weekly newspaper and suc- monds is admirably located for the Itisthe cessful operating of manufacturing indus-other modernpublicutilities. junction point for the Northern Pacific and tries.The chief industries now carried on are shingle mills, lumber mills, box and its Darrington branch.It has many saw and shingle mills, and loggingandbolt excelsior factroies. In the city itself arecamps, and is an important base of sup- businessconcernsofeveryvariety; a plies for loggers, miners and ranchers for strong state bank, real estate offices anda large and prosperous district of mountain general stores.There are good weeklyand river country. newspapers, telephone and electric lighting systems, a gravitywater system, which STAN WOOD water system is also used for fire protec- In the heart of the beautiful and produc- tion.There are four churches in Edmondstive Stillaguamish Valley, where itsterri- and a handsome new, modern high school,torial limits are expanded by the fertile tide- 102 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

MT. SAUK AND THE SAUK RIVER Mt. Sauk in Skagit County. is 6,500 feet high, and is a marked feature of the landscape, but because of many greater mountains in Western Washington it is not much spoken of except by people in its locality. lands of Puget Sound, is Stanwood. The Logging and the manufacture of shingles permanent resources of Stanwood are thoseand lumber are the chief industries.There derived fromthesoil,asfarming andis an electriclightplant and wateris dairying. The famous "Stanwood Flats"supplied to residents at cheap rates.There are composed of several thousand acres ofare 200 wage earners in the town, with a land reclaimed from the sea by dikes ex- monthly payroll averaging $15,000. tending many miles along the shore line Granite Falls is a town of about 750 people from Port Susan to the Skagit Delta.The located on the Monte Cristo branch of the farms on these "flats" produce marvelous Northern Pacific Railway.Mining and lum- crops of hay and grain, yielding from onebering interests are both well represented hundred to one hundred and sixty bushels ofin the town. Saw mills, shingle mills, a oats to the acre and the farmers have be-lime kiln and stone quarry are also impor- come "well-to-do" and there is no wealthiertantindustries and contributorstothe agricultural district in the State of Wash-prosperity of the town.There is consider- ington. Stanwood has excellent rail shippingable good agricultural land in the vicinity. facilities and steamboat connection with all Goldbar is a village of about 300 people parts of Puget Sound.Large warehouses located on the main line of the Great North- line the water front, and the facilities forern Railway, well up toward the foothills marketing the products are excellent. The of the Cascade Mountains. Lumbering, town is a model home community. mining and farming are the chief industries. Sultan has about 600 people, is located in Berry growing and truck farming are carried the foothills of the Cascade mountains onon to considerable extent. the main line of the Great Northern rail- Darrington, a town of 500 people, located way. Lumbering, farming and fruit growingon a branch of the Northern Pacific, is in for the Seattle markets are the chief in-the center of a fine timbered district. dustries. Getchell, Pilchuck, Maltby, Oso and Flor- Marysville is a town of about 1,400 people ence are small towns, mining, lumbering and located on the line of the Great Northern agriculturing centers. Railway a fewmilesnorthofEverett. 103 Pu gel Sound and Western Washington

THE CASCADE DIVIDE Looking south along the d vide of the Cascade Range, from a point near Glacier Peak.

HEADWATERS OF THE SKYKOMISH RIVER IN THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS The Skykomiab is atributary of the Snohomish River, a noble streatn watering the entire length of Snohomish Valley. portation,electricCitymilk islightingcannery surroundedas well .ndin as the power by by world railroads fertile service Is fields,in and Mt.and a givingVernon, citynew water electric best paying and of system,pasturage sewer out, annually. systems.The nearly,1 deposits i. Vr $fst(stO through in the to the peoplethree year city andin thebanks yielding vicinity, refiec enormous with the prosperitya second hay and milk of oat the calnerycrops. community, with two-thirds being a ,eauttu1 h tu t an. with handM me well cared for reddeiice. finely paved streets, new and modern busine it is the county seat of Skagit County. and the peital center for a wide MOUNTcircle VERNON Located on the Skagit River. the City as wa blocks, and has nil modern public utilities s morethe capselt than 5l.000.O(JO. f free delivery routet. The I I the targorfactory -.

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ASKACIT COUNTY OAT FIELD NEARMT.VERNON CHAPTER SIX.

SKAGIT COUNTY: MT. VERNON,ANACORTES, SEDRO..WOOLLE'1', BURLINGTON, CONCRETE, &c. Skagit: Name of a local Indian tribe. Skagit CountystretchesfromRosarioand fisheries.Its great cereal crop is of oats;hops, fruits, hay and barleyfollow straits to the Cascadesabout 100 miles, and while the 24 miles north and south.Its area is 1,800 in the order named in importance, 30,000. products of the dairy are rapidlymultiply- square miles, with a population about precious It is a county of great diversities in climate, ing. Its minerals includethe topography and resources. The Skagit Rivermetals, iron, lead, coal, marble,limestone, nearly theentiregranite, sandstone, etc. Aside fromits water and its branches drain west- county from the mountains to the salt water. transportation, two railways cross its erly end and send a branch linethrough the Its deltas are great flat fields of wonderful towards the fertility.Its valleys also, where cleared ofvalley of the Skagit River well forests, are very rich alluvial lands. Itsmountains and to the salt water atAna- upper lands carry great forests and arefull cortes. Electric lines arealso entering of hiddent treasuresIts resources are itsand traversing the county. forests and minerals, agricultural products MOUNT VERNON in theBeautiful and BountifulValley of the Skagit point of the new interurban systemtravers- Mt Vernor is the county seat of Skagit The rapid growth in the County.It is situated on the Skagit, theing the county. largest navigable river in Western Wash- recent past, and its present solidprosperity, most important ington,ata point ten miles fromsea, comes from its being the The center in the greatproductiveterritory in the western part of the county. which extend city has excellent transportation facilities.known as the "Skagit Flats," It is on the coast line of the Great Northernthirty miles along the river, with avarying width of five to ten miles.This section Railway, 69 miles north of Seattle and mid- half way between Everett and Bellingham.It produces annuallyamillion anda bushels of oats and barley, 30,000 tonsof has regular steamer service with Seattle and 10,000 cows and grows a Tacoma.It has one ofthefinestroad hay,sustains systems in the country, and is a divisionwealth of apples, pears, plums, cherriesand 106 Puget Sound and Western Washington

SCENES ABOUT MT. VERNON 1 The Steamer Dock with a glimpse of the Skagit River.2 The City High School3 Portion of First Street. Vernon Cream Company's Milk Cannery. 4 The Mt berries of every description.In the delta milk. Among other industries are a fruit section Skagit county has reclaimed42,000 cannery, machine shops, sash and box fac- acres by a system of dikes and drainagetory and a number of Other small enter- districts, a section which isnowhere sur- prises.The city has a fine public school passed for great crops.The lumber inter-system, a dozen religious societies, many ests were among the firstcauses to bringfraternal bodies, and a progressive Coni- inhabitants to Mt. Vernon, andthecity mercial Club.The county has here a fine shares in the great industry today,having a brick court house, and there are many solid number of saw andshingle mills. Mt. brick and cement business structures; three Vernon is one of the principal dairymar- solid banks, two progressive newspapers, kets in the state, with two largemilk con- many fine modern homes, a modern sewer densers which pay the dairymen ofSkagit system, a gravity water system, and well county an average of $80,000 per monthfor paved streets.

PACIFIC COAST CONDENSED MILK COMPANYPLANT, MT. VERNON Pu get Sound and Western Washington 107

CLEARING LOGGED-OFF LAND IN SKAGIT COUNTYA TYPICALSTUMP PILE Many of these piles are sixty feet high, the stumps being hoisted, by team or donkeyengine, with cables attached to a central tree or pole.After drying for several months, the torch being put to them, they makemagnificent bonfires.

THRESHING 140 BUSHELS OF OATS TO THE ACRESCENES NEAR MT.VERNON The upper view shows a number of neighboring farm teams co-operating in getting the harvestfrom the field to the thresh- ing machiue. The lower view is of the thresher at work, separatingthe grain and stacking the straw. log

INDIAN CANOE RACE, ANACORTES At this trial of speed and endurance the five crews represented the Tulalip, Cowichan, Swinomish, Lummi afld a British Columbian tribe. The great speed attained was astonishing to on-lookers

THE RUSSIA CEMENT COMPANY'S PLANT AT ANACORTES A model manufacturing plant, the product being builders' glue, wool sizing, fish oils and fertilizers.It uses fish wastes in summer, and low grades of fish, such as dogfish, skates and sharks, turning them into useful merchandise. Pu get Sound and Western Washington 109

ANACORTES, SKAGIT COUNTY 'The Gloucester of the Pacific." 1 Canneries along the water front.2 View of the city from Cap Santa. showing Guemes, Cypress and Blakeley Islands across Anacortes Ifarbor. with Fidalgo Bay in the foreground.3 A section of the Lumber Mill District. Pu getSoundandWesternWashington < >- . ' - A MODELmmon to MANUFACTORYTHE Western \Vasbington 1) an en I' isolatedLUMBER vdlage COM maintainedKE. SKAGIT by C .

Mt. The newelectriclinebetween Bellingham, There areabout1,500people inthecity. coupled withtheenterprise ofitscitizens. place onaccountof Skagit CountyFairisannually heldatthis railroad centerforSkagitCounty,andthe lug inbusinessandinhabitants. Great NorthernRailroad,israpidlyincreas- community. schools, churches,etc. foratecI valleya ofand iswellsuppliedwithbusinesshouses, Skagit County. nod Sound. between LaConnerandotherportsofPuget regular steamerservicebeingmaintained gives itexcellenttransportationadvantages, water atthemouthof products. for theirtremendousyieldsoftheabove which aretributarytothetownnoted tricts ofthestate. center ofthehayandoatsproducingdis- of about1,000peopleandislocatedinthe Baker. 3wav in craft seenabouttheshoresandinlets. always interestingwithfishermenandtheir the cityisdestinedtohave. modate alargenumberofinhabitants,which right anglesandweresurveyedtoaccom- churches. lighted byelectricity,hasbanks,schoolsand Straits. from theotherislandsofSoundand while fromitsdockssmallercraftgotoand may betant stoppingpointforSoundsteamers, seen in saw millsandshinglemills. fertilizer andoilfactory,coldstorageplants, fish canneries,dryingandsaltingplants,a tically aland-lockedharbor. lying northandwestofit,makingprac. tected fromseverestormsbytheislands The cityhasalong,deepwaterfrontpro- here untilputuponthemarketelsewhere. salted, dried,cannedorkeptincoldstorage brought infromthebanksfurthernorthand the nearbywatersandhalibutcodbeing vast quantitiesofsalmonbeingcapturedin is admirablylocatedforthelatterindustry, devoted chieflytolumberingandfishing. its northwesternshore. the largesttownandprincipalseaportof Skagit county,situatedonF'idalgoIsland, Burlington, locatedontheline La Connerisatownhavingpopulation Anacortes, withabout4250inhabitants,is Vernon The townislightedbyelectricity It hasagoodsystemofwater,is The locationofthetownontide Its BURLINGTON and LA CONNER ANACORTES streets are Sedro-Woolley The Swinomishflats its It isagrowingcity It isaprosperous central location, broad, laid It isanimpor- Skagit Its docksare The cityhas It of passes River is the at It a BIRDSEYE VIEW OF BURLINGTON, SKAGIT COUNTY

Burlington is a rapidly growing railroad center, where may be seen four trains leaving her depot Bellingham also passes through the town. VIEW SHOWING BURLINGTONBurlington is ASin the A midst of a fine agri ich it isnorth, the commercial south, east and 112 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

SEDRO-WOOLLEY AND THE SKAGIT RIVER A scenic gem showing how the city lies in the Skagit Valley, bordering upon the river. Photo copyrighted by F LaRochc. through the city, giving frequent connectiontor in its development of the surrounding with those towns.It is also an important country, in additiontogeneralfarming. center forranchersandfruitgrowers. Berry culture is destined to have a large There are four churches, a well maintained place among the crops of the region. The school system, public library, electric light-city is built up with new and substantial ing plant, and a weekly newspaper. business blocks, has fine streets and very SEDRO-WOOLLEY attractive residence sections, with magnifi- Sedro-Woolley is oneof theimportantcent mountain scenery ever present,The towns of the Northwest.It is the nearestcity has excellent water and electric light large community to the region reaching up systems.The schools are noted for their to the mountains via theSkagitValley, excellence, and a number of religious de- and is the financial and commercial head- nominations are represented in the town. quarters for all that great territory.It isSkagit county ranks among thefirst on located at the intersection of two railroads, Puget Sound in amount andqualityof and the Skagit River flows by the town standing timber, ninety per cent, of which on its course to the Sound. The latestis tributary to Sedro-Woolley, which fact transportation development is the electric reveals the source of the city's prosperous line connecting Sedro-Woolley with Mt. Ver- growth. non, Burlington and Bellingham. There are CONCRETE 4,000 people in Sedro-Woolley precinct, and Concrete is a city set upon a hill, with 2,500 in the city proper.The lumber inter-busy mills set in the valleys at her feet, ests of the city are exceedingly important,which keep her people busy.All about the with dairying coming to be a principal fac- town are other greater bills with swift run-

THE OLD AND THE NEW WAYS OVER THE SKAGIT RIVER AT SEDRO-WOOLLEY The old ferry. The new bridge. Puget Sound and Western Washington 113

RECENT BUILDINGS IN SEDROWOOLLEY business portion of 2 High School.3 Wixson House.4 Seidel Block, The new and principal 1 Binghain-Holland Block. Sedro-Woolley is built up with subtsantial brick structures

WATER MAIN OVER THE SKAGIT RIVER ATSEDRO-WOOLLEY The water supply I or the city of Sedro-Woolley is brought over theSkagit River by a 12-inch pipe, supported by a trestle with 41-4 inch cables and 2x6 cross pieces, whichis 636 feet long between supports. The water is brought from Nook-a-Champs, a mountain stream six miles distant. 114 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

fling rivers cutting through them, givinga from the Great Northern railway, the town variety of beautiful scenery, for the town of Whitney being the nearest railroad point. lies well up to the foothills of themountains. Itis a milling and farming center and There is already a public library,a church, asouth of the village is a flat district highly bank, weekly paper and modern electricsys- improved and extremely productive. tems for light, telephone, etc. The city has Minkler is a milling center having access something over 1300 inhabitants. to the Great Northern Railway for trans- Hamilton is an incorporated town of about portation of its products.The surrounding 500 people at the head ofnavigation onvalley has exceptionally the Skagit River and alsoon a branch of goodsoilwhile the Great Northern Railway. nearby is an immense stand of cedar, fir It isin aand hemlock of the finest quality.Belle- heavily timbered country and at thebegin- yule is a postoffice and small railroad sta- ning of the mineral belt of the county.The people are engaged chiefly tion located on thelineoftheGreat in lumbering, Northern Railway.Prairie is a small village mining and agriculture. Many locations for iron, coal, asbestos and gold and located in the northwestern portion of the silvercounty and on the lineof the Northern and other metals have been made,and pros-Pacific Railway. pecting and mining are given attention. It is in the center o:f a farming and dairying community and there Lyman, ten miles east of Sedro-Woofleyis a large timbered district in the vicinity. on the Rockport branch of the Great North-There are several shingle mills nearby. ern Railroad,isa lumber manufacturing Fir town with 500 inhabitants, having is a small community located on the shore several line of the Great Northern Railway.It is good stores, two churches, a newspaper,and in the center of a fine agricultural district is near to cheap lands and isa growing agricultural district. noted for its production of oats and hay. Birdsview is a shipping point for timber and Bay View is a village locatedon the Puget farmingproducts,havingtransportation Sound shore line and three miles distantfacilities both by rail and water.

The Bartlett Herd of Thorough-bred Angora Goatsat Startup Snohomjuh County. LaConner at the mouth of the Skagit River is the shipping point LACONNER.ATLO for WER EXTREMin exceedinIy prosITY petatisOF farming THE SKAGIT ommUnity. VALLEY and center of a great hay and oats producing district

Concrete is a manufacturing town of but a few years growth, situated manufacture of cement from the quarries CONCRETE. AT amonganti 'IaytheUPPER mountainsfrom EXTREMITYthe surrounding of the u OF TH pperE SKAGIThills Skagit ha.s VALLEY Valley,caused theat the development confluence of of Concrete. the Baker and Skagit rivers havingwith filled recentSir Williamup indications they wereBellingham of THE BAKER RIVER COUNTRY The view is from a photograph looking from the mountains in Skagit County into Whatcom County, showing BakerRiver, Mt. Baker and far to the right, Mt. Shuksan. CHAPTER SEVEN.

WHATCOM COUNTY: BELLINGRAM, BLAINE, SUMAS, &c.

Whatcom County lies on the boundary ofto the farmer's labor generously.The east- British Columbia, stretching from the Straits eln half of the county is a mountainous, of Georgia to the peaks of the Cascade Moun-forest-covered mining region, and has many tains-24 miles wide and 100 miles long. Theveins of nearly allthe metals.Game in eastern half or more of the county is in-variety of animals, and fowls and fish are cluded in the national forest reserve, withabundant.The people of Whatcom County Mount Baker, 10,827 feet high, in the centerare engaged in lumbering, salmon canning, o[ the county.It is one of the importantcement factories, farming, fruit-growing and counties on tide water, and has an area ofdairying. Prospecting and mining engage a 2,226 square miles and a population of aboutlarge number.Besides having a long salt- 51)000.The climate is mild and healthful.water coast, with good harbors, the county There are no severe storms nor sultry heatis traversed in its agricultural half by a and no severe cold.It is estimated that thenetwork of railroads, furnishing exceptional county has three billion feet of standingmeans of traffictoallindustries except timber. This is its greatest source of wealth. mining.The county has also an admirable The western half of the county, outside ofsystem of wagon roads. lumbering, has a wealth of soil responding BELLINGHAM 'The Northwest Metropolis The past history, the present progressiveNorthern, Northern Pacific,Canadian Pa- spirit of her citizens, her fine harbor andcific, and Bellingham Bay & British Colum- water transportation facilities, the rapidly-bia railways, the latter now a branch of the increasing steam and electric railway com- "Milwaukee" system, all center in the city. binations, and the vast natural and agricul-Electric railroads operate in outlying sec- tural resources behind her, all point to ations for long distances, giving the merchant great metropolitan city as the destiny oflarge volumes of suburban trade.The har- Bellinghain.With a population of aboutbor receives shipping fromallover the 25,000, the city covers about 23 square milesworld, while small craft ply between the of territory, and is the business center forcity and different points on Puget Sound. the entire 50,000 people in Whatcom County, Bellingham is a manufacturing city, with for which it is the county-seat.The Greatlumber and shingles constituting the most MT. BAKER. LONE SENTINEL 0 THE NORTH. F Mt. Raker, the grand. d1ent, nr1asting mountain. ,een from every side. I titmands admiration. TI Viewed from the ishuds of linesilveris of the dome vision. unfailing surmounting From subject the nearer theof thoughdark ,rCea I ul attu lea i t lU upon tl antie feo dktant-' store. are mjtgnitinl. Toinuous thu- source Friii the 1h topics, an undredf inSpIr miles and more away, Its hume iate vicinity It is the object of d greatesthe Sounitisyet theinterest,land imposing front dwarfing .bjet'the far tudisall lamtantother the ntscenea. t her an dna Puget Sound and Western Washington 119

DEMING GLACIER. MT. BAKER The Woman of the Snows." Each year in July August and September as the snow melts on Mt Baker. the face of aladv appears utJon its side. The rhotograph from which the engraving was made, was taken in tl1e summer of 1909. when the mountain was in a blaze of sunlight, with vapory clouds passing over its silvery dome. 120 Puget Sound and Western Washington

MT. BAKER FROM MAZAMA PARK Mazaina Park is an opening, a meadow in the forest, about 4,700 feet elevation. Photographs Copyrighted by Kiser Photo Co. Pugci Sound and Wcslern Was/iingon I 1

MOUNTAIN CLIMBERS ASCENDING MAIN DOME OF MT. BAKER

'I'be v{cw s]1 w theviT at all istan Ifilsei Iti iltan IlilillIred feet from the SIlinhilit oF tile mountain.

CUMBING ROOSEVELT GLACIER. MT. BAKER Th1 view thw a typleal hanging bridge ucb u are freiuent1y See1 upon the niountain.The party pictured have attained an elevation at about 7.501) teet. 122 Pu get Sound and Western Washing/on

THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT BELLINGHAM The Bellingham NormalSchool was first opened in 1899.It is the only one west of the Cascades.It is beautifully located upon atract of twelve acres, on Normal Hill, overlooking the city and Bellingham Bay.

HOLLY STREET, BELLINCHAM Holly Street is the pr ncipal business avenue of the city.The view is from a point a bbck east of Elk Street, another main business thoroughfare. The busiest part of the business section of the city is centered about Holly Street at the portion most distant in the engraving. Puget Sound and Western Washington 123

THE SALMON FISHERY UPON PUGET SOUND 1 Working on the trap.2 Salmon in the trap.3 Salmon cannery tender waiting to tow scow loads of salmon to the cannery. 4 Scows filled with salmon waiting to be unloaded at cannery.5 Salmon upon floor of cannery ready for process of canning.6 Hundreds of thousands ef cans of salmon in store room.7 Largest cannery in the world, located at Bellingham. 124 Pu gel Sound and Western Washington

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important industries, though recent indica-gartens, and a free industrial school.The tions are that these will soon be rivalled, if BellinghamStateNormal Schoolisthe not outstripped, by new lines.One of these,largest and best-equipped in the state. Much the new cement manufactory, will have onehas been done through various sections of of the largest and finest-equipped establish-the city in removing the inequalities of the ments of the kind in the world. The projec-land, resulting in fine level paved streets tors of this new enterprise, Balfour, Guthrie and beautiful surroundings.Important har- & Co., are said to have expended $40,000 in-bor improvements are under way, and the specting clays, and located finally at Bell-city is continuing upon a progressive career ingham, as a result of the research.The of civic development.Bellinghamisthe salmon fishing is also one of the most im-starting and outfittingpoint fortourists, portant industries of this city.Other in-parties of mountain climbers and sportsmen dustries include woodworking products, millwho .visit Mt. Baker and the national re- and cannery machinery, boilers and engines,serve.From the city, travelers may go by clothing, flour and feed, condensed milk,rail to Glacier, where the trail soon begins. vinegar, confectionery and other articles ofMt. Baker, 10,870 feet high, is thought by common merchandise.The city has a finemany to excel in varied splendors of gla- city hail, erected at a cost of $50,000; thereciers, glory of sweeping view and grandeur are forty church organizations; a strong Y.of mountain fastnesses, any other region in M. C. A. and two public libraries.There isAmerica.Tourists, learning of the wonders a paid fire department; an electric lightingof the mountain, visit Mt. Baker, and make system; a water system owned by the city,the ascent,inincreasingnumbers each with gooddaily and weekly newspapers. year.The annual race to the summit of Bellingham has excellent school advantages.Mt. Baker, inaugurated in recent years, by The city schools include two high schoolsa local Mountain Association of Bellingham, and a dozen or more fine grade schools.is doing much to extend knowledge of the There are private business colleges, kinder- mountain. Puget Sound and Western Washington 125

SUMAS It is fondly claimed by the people of Su- mas that they live "Where crops never fail and the Dairy Cow is Queen."The town is located twenty miles east of tide water, on the northern boundary of Whatcom County, the State of Washington and the United States.It is built on a plain, the northern part of which is drained by Sumas River and Sumas Lake into the Fraser River, and the southern portion by the Nooksack River. This plain is bounded on the north by the foothills of the Selkirk Mountains, on the east and south by the foothills of the Cas- cade Mountains, and on the west by a low bench land which extends to the Gulf of Georgia.The name "Sumas"derived from the Indian tonguesignifies "Land without trees,"referringtotheSumasPrairie. Dairying is the main source of the farmer's income, and owing to low cost of produc- tion and high price of product, is a profitable business.Poultry raising is also profitable. The large yield and fine quality of small fruits and pears promises well for the sec- tion.Oats and peas are main crops, of which there is always a sure and abundant yield.Sumas has a population of 1,300, is growing rapidly, and is served by five rail- roads. They are the Canadian Pacific, North- ern Pacific, Great Northern, British Colum- bia Electric and Bellingham Bay & British Columbia (a branch of the Milwaukee), mak- ing it an important railroad center.Belling- ham, the county-seat, is 23 miles from Su- mas, and Glacier 21 miles southeast, the nearest approach by rail to Mt. Baker. Elec- tricity is furnished Sumas for lighting and power.Only a start has been made at cut- ting the vast forests of the Mt. Baker re- gion.The foothills east of Sumas contain high grade coal, already being mined, exten- sive deposits of limestone, being worked on a commercial scale, extensive beds of clay suitable for brick, tile, and pottery, and sand suitable for glass-making.Sumas has saw- mills, shingle mills, a creamery, modern ho- tels, two banks, a commercial club, lodges of fraternal orders, a theater, two newspa- pers, two hospitals and twenty-five stores. There are five churches and ahigh and grammar school.At Sumas the border line runs along the middle of a wide well traveled street. An American standing upon one side walk of the street may be under the stars and stripes.By passing to the opposite side of the street he is in Huntington, B. C., and 126 Puget Sound and Western Washington

OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN AND ABOUT BLAINE 1 Ainsworth & Dunn salmon cannery.2 (Center) Monument marking very northwest corner of United States, erected noon Point Roberts in June, 1846.3 Alaska Packers Association cannery, Seiniahmoo Spit.4 Drayton Harbor Shingle Mill.5 U. S. Lighthouse built upon piles in Semiahmoo Bay. under a foreign flag.Considerable business Lynden is a town of about 1,200 inhabi- comes to Sumas stores from across the line. tants, located on the line of the Bellingham BLAINE Bay & British Columbia railway.There are The City of Blame hac the distinction ofthree lumber mills, a shingle mill, creamery, occupying the very farthest northwest cor-machine shop and other industries.There ner of the farthest northwest county of theare four churches, good school facilities, and farthest northwest State in the Union.It isa number of business establishments. Ad- situated upon a broad plain fronting uponjoining the town is a splendid farming dis- the waters of Drayton Harbor and Semiah-trict especially adapted to truck gardening moo Bay, arms of the Gulf of Georgia, andand small fruit raising. has transportation facilities by both water Marietta is a town of about 500 people, and rail.Lumber and fishing interests have located on the shore line a few miles north- been the factors forcing its growth, whilewest of Bellingham.The chief industries agriculture has helped in its progress and arefishing,poultry raising, dairying and is fast becoming one of the most importantgardening. industries.Large tracts of land adjacent to Deming is locatedon thelineofthe the city await settlers, promising mostex- Northern Pacific railway.It is the center cellent returns to dairying and diversifleaof big lumber and logging operations and farming. The canning of crabs is carriedon enjoys aprosperous and growingtrade. to some extent, and salmon in vast quanti- Nooksack is located in the rich Nooksack ties,while clams arefoundeverywhere valley on the line of the Northern Pacific about the shores.Fruit and berries thrive railway.It is a village of about 300 people, abundantly.The lumber mills have goodsurrounded by a splendid agricultural and capacity.There are about 3,000 inhabitants,timber district.There are many fine farms, with well-paved streets, numerous churches,dairy ranches and orchards in the vicinity. commodious and well-filled stores, two banksSemiahmoo is located in the extreme north- and the facilities of a modern city. western section of the county.The popula- Ferndale, with 750 people, is on the banktion, about 250,rely upon steamboats for of the Nooksack River, nine miles north-transportation facilities.Salmon canning, west of Bellingham on the Great Northernthe cultivation of oysters and the manufac- Railway.Most of the people find employ-ture of shingles make up the industries of ment in agricultural pursuits, though shin-the community. Clipper, a town of about 200 gle mills and sawmills employ aboutonepopulation, is largely a logging and lumber hundred and fifty men.The farmers are center.It issurrounded, however, by a prosperous and adding to their cultivated large district suitable for dairying and gen- land.Some specialize in fruit products anderal farming.Lawrence, with 250 people, is dairying, but most adopt a general plan and located in the famous Nooksack valley, on have orchards and cattle.In the valley im-the Northern Pacific railway.The soil of mense quantities of oats and hay are raised.the surrounding district is extremely fertile. SALMON FISHERS. SAN JUAN ISLANDS 1 Gill-netters awaiting theirturn" to cast their nets where the salmon run,2 "Brailing traps" on salmon banks. 3 Shows 25 000 Sockeye" salmon on the floor of a cannery.4 Storeroom with 200,000 cans of salmon ready to he cased. CHAPTER EIGHT.

SAN JUAN AND ISLAND COUNTIES. San Juan County is a group of islands ly-tone lore incidental to the settlement of ing between the waters of the Straits ofSan Juan Island, its occupation by the Hud- Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia. It has aboutson Bay Company and by the British and 200 square miles of territory and 4,000 peo-American forces, at the time of the discus- ple.There are three large islands and sev- sion and settlementof the international eral smaller ones.The islands have soilboundary, of great interest to visitors-All and timber not different from the mainland.the islands have romantic stories connected Heavy timber in the forests, clay barns inwith the past. the bottom lands, shot clay on the hillsides, Orcas Island is the leading fruit-growing ledges of lime rock and other minerals anddistrict of the county. East Sound, near the great shoals of fish in the waters are thecenter of the island, at the foot of Mount foundations for prosperity for the citizensConstitution, is a picturesque summer re- of the county.Wheat, oats, barley, pota-sort. Orcas is a center of fruit and sheep- toes and hay yield large crops. Dairying, raising industries. poultry-raising and fruit-growing are profit- Lopez Island is a beautiful stretch of fer- able.Sheep and cattle find splendid pas-tile agricultural land, much of it under till- turage.Great quantitiesofsalmon and age, and is the home of a prosperous com- other fish are taken in the waters, and gamemunity of farmers anti stock-growers. Lopez deer and wild fowlare abundant.All is the chief commercial center, with a can- parts are well served by steamboats. nery and creamery. San Juan Island is the largest of the Island County is entirely composed of a group, and Friday Harbor, on this island, isgroup of islands in Puget Sound, the largest thecounty-seatand largesttown, withtwo being Whidby and Camano. It has a about 825 peoile.At Roche Harbor areland area of 227 square miles and a popula- great lime kilns.There is a wealth of his-tion of about 5,000.Lumber, agricultural GEMS OF SCENERY AMONG THE SAN JUAN ISLANDS From the camera of J. A. MeCormack. 1 Biology Camp at Friday Harbor.2 Roche Harbor, showing lime kilns.3 Cute Island.4 Friday Harbor, county seat of San Juan County,5 Island steamer entering Roche Harbor. 6 County Court House, Friday Harbor. 7 Purse Seiners at Kanaka Bay.8 West Pass, Lopez Island. Pu get Sound and Western Washington 129

COUPEVILLE. WHIOBY ISLAND Coupeville is one of the oldest settlements of Western Washington, and has manywonderfully productive ranches inland. products and fish make up the county's re- est and finest cultivatedranches in the sources.Considerable of the timber, par-whole state. Fort Casey, one of the group of ticularly from Whidby Island, has been r- three IJ. S. forts guarding the entrance to moved, and wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, fruit, Puget Sound, is upon the west coast of poultry, buttter, eggs, etc., are now shipped Whidby Island.Oak Harbor, further north, out to nearby markets, the towns on Pugetis the center of a large farming and logging Sound.The soils in the northern part of district.Two canneries are in successful Whidby Island are of remarkable fertility, operation.Tjtsalady, San de Fuca, Camano, some of them producing as much as 100Clinton and Langley are smaller villages bushels of wheat per acre and immensegradually becoming summer resorts.Steam crops of potatoes.In season the waters o boats furnish good transportation from all the county abound in salmon and other saltparts of the county. water fish, and many of the citizens of the The varying beautiful attractions of sea, county find profitable employment in con-and shore, and forest, among the isles of nection with the fishing industry. Coupeville these two island counties would be hard is a town of some 1,050 people and the coun-to describe, but the following quotation is ty-seat, situated on a beautiful bay in thenot extravagant: "It is a region of wonder- northern part of Whidby Island. It is theful attractiveness for the tourist and the chief distributing point for the county, has pleasure seeker, unrivaled upon the Ameri- a sawmill, shingle mill, fruit-drying estab- can continentand unequaledinnatural lishment, stores, churches, schools, a news- beauties by the most celebrated regions of paper, etc.The town has some of the rich-the Mediterranean."

SCENE AT OAKVILLE, WHIDBY ISLAND Shows fine condition of the roads, stretches of well tilled fields, and modern phases of life, prevailing on theIslands. I View th,,wlng the Iflca!tic)n nf the Fort upo o Point Wilso n whii1 Pyi.les the wateri of Tn FORT WORDEN PUCET SUOND. - -.1 I i S II) abouaRarrrnk r to-in .unaringgunire visible upc,i I iI}CI has c sI . :uafly six ehim.rsiii The and is ompaniessuccessionthe ofstrongest 1 of fnrr;i:...J.!;. andeioogIiigii to the the Northves, C,:: guns oCcupytI dingstationedtrait the of entrance Juan at thede Fuca. toFort the nearSo P Fort unit.on Townsend.\Vorden was esla 2 Troops in bushedJefferson indress 1902. County. parade. contains The 3 Firing LAKE CRESCENT. CLALLAM COUNTY half Lake Crescent is one of the most beautiful mountain lakes in the world.It is twelve miles long and about one and a wide, and lies at the loot of Mt. Storm King. This entire region s an ideal countryfor summer sport and recreation. CHAPTER NINE.

JEFFERSON, CLALLAM AND MASON COUNTIES. Clallam, is an Indian word meaning strong, and wasthe name Jefferson County was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. secretary of Washngton Territory. of a local tribe.Mason County was so named in honor of Charles H. Mason, first thedecompositionofvegetablematter Jefferson Countyis thesecond county In the valleys, where south of the entranceof Puget Sound,through centuries. stretching from the Pacific Ocean eastwardmost of the farming is being done, these soils produce remarkable crops, clover yield- over the peaks of the Olympic Mountains Oats and to Hood's Canal, and turning north, gets aing from four to six tons per acre. long waterfront also on Puget Sound, andvetches for ensilage yield five to seven tons taps the Straits of Fuca.It has a popula-per acre.Fifty to seventy-five tons of cab- tion of about 9,000 people and 2,000 squarebage or mangles per acre are common, and onions and potatoes produce from six to ten miles of territory.Its resources are largely itsentire area,tons.Fruit trees, particularly cherries, ap- undeveloped.Originally ples and pears, produce wonderful crops. barring a few small patches, was heavilyCattle can graze ten months in the year, and timbered, and it is estimated that the coun- ofJefferson ty still has twenty billion feet of standingthe products of the dairies County cannot be excelled. timber.Its soil is remarkably fertile, and the products of its farms have long been PORT TOWNSEND famous.The Olympic Mountains contain Port Townsend, at the entrance of Puget veins of precious metals, iron and manga-Sound, is the county-seat and chief commer- nese, none of which have as yet been thor-cial center of the county.It has a popula- oughly developed. Fishing for salmon, sar- tion of about 4,500.It is the headquarters dines, shrimps, clams and crabs is a veryfor many government institutions, including important industry. The soils of the countythe U. S. customs service, U. S. revenue are largely sedimentary, having been wash-cutter service, marine hospital service, hy- ed down from the mountains, assisted bydrographic service, quarantine service, and U. S. CUSTOM HOUSE, PORT TOWNSEND Port Townsend is the port of entry for I he PugetSound collection district. The custom house and official marine routine business connected therewith are importantmatters in the affairs of the inhabitants.

JEFFERSON COUNTY COURT HOUSE, PORT TOWNSEND The handsome Court House is one of the prominentbuildings on the heights over-looking Port Townsend Bay. Pu get Sound and Western Washington 133

PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS. AT VICTORIA. B. C. miles away, forms the The Olympic Mountains across the Strait of Juande Fuca, upon the OlymPicdelightfully Peninsular, English socialsixty atmosphere, andwith background of the view.Victoria is a beautiful modern city with a Railroad Shore Line to Van- very many pleasing attractions. A finetrip is one along Puget Sound by the Great NorthernVancouver to Victoria, by m-ouver, B.C. passing, enroute, through manycities and towrs of Western WahinctOn. Fromof Fuget Sound. watec, ia a famous trip, with striking scenery.A fitting final lapse is a reLurn over the waters

THE TROLLERS REWARD-ON SAN JUANSTRAITS of Fuca. The engraving is convincing evidence that sportsmen find good fishingin the waters of Puget Sound and time Strait wateringforesu towns, harbor, and runnthg withsnow-white frequentelectric suinnilts,railways, steamboat sawThe comn,unit'ationPort millscity Angeles, is and headquarters the with northern Sound gateway to the Olympl& Mountain nianufactorles. for the new power company. generating I region,Citi,'..Logging is beautifullyoilPORT is and the Iuml,er,ANGELES.center locoted of fishing, upontravel "THE Juan dairyfor GATEWAY.' Lab'tie and n electricity Crescentricultni-alat t a ElwhaFuca and interests Strait, River, fbI Due withal-a distributing Hot allthe extensivSprings mountains it ortiiitige,for hundreds a Port Angel' - boi I. miles,round hasfor oflighpa fine green deep View showingwith Point Fort Flagler,Wilson withLight Marrowstone House at e'treme right. Light HouseSCENES upon UPONthe extreme THE SHORESright. OF JEFFERSON4 Ediz Hook, AND and Light House, at Port Angeles. 2 DungenesS Spit, and Light House upon the All are prominentCLALLAM points to COUNTIES the mariner on the way right. 3 Fort Worden, near Port Townsend. to the Pacific Ocean. 136 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

THE NEW SOL DUC HOTEL, SOL DUCHOT SPRINGS. CLALLAM COUNTY With the opening of this sumptuous new hotel known and visited by the Indians and early settlers,in the northern Olympics, the curative properties of thehot springs, long mountain scenery, the elegant appointments of becaae available for the benefit of the world at large. Thebeautiful purposes, with the fascinating trip to the resort, thecaused hotel, the popularity of the baths and of theWater drank for remedial promises to be an important factor in bringing phenominal success for its opening season in 1912. The enterprise the scenic and material attractions of Clallam Countyto public notice. U. S. artillery for the Puget Sounddistrict. lages scattered about the county, andare Two great forts, Worden and Flagler,are 10- centers of agricultural activity. cated here,with Fort Casey on Whictoy Island, forming the chief defenseto Puget CLALLAM COUNTY Sound. Fort Worden joins the city limits. ClallamCountyoccupies2,000square The present garrison force is 650.Its busi- miles of the northwestern part of the Olym- ness interest are varied and extensive. Can.pic peninsula, having 35 miles of shore land neries for salmon and sardinesare here lo-on the Pacific and 90 miles on the straits. cated, boiler works, a machine shop,a ship- The Olympic Mountains and foothills cover yard, sash and door factory, and lumberand the southern half mostly, while the north- shingle mills.The city is substantially builtern half is made up of lower hills and val- and its homes are artistically located.The leys.Several large lakes nestle among the harbor has twenty-five miles ofwaterfrontmountains; one of them, Lake Crescent, is and fine anchorage of from nineto eighteena famous summer resort. An important sec- fathoms, and is a refuge for allseagoing tion of the county is that known as Sequim craft.The city has gas and electirc lights,Prairie.This is a level district of about paid fire department, fine churches,schools, 5,000 acres, located three miles back from and a gravity water system furnishesthe Port Williams.Most of it is under irriga- town of Irondale, Hadlock and FortsWorden tion, and the soil thus treated produces mar- and Flagler, having water tospare for thou- velous crops.Lumber,fish,agricultural sands more. products and coalcomprisethe county's Irondale is a new steel manufacturingcity chief resoures.The timber is very vast and upon Townsend Bay, having the only pig ironvery little exploited.Its proximity to the plant in the state, and produces steelof theocean makes it very advantageous for all finest quality. fishing industries.Its valleys are noted for Port Ludlow, Duckabush, Bogachiel,Port the fertility of their soils, and many farmers Discovery, Quilcene and Chimacumare vil- have grown wealthy from their cultivation. 137 Pu get Sound and WesternWashington

NEAH BAY. CLALLAM COUNTY the under agency supervision, on MakahReservation, in Clallam County, near Neah Bay Is an Interesting Indian town, It is a great rendezvous, in season,for salmon fishers, dangerous Cape Flattery, at the mouth ofthe Strait of Juan de Fuca.go1ene seine boats, and onethousand trollers made Pacific Ocean. Over one hundred of on account of its proximity toThere the are canneries and mild curing plantswhere the salmon are disposed Neah Bay their port in 1912. ushers in a new maintained withsula. This electric power A splendid boat service is and auspicious era for thedevelopment of the Seattle and other Sound ports, and ays- Olympic Empire. of construe- natural resources of the tern of public roads in process Dungeness and Sequim,three miles from tion will be unexcelled in the state. Surveys farming cen- several ofPort Williams, are important for electric railroads to connect ters, both noted for theirdairy products, and the towns of both Clallamand Jefferson Clallam the see- counties have recently been made, the cor-contribute largely to make ond county in the state inthe value of itS porations to build them are acquiringright dairy products. of way, and a general electric railway ser- Quillayute, Forks, Beaver, Blynand Get- vice is a matter of but a few months. tysburg are small settlementswaiting for PORT ANGELES the railroads to open upthe country and available. Port Angeles, located about 60 milesfrom render their natural resources the ocean on the Straits of Fuca,is the MASON COUNTY It has a splen- largest town and county-seat. reaches did harbor, with fine anchorage,furnishing Mason County lies on the upper the storms rage of Puget Sound, havingthe Olympic moun- a safe refuge for ships when about one-fourth of outside. With headquarters at Port Angeles,tails at its north, where harnessed thethe county is in theOlympic forest reserve. is the company which has miles, and magnificent water power of the rushing El-Its total area is about 900 square nearly 6,000.Hood's wha River.The new power company hasit has a population of of Canal penetrates into thecenter of the undertaken the lighting and furnishing salt-water power for the Puget Sound NavyYard atcounty, givingit a very long Charleston, shore line.From the Olympic mountains Bremerton, for PortOrchard, into Puget Sound Bremerton, Port Townsend, Forts Worden, numerous streams flow while others empty into Gray'sHarbor. The Casey and Flagler, Irondale, Port Angeles, splendid timber, and for villages and sawmills throughoutcounty is a great forest of the inhabited parts of the Olympic penin-which has been only to alimited degree cut 38 Puget Sound and WesternWashington

I

THE STEEL PLANT, IRONDALE At Irondale, upon TownsendBay, there has been produced tools, and for general some of the finest qualities of steel for the purposes, as merchandise steel,ever put upon the market. manufacture of out. The soil of the foothills and valleys is ploys 2,000 men and composed chiefly of shotclays and alluvial pays out $120,000 a deposits, making good month. There is annually sentout $2,525,000 farming, stock-rais- worth of logs. The county's ing and fruit-growingland.Logging and its capabilities in a allied industries constitute fruit and dairying wayare demonstrated by the main indus- the fact that at Shelton there tries of the county. Manylogs are shipped is both a can- to sawmills in other nery and a creamery, theproperty of the parts of the Sound.Mason County Fruit Growers' Oysters are an Importantsource of wealth. Association, the stockholders being thefarmers of the There is already considerablefarming and stock-raising, stock finding county and the merchants of thecity.The pasturage the treamery has an annual output of $40.000. year round. There is goodhunting and fish- lng in season. Thecannery,whichhasproven highly Transportation is ty steamer profitable. packs 3,000 to all the Sound ports.The Northern Pad. cases a year, princi- tic railway reaches pally prunes, apples,pears. beans, black- its southern boundary. berries and raspberries. Other railroads of thecounty are its logging roads. Lake Cushman is asummer resort in the mountains famous for its big troutcatches SHELTON and beautiful scenery. Shelton is the countyseat, and has about Allyn, on an arm of theSound, is central 1,200 Inhabitants. Steamersfrom its wharves to oyster lands, loggingcamps and fine fruit reach all parts of the Sounddirectly or by orchards connection with others. Thelogging indus- Arcadia, also on the Sound,is a center of try, manufacturing lumber,cultivating oys- Considerable stock-raising and lumbering. ters. fishing and farmingare the chief indus- Detroit is a prosperous village tries of its people. whose fn- It has several churches, habitants are proud of thegrapes grown on good schools, volunteer firedepartment, elec- some of its logged-off lands. tric lights and gravitywater system.The logging industry, which Matlock is a town on thelogging railroad centers here, em- and central to large loggingoperations. Countyof Shelton forest. looking tow I Tonging oysters Shelto nards isilL theLhe county harbor. s Shelton. 2 P eateiiinsular withand pBall rincipal}'arkRailroad bustin the Lovoinottves.a essforegroundSHELTON. aid cMni patri MASON ol equip COUNTY. AND SCENES IN AND 401 New Shell er: I ------..solidbud,ngsI.e noiv being ererle large logging entefl)rises oper:ul'ABOUT ThE CITY dng in in Shelton. two great counties. 5 Logging train in Mason Center: View 140

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THE OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS, FROMHOODS CANAL All tie-way along 1-loods Canal.from Pon Iwenther excursions, a distance of more than fortyiuIT, at Its entrance. IUnion City, tile uii;sl cletfl nation for popnlar mites, these slorious mountainsmay lie Seen. as lien pictured.,

HUNTING PARTY PACKING INTOTHE OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS The lure of the OlympIa ito many irresiqtabie ,snd each year by seen packing up the mountain trailsfor a period of camp life andmany out-door liLtie parties of hunters anti nature Itivers moy gtierting places (or timse outing parties, recreation. H'.ndsCsnat points are ravorite many of which atd composed at people front nearbyelt1i and towns. THE GALLANT OLD U. S. S. OREGON. GOING INTO COMMISSION. PUGET SOUND NAVY YARD. 1911 "Not since the days ofOld ironsides' has any vessel so endeared herself to the American people as has the grand old battleship Oregon.Her record-breaking journey around Cape Horn, her subsequent gallant service in the Spanish- Amerhan war and her distinguished record since that time has made her name a household word throughout the land." As a result of a movement started by the Breni erton Commercial Club, to her has been assigned the honor of leading the ships of all nations through the Panams Canal at its formal opening, and it is highly fitting that this distinction should be awarded by a grateful nation to this grand old ship, the special pride of the Pacific Coast States, having been built in California, named for Oregon. and had her home port in WashingtonH. 0, Stone. CHAPTER TEN.

KITSAP COUNTY: THE PUGET SOUND NAVY YARD, BREMERTON, PORT ORCHARD, CHARLESTON, &c. Kitsap is a word of Indian derivation meaning brave; Kitsap County was named after a chief bearing the name. Kitsap County is nearly surrounded by the THE NAVY YARD waters of Puget Sound and Hood's Canal, A little more than twenty years ago, when forming the larger part of the great penin- the future importance of the Pacific Coast sula which these waters would make an isl- began to dawn upon the minds of eastern and with a six-mile ridge in Mason Countymen, Congress decided that there should be opened up to them.It has extensive and a naval repair station in the Northwest. The numerous bays and inlets, with magnificentcommission to whom was left the selection anchorage, and contains in its center the of a site, after careful examination, recom- great Puget Sound Navy Yard.The chief mended the north shore of Port Orchard Bay, resource of the county isin the lumber.in Kitsap County, Washington, as offering Some of the largest mills of the state arethe best advantages for this purpose.Here located within its borders.About the coun- at times may be seen different types of ty are located many towns and villages sup- Uncle Sam's best fighting machines.In the ported by the tillage of the soil from its re-placid waters of the bay ride grim, gray bat- claimed forest lands.The waterways aretleships and cruisers.Long, lithe torpedo so extensive that all corners are reached byboats and powerful monitors move among steamers, and travel is cheap and freightthem and the lesser craft of the "mosquito conveniently handled inallparts of thefleet" dart to and fm, across the harbor.In county. the yard the clang of hammer and the crasll THE NAVYliatfr,n YARD- or the Nay)-- -ind. ard wn

The three views below were made from Officers' Row 1 Vista jooking Vista 1 Row Officers' from made were below views three The 3 Looking towards the Philadelphia, (receiving ship). (receiving Philadelphia, the towards Looking 3 The Ad The The first view shows about one fourth of the district devoted to repair an repair to devoted district the of fourth one about shows view first The of similar substantial shops and storehouse buildings storehouse and shops substantial similar of The oth The

WITHIN THE WITHIN S1iUO.) B1flj NVA AAVN LI(! .l SOUND tjM UOl)fl.1.UO iv SiLY ) 144 Pugct Sound and Western Washington

THE NEW DRY DOCK, PUGET SOUND NAVY YARD The new Dry Dock, the largest in the tJnited States, is 867 feet long, 145 feet wide and 47 feet deep, lined with granite blocks Set in Concrete, and will hold any vessel that can pass through the Panama Canal.Its cost is about 62,000.000. The photograph was taken at the time of the ceremonies attending the laying of the last stone, April 27th, 1912. of heavy machinery tell the story of activea total of nearly $4,000,000 was spent by the preparation for any possible emergency. Vis- government through this yard in wages and itors are permitted to inspect the yard everyfor material, etc., used in repair and con- day from 8 a. m. until S p. m. and are also struction work. allowed nearly always to go on board some of the vessels.The famous Oregon, "the BREMERTON bulldog of the navy," is stationed here and is Fifteen miles by water from Seattle, with one of the objects of interest The navy yardwhich it is connected by fast steamers mak- occupies about 200 acres, extending for aing the trip in less than one hour, lies Brem- mile along the water front between the busi- erton, the navy yard city.It is doubtful if ness districts of Bremerton and Charleston. any other city of its size in the state is so There has been expended nearly $10,000,000widely known, as every year thousands of in permanent improvements, including thetourists, especially those from inland states, old dry dock, machine shops, power plant, come to visit the navy yard.This great pumping plant, storehouses, offices, marinenational institution, combined with the nat- barracks, coaling plant, marine hospital andural advantages of its location, has made work on grounds and wharves. The new dry-Bremerton the largest town in Kitsap county. dock is the largest in the United States.ItIt is beautifully situated, built on an ele- is 863 feet long, 145 feet wide and 47 feetvated peninsula overlooking Port Orchard deep, lined with granite blocks set in con-bay and Port Washington narrows. The soil crete, and will hold any vessel that can pass is a sandy, gravelly loam and only grading through the Panama canal.Its cost will behas been required to make excellent streets, about $2,000,000.About 1,500 laborers and which are bordered by concrete walks, and mechanics and 300 clerks and civil servicethe business section is now being paved.In men are employed in the yard. The monthlythe residence sections many modern homes pay roll is about $200,000.An average ofand bungalows have been erected and sub- 1,000 enlisted men and officers are stationedstantial blocks of brick and concrete are fast here and from 1,000 to 3,000 "bluejackets"replacing the wooden shacks of earlier days. man the vessels lying in the harbor.In 1911 Bremerton now has modern water, light and Pu get Sound and Western Washington 145

BREMERTON AND MANETTE VIEWS 1 First National Bank Building.2 Citizens Bank Building. These show the class of business blocks now being erected in Bremerton. Manette is a prettily situated town opposite Bremerton, where many Navy Yardemployes live. sewer systems, two banks, two weekly news-activity shown, the public spirit of its peo- papers, seven churches, an especially fineple, the exceptional advantages that it has public school system, a navy Y. M. C. A., in the growing governmental institution at strong lodges of all the leading fraternities,its door, all impress the visitor with the fact telegraph and express offices, and numerousthat "every day makes a better Bremerton." hotels, restaurants and lodging houses.The PORT ORCHARD retail stores are very creditable. The banks realize a steady increase of business, and Port Orchard, the county seat of Kitsap there is an aggregate in excess of $350,000County, is situated on the southern shore of now on deposit. Moving picture theaters, anan arm of Puget Sound, known as Port Orch- opera house, skating pavilion and severalard Bay.The town has a population of social halls provide for indoor amusements about one thousand.That portion of Kit- Boating is a favorite pastime in the sum-sap County lying south of Port Orchard mer.There is a municipal park and play-Bay, together with a portion of both Mason ground on the water front and an excellentand Pierce counties, is tributary to the city. athletic park.While Bremerton's growthEvery acre of the land in the territory is and development has been largely due to the well adapted to one of three industries: Puget Sound Navy Yard, an asset of greatDairying, poultry raising, or fruit culture. future importance is the rural territory trib- Thereisavarietyofsoilsparticularly utary to this city.Kitsap county land is par- adapted to these branches of agriculture. ticularly adapted to the raising of poultry, Vegetation grows the year round,roses small fruits and garden vegetables.A fine blooming out of doors until Christmas, while new municipal pier with extensive dockagehardy vegetables are left in the gardens un- space is one of the latest acquirements fortil needed for use or for market.Kitsap publicuse. The Bremerton CommercialCounty land, under right treatment, has pro- Club, numbering among its members nearlyduced 150 bushels of oats and 60 bushels of all the business men of the city, has been wheat per acre.Ranches of five acres are instrumental in helping very materially thesupporting families in comfort.The land is advancement of Bremerton's interests.The peculiarly adapted to the culture of pears, 146

NEW NAVAL HOSPITAL AND BARRACKS, PUGET SOUND NAVY YARD These new buildings are near the Charlestonor west entrance of the yard. At left is the Government Coal Pier. center, the new barracks, at right the hospital with marine officers quarters in front,

plums and cherries.All kinds of vegetables CHARLESTON grow to their highest perfection without ir Charlestonissituated at the west en- rigation and forage crops such as clover, trance to the Puget Sound Navy Yard.Its vetch, timothy and field peas produceenor- water front extending for one and a half mously, clover yielding, under the bestcon- miles upon Port Orchard Bay is available ditions, three crops per year.On account offor business and factory sites, and the steam- nearness to the great markets the territoryboat pier is owned by the city.There are of the southern part of Kitsap isvery desir- able. good schools and churches, good stores, a In addition the Navy Yard has a ten-weekly newspaper, graded streets with con- dency to help in the matter of marketingcrete walks, electric lighting system and a many lines of products. Land can be boughtfine city water supply.The attractions are at prices ranging from $20 per acre up, fromsuch that the city is fast growing as a resi- one acre toalmost any amount desired.dence town, with low rents, and within easy Port Orchard has become the businesscen- communication with Seattle and other Sound ter for all this territory and her merchants cities.The city government is economically and business men are alive to the wantsof conducted, and there is an active Commer- the ranchers. Good stores, banking facilities, cial Club enlisted in good work for the city a newspaper, telephone systems, and otherand the interests of the surrounding terri- modern utilities are established.There are tory. schools, churches and many fraternal organi- Port Blakeley is an important milling and zations. Port Orchard is about 17 miles from shipbuilding town of nearly 2,000 people, Seatle, one hour by boat.Six regular trips opposite Seattle.Its lumber goestoall are made per day. The city has two miles of parts of the world. water front facing upon one of the finest of Port Gamble is a sawmill town of import- harbors, suitable for manufacturing sites, ance contributing to the large output of lum- ship yards and other extensive works. A ber shipped out of the county. city water system is being put through and Chico, Tracyton, Keyport, Poulsbo, Sea- the new Elwha River Power Company will beck, Crystal Springs, Colby, Bangor, Burley, supply power for the electric light systemPort Madison and Olalla are all villages, being introduced.From Port Orchard amaking progress as agricultural centers, in full sweep view of the Navy Yard is seen the lumber industry and as places for sum- with panoramic effect. mer homes for business men. Charleston situated upon the western border of the Puget Sound Navy Yard and frontin every year. It is finely located with its residential section runnIng well up the PORTION OF THE WATER g uponFRONT PortlulLs AT Orvh and CHARLESTON comrnaii . Ray. view inlanda thriving as well city, as of increasing the waters in of population the Sound. and improving ORT ORCHARD ft5nestound.oundS of Navyas water well Yard. andas near mountain It theis the PortNa Orchard. the catiuty sceneryhusinemseat-y ofand Yard.center Kitsap is anwith for idealCounty, southernsteam home boatsrests Tlitsapcommunity. callingupon County, high many ground, withtimes a daily,wi P )lch risesthefertile marIetsgradus tributary are ofIly the countryfrom best, the of southern 1 shores of Port Orchard Bay, directly opposite 00 squ Port Orchard enjoys modern conveniences, has a fineare climate miles, the Conveniently located near the large clUes of the the Pnget Pu gel Sound and Western Washington j49

SCENES AT PORT ORCHARD Central Wharf.2 Bay Street.3 Bay Street fromFort Hill.4 Kitsap County Court House, from Sidney Street.

A LUMBER MILL AT PORT GAMBLE Scattered here and there thoroughout Western Washington, hidden in bays and inlets, a lumber mill is the center and the life. Men work and sleep, ships comeload and goandare little the communities of which For a period of fifty-six years the waste pile at this mill had burned saws buzz on forever. on the picturesque Hoods Canal, thirty-eight miles from Seattle. incessantlywithout ever dying out,Port Gamble is DISCOVERY OF GRAYS HARBOR Great historical painting in hail of the new Chehalis County Court House, commemorating the discovery of Grays Harbor, by Capt. Robert Gray in 1792

THE CHEHALIS TREATY Grand historical painting in the hall of the new Chehalis County Court House, commemorating meeting and nego' iations of Gov. Isaac Jngalls Stevens and party with the Chehalis, Quineault and Quillayute Indians, in Febru- ary, 1854, which finally resulted in the signing of the treaty, provisions of which are still in force.These remark able paintings are by F. Rohrbeck. and are of the same spirited character as "Westward Ho!" and others in the histori- cal Capitol at Washington, D, C., being as brilliantly colored and striking. They are well worth a journey to see, and are exceedingly creditable to the people of Chehalis County, in thus recognizing the value of pictorical chron- icles of early historical events. NEW PALATIAL CHEHALIS COUNTY COURT HOUSE ATMONTESANO This grand building stands well back upon high ground in seen from a great distance. Montesano. It is a prominent feature in the landscape, being Harbor Country." It is a typical structure, reflecting the boundless resources and wealth of the 'Great Grays CHAPTER ELEVEN.

CHEHALIS COUNTY: ABERDEEN, HOQUIAM,MONTESANO, &c. Chehaljs is an Indian word said to meansandy river." Chehaljs County occupies the centralpor- tilledyeildsextraordinary returnsofall tion of the tier of counties borderingdirectly manner of temperate zone products.The along the Pacific Ocean. It is one of thetaking, canning and packing of fish isan- large counties of Western Washington,hav- other important industry. A number of sal- ing an area of 2,600 square miles.Experts mon canneries are in operation and clams have estimated that thereare more thanare also canned on a merchantable scale. eight hundred thousand acres of standing Sardines are taken in great quantities.The timber in the county, an amount not equalled raising of oysters is one of the leadingpur- by any other county in thestate.More than suits.The rivers which empty into Grays fifty lumber mills and shingle millsare in Harbor and the Harbor itself have beenand active operation. Some of these rankamong must always remain the chief means of the largest enterprises of thekind in the transportation for this great section ofcoun- world.In addition to its timberresources, try.In addition, the Northern Pacific rail- the county has much extremely fertileagri- road skirts both sides of the bay, and cultural land. the Fine crops of grasses, vege- Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Soundand the tables and fruits are raised, andgeneral Oregon-Washington Railway and Navigation farming together with dairyingand horti- Company both give splendid service. culture is becoming an important There industry. is a logging road running from Shelton,in Logged-off lands, suitable forany of the Mason County, to the ocean, goingeast and above purposes are available inabundance. west. These lands are to be had at moderate prices MONTESANO and under cultivation yield abundantly.The soil of the river bottoms is not Montesano, the county seat, withabout surpassed 3,000 population, is finely locatedupon ris- anywhere in respect to richness andfertility. It is a deep alluvium and where ing ground which extends back fromthe properly Chehalis River.The new palatial county THE METROPOLIS OF SOUTHWEST WASHINGTON AE3ERDEEN branchmillsiM trnseontinentalandmanyiptickly within regrtulesoffices manufeturiea impressedit limits,and in railroads.warehousesprocess, one upon areobserves thetell met.While invisitor.of Aberdeen. iminyTherean everythingAberdeen. enterprising The offices are principal Thesome atIndicatesof thecity loggingcitizenship. head streetshail, a of companiesandtheprogreastve areGrays publicThe Herbur, in Chehail,. County, is one extensive wholesale houses which distribute to retailers in a Citywide, l well paved, and have Bne substantial buildingsfuturelibrary, upon devclopement the them. Elks'of the hail, greatest for the Aberdeen, churches, atjutuher the conthience shippingshe the is chool, alreadylumber portsof thetwo millsa in large veryrivers, the whose attractivehospital,world. has operations a The wonderfully and and plants are elsewhere in the wide section, and several machinery manufacturete ntaintain tine lmarborway to the ocean, and is servedgeneral by I lireea n a circuit of the City, besides the(ira's lumbercity. Harbor Country. Canneries"1 and prosperity thatthe pervades extensive the Street City improvements Pu get Sound and Weslern Washington 153

LOOKING EAST ON HERON STREET, ABERDEEN Heron, a fine wide well paved thoroughfare, with hansome buildings on each side, is the principal business street of the City.

A SECTION OF THE CITY OF ABERDEEN The view shows something of the waterfront along the Chehalis River. There is sixteen miles of waterfront and docks in use and available for manufacturing sites and shipping on the Chehalis and Wishkah Rivers. 154 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

THE E. K. WOOD LUMBER MILL AT HOQUIAM One of the dozen great lumber millsthe industry thathas built up the city of Hoquiam in a few short years. court house built upon the heights overlookswell away from the other larger towns of the city and valley.The wide and well-Western Washington, and one whichal- kept streetsof Montesano, withitsfine though enjoying a large measure of pros- homes, green lawns, together with its well-perous city life, gives promise of greater stocked stores, all denote a prosperous com- thingsinthefuture.Thesubstantial munity.Lumber and logging industries arebuildings and well paved streets are impres- stillthe most important pursuits ofthe sive, while the regrading of hill sections in people, but the agricultural lines are rapid-the residence portion of the city shows the ly forging ahead.Montesano is located inabiding faith of her own citizens.Nature one of the richest valleys in the state andhas been lavish is bestowing diversified at- has no superior as a dairy section.There tractions all about Aberdeen, and there are areseveralchurchesinthecity,good many picturesque hills and valleys surround- schools, a newspaper, afiredepartment,ing the city.The forests of Chehalis Coun- lighting and water systems, fraternal organ-ty have made Aberdeen possiblemade her izations,etc., making Montesano very de-a modern, progressive city.There are 15,- sirable as a home town.Besides good rail-000 people within the city limits, with the road service the city is at the head of navi-populationrapidlyincreasing. Only two gation upon the Chehalis River. miles from the center of Aberdeen, upon ABERDEEN oneside,isCosmopolis, and about four Aberdeen, as the stranger enters the city,miles, upon the other, and nearer the Har- impresses him as a metropolitancenter, bor, is the city of Hoquiam.While these

SCENE IN THE RAILROAD CAMP OF THE POLSON LOGGING COMPANY. OF HOQUIAM The Poison Company is said to be the iargest logging company in the world. 044C,, 0 1 of these views of Hoqulam show the upper reaches of Grays the Hoquiam River and ot HOQUIA city,GRAYS Somegive HARBORof thethe citygreat COUNTRYits lumber unsurpassed mills, shippingwhich built facilities. up the prosperous city are seen. DOCKS OF A GREAT LUMBER MILL AT COSMOPOLIS The Grays Harbor Commercial Company, one of the large lumber companies, own these docks, and, also, are the mainstay. industrially, of Cosmopolis.

SPRUCE COTTAGE, COSMOPOLIS Spruce Cottage is built of woods, of various kinds, entirely the products of Grays Harbor forests. The furniture of each room was manufactured from woods to match the finish of such rooms. From this fact, and the hospitality of the owner, it is one of the notable places of the locality and much visited Puget Sound and Western Washington 157

THE WHALING INDUSTRY AT GRAYS HARBOR 1 A Harpoon whaling gun. 2 Loading harpoon gun for second shot when first was only partially effective.3 Over- turned whales, inflated with air, to be towed to station.4 A finback whale, which was 72 feet long and weighed 65 tons. 5 A 60-ton humpback whale, (0 feet long and 45 feet around.6 The inside of a whale's mouth, showing the whalebone on the lower portion.7 The whaling Steamers. 8 The whaling station at Bay City. Grays Harbor. The methods employed are very effective and large numbers of whales are captured. There were seven brought in and awaited the rendering vats in one day in June, 1912. Photographs copyrighted. 1912, by Lon Lewis. 158

CH EHAUS COUNTY DAIRY STOCK institutions, hospitals,andotherpublic affairs thecitystandsinfrontranks shell fishcanningconcerns. quarters inAberdeen,aswellsalmonand Many oftheselumbercompanieshavehead- in ital of$15,000,000investedinthisindustry is estimatedthatthereanaggregatecap- than inanyothersectionoftheworld." factured inAberdeenandChehalisCounty has statedthat: thority conversantwiththelumbertrade ly consideredcollectively. industry ofGraysHarbor,andarefrequent- They allhelpconstitutethegreatlumber ests areidenticalwiththoseofAberdeen. ferent civilgovernments,theirlumberinter- two outlyingtownsareunderentirelydif- lumber manufacturiesconstitutethemain are attheserviceofpeople. and alltheconveniencesofamoderncity schools haveabout1,400pupils,thereisa payroll supplies inHoquiam,havinganadditional ging companies,withofficesandbasesof 500,000, besidesnumeroustimberandlog- gregate annualpayrollofapproximately$2,- and varioussmallerindustries,withanag- building yards,machineshops, sash anddoorfactories,fishcanneries,ship- of $1,125,000;alsosawmills,shinglemills, capitalized at$100,000andhavingdeposits re-inforced concretebuildings,twobanks, handsome stores. lined withlumbermillsandherstreets the headofGray'sHarbor,herwaterfroiits 10,000 peopleisabustlingcity,situatedat semi-public utilities. city hail,streetcarservice,strongbanking with afineschoolsystem,ppbliclibrary, business arethechiefindustries ofthetown The Stockwelling, logging,lumberingand thecreamery show herd of pure bredrailway anduponthe"Milwaukee." Avrshfres, winners SouthwestSummit branchesoftheNorthern Pacific and islocatedontheGrays Harborand ing summerresorts. Port uponthesouthside,arealsointerest- on thenorthsideofHarbor,andWest Moclips, Pacific,andtheQuineaultcountry greatly totheattractionsfor The summerplacesdowntheHarboradd source ofinteresttovisitorsthecity. new CarnegiefoundationFreePublicLibrary, \VahjngtRreride Fzzjway, 1045t,. fl Fdr. CntrztI ia; Washington State Fair, North Yakima; Interstate Fair, Spokane, and Hoquiam, withapopulationapproaching Chehalis County Fairs Aberdeen, Wash. Headed by champion bull Elma isatownofabout2,400 inhabitants Part of herd of thirty owned by Meadow Brook Farm, Aberdeen. Wash. the of "Great approximately $1,000,000. HOQUIAM Gray's HarborCountry." There aremanymodern, "More lumberismanu- ELMA The highestau- In municipal all The great foundries classes. Farm- The It Puge Sound and Western Washington 159

QUINEAULT, AN INDIAN VILLAGE ON THE SHORE OF THE PACIFIC The Indian inhabitants of Quineault derive their livelihood from the fisheries and receive 75,OOO each season from their catch of' Blue Rock" salmon alone, which is disposed of in large measure at the cannery at Moclips.

PART OF THE SIMPSON DAIRY HERD OF HOLSTEINS, AT ELMA Chehalis County is becoming famed for its large number of high-grade herds, and for its adaptability to the dev-lopment of dairying as a specially profitable line of agricultural industry. 160 Pugei Sound and Western Washington

THE BEACH AT MOCLIPS Moclips and Pacific Beaches, upon the Pacific, are reached by a branch of the Great Northern Railroad from Hoquiam, a trip which gives many picturesque scenes over both land and sea.Moclips is an interesting little summer resort. and of the surrounding district.There areraising in the vicinity.There is consider- six churches in the town,well equippedable bottom land nearby that is highly suited schools,electriclightingplant,volunteer for general farming. firedepartment and water system under Satsop is a village of about 200 people, on municipal control.Elma is situated in athe line of the Northern Pacific railway and choice portion of the fertile Chehalis valleya few miles from the southern boundary line and there is nearby a large area of fineof Mason County.Logging, general farm- bottom land.Market gardening and dairy-ing and dairying make up the chief indus- ing are carried on extensively. tries of the surrounding district. Cosmopolis is a town of about 1,200 in- A unique industry upon Grays Harbor is habitants, located in the Grays Harbor dis- the only whaling plant in the United States. trict, a short distance from Aberdeen, withFoursteel whaling boats,goingtosea, which city itis connected by an electricbring back the big mammals, which are cut car line.It has both railroad and waterand ground up making oil, whale bone, fer- transportation. The principal industries aretilizer, and other by-products.This plant the manufacture of lumber, shingles, salmoucost in the neighborhood of a quarter of a packing, etc., while a number of mercantilemillion dollars, and although only in opera- establishments supply the wants of the com- tion for one year, has converted into oil, etc., munity.The town has churches, schools, a nearly two hundred whales that averaged free reading room and volunteer fire depart-sixty-tons in weight.The avearge value of ment and water and electric light companies.a whale is two thousand dollars, making a Oakville is a town of about 400 inhabi-total valuation of the whales caught in 1911, tants in the center of an important lumber- $376,000.00.The plant is at Bay City, well ing and farming district.The timber re-within the land-locked harbor, but near the sources of this section are of immense value ocean. and the bottom lands are well adapted to The federal government is expending mil- general farming. Oakville is a growing townlions of dollars at the entrance of Grays and developing rapidly. Harbor, building jetties and other permanent Markham is a village located in a lumber-improvements for the benefit and safety of ing and logging district, with some stockshipping and commerce. THE CHEHALIS CITY HALL THE CHEHALIS PUBLIC LIBRARY CHAPTER TWELVE.

LEWIS AND COWLITZ COUNTIES: CHEHALIS,CENTRALIA, WINLOCK, CASTLE ROCK, KELSO, &c. Lewis County was named in honor of Captain Meriwether Lewis, theexplorer.Cowlitz Cnunty was named after the river which waters so wide an extent of territory on its course tojoin the Columbia. Lewis County is one of the largest countiesportion and about one-fourth of the county is in western Washington, having an area ofwithin the Rainier forest reserve. 2,593 square miles of territory and about At present the chief industry of the county 35,000 people.It occupies a large part of the consists of manufacturing its forests into the drainage basins of two large rivers, thevarious forms of lumber and its products Cowlitzand Chehalisone emptyingitsNext in importance probably are the precious waters into the Columbia River and the othermetal and coal deposits of the county, which flowing into Graysilarbor.It reaches fromhave, however, been but little developed. the peaks of the Cascades 100 miles towardThe coal measures include bituminous,lig- the ocean, but is cut off 30 miles from thenite and anthracite and are of great extent coast, and is about 30 miles wide.Mount in the foothills of the eastern part of the Rainier is just north of its extreme easterncounty. Two systems of railroads have been

CHEHALIS FACTORY OF THE PACIFIC COASTCONDENSED MILK COMPANY An important factor in the development of the dairy industry in theagricultural territory for which Chehalis is the center. 162 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

SCENES ON A RANCH SUCCESSFULLY RUN BYA WOMAN 1 The farm home.2 Part of dairy herd. near the city of Chehalis, Lewis Co. 3 Barn and silo.4 Oat field.All scenes unon the Gregg farm at Adna, dairy products. This successful woman farmer is a winner of many prizesfor exceflence of projected into these fields, and thenearest, ty.While not the largest in population, of carrying lignite and bituminous coals,are be- Western Washington cities, by any means, ing commercially developed.Agriculture, in- yet the energy and enterprising spirit of her cluding especially dairying and fruit culture,citizens has given the city high standing as takes the place of the forests as theyare re-one of the most active and progressive com- moved and bids fair to reach in importancemunities in the state in pushing development the lumber and coal resources. Lewis Coun-ofresources and advancing material im- ty is in the path of all railroads coming inprovements. This spirit of progress extends from the south or through the Columbiagap its influence far beyond the borders of Lewis in the Cascades. From Chehalis the North- County. Near the city, and even within the ern Pacific railway branches off, followingcity limitsare large coal mines in daily the upper reaches of Chehaljs River and end-operation.Tributary is an immense amount ing on Willapa Bay, while from Centralia theof standing timber. The soil is very fertile, same road branches, following the lower Che- affording ideal conditions for fruit and berry halls River, to Grays Harbor. raising,dairying, grain growing and hop CHEHALIS raising, all of which activities are well de- veloped.The city has also become a manu- Chehalis, a city of about 5,500 population,facturing center with saw and shingle mills, is the county seat of Lewis County, andone brick and tile works, iceplant, machine of the leading cities of Western Washing- shops and foundries, cement block works and ton.It is located in the fertile valleys ofmattress factory.There is a branch of the the Chehalis and Newaukum Rivers, about PacificCoast Condensed Milk Co., which half way between Portland and Seattle,on distributes large sums to dairymen of the the main line of railway travel.It is thevicinity. The business houses are numerous, trading center of one of the most completelywithup'to-datestructures;thebusiness developed agricultural sectionof Westernstreets are paved and many of the residence Washington, which insures a stability to thestreets macadamized. The city has a splen- town at all times.It is one of the principaldid water system, electric lights and power banking and business centers of Lewis Coun- plants, telephone system, and a free public U

Chehalis. the county seat of ItLawis is surrounded County. isa by fine a territory compact of city great of 5500resources, popul and by a large number THE CITY of lighIyOF CHEI-IAUSt,ultivatetton. loeated randie5 LEWIS In hewhich COUNTY valleys Sty of the C d etchhehalis in alland directions Newaukum Rivers, ninety-four miles The City is a prosperous business center. south of Seattle. 164 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

THE NEW HIGH SCHOOL AT CENTRALIA This beautiful nw High School building cost $150,000, andwas first occupied for the school year of 1912-13.

SOME CENTRAUA RESIDENCES Throughout Centralia are many handsome new homes, fine the city, and the refined taste of the citizens, specimens of modern architecture, telling of the prosperity of 4 Dr. Kniskej-n's residence. 1 The Ward residence.2 The Daubney home.3 The Johnston residence. The City of Centralia stretches north and south for two to three VIEW LOOKING TOWARDS C kumchuckmiles follow ENTRALIA,jigleveloping WI into Iu railroad. THa CENTER fine home OF city. CITYIn recent IN years it has spread west over DISTANCE the plain towards the valley of the Skoo-

This grand new Union Railroad Station was at an expenditure ofdedioated $100,000. to the use of the people of THE NEW UNION DEPOT AT Forty passenger trains arrive and depart Centralia, and the traveling public with CENTRALIA from the station daily. nteresting ceremonies on June 1st, 1912. It was erected 166 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

NEW DEPOT AT WINLOCK, LEWIS COUNTY Winlock is a thriving lumber town andagricultural center with excellent railroad connections both north and south. with the large cities library. There is an excellent publicschool mense quantities of oats, barley, hay and system, anti there are eight churches. In potatoes are grown, while great numbers of common with most of our Western Washing- hogs, cattle, sheep, goats and horses thrive ton cities, the territory surroundingChehaljshere.In late years dairying in this section has sightly hills and valleys, givinga varietyhas grown, and the markets for dairy prod- of pleasing scenery. ucts are unlimited.In the territory sur- CENTRALIA rounding Centralia are grown many varities of fruits and berries.Transportation facili- This city of about 9,500 people,situated in the valleys of the Chehalis and ties are afforded by eight different railroads Skookum- and branch roads, and more than fortypas- chuck Rivers, in LewisCounty, is well lo-senger trains arrive and depart from the cated to become a leadingcommercial andnew depot in Centralia daily. manufacturing city.Among its prominent The city has an electric car system,con- resources is the timber in close proximityto necting with Chehalis, and is supplied with the city.Near by are no less thanseven an abundance of pure water. coal mines which produce an There are excellent qual four banking institutions;almost allthe ity of lignitecoal.Surrounding thecity we find Christian demoninations are representedby fertile farming lands, whereim- churches, and the schools are well known

LONG BRIDGE OVER THE COWLITZ RIVERAT TOLEDO Originally there was but one span to the bridgeover the river, but floods came and with subsiding of the two channels were where but one was before, andthe second bridge was a necessity. waters, Puget Sound and Western Washington 167

A NEW BUSINESS SECTION IN WINLOCK have had Since the destructive fire which wiped out a large part of the businessbortion of Winlock the property owners the Section rebuilt of concrete, brick and other enduringmaterial, a block of which is shown by the eneraviflg. railway, chiefly engaged in millingand agri- for their excellence.Added to this, Cen- It has all the cultural pursuits. tralia is an ideal home town. Falls, modern conveniences; its streets arewell McCormick, Littell, Kosmos, Little Adna, Dryad, Doty and Kopiah areall active paved, and there are both gas and electric parts of light, power and heating systems. Manybusy centers of industry in various prosperous and attractive homesabound inthe county. and near the city.During the past year COWLITZ COUNTY many marks of progresshave been seen Cowlitz County lies immediately northof about the city.A new high school has been Clarke County, bordering about 40miles on opened; a public library is being erected,the Columbia River.It has about 1,100 and a great, handsome passenger depothas square miles of territory,, andabout 13,000 been put to the use of the traveling public. people.The southwestern portion is largely Winlock, a towns of 1,200 population, on composed of level valley lands, whileits the main line of all the great railroads run-northeastern part is occupied by thefoot- ning between Seattle and Portland, is alum- hills of Mount St. Helens.The drainage is ber and agricultural center.The territoryall westerly and southerly into theColum- surrounding the town is being devoted tobia River.Cowlitz River is navigable as dairying and kindred lines.The town re-far as Castle Rock, and is animportant fac- cently had a visitation of fire and since thentor in the transportationproblem. Tim- has been largely rebuilt of brick and con-ber isthe great source of industry,the crete. There are good schools, churchesand county having about two-thirdsof its area heavily covered.About 40 saw and shingle electric lighting and telephone systems. The its logs. town is frequentlycalledthe "Bungalowmills are engaged in disposing of City," on account of the prevalent styleof Agriculture follows close upon theheels The town site is very pleas-of the lumberman everywhere inWestern architecture. results ing, being varied with hills, vales atidflow- Washington, and nowhere are better dairying obtained ing creeks. in general farming and than in Cowlitz County.Cowlitz coal fields Pe ElI is a town of 1,000 people on the Aside South Bend branch of the NorthernPacific have not yet been largelyutilized. 168 Puget Sound and Western Washington

SMELT FISHING ON THE COWL1TZRIVER AT KELSO 1 Casing the snielt to send away to thedistant markets. season, except one out of seven, the smelt ascend 2 and 3 Taking the smelt from the riv- Lh dipnets.Every spawning beds in the upper waters of the the Columbia River from the ocean, enter the ,wlitz and seek their thirty to sixty days. stream, They appear about the holidays, and makethree In one day there has been twenty-seventons caught and shipped out of Kelso. runs," lasung from from the river navigation, this county isCowljtz River, four miles above its well supplied with transportationfacilities conflu- by rail.The valley of the Cowlitz Riverence with the Columbia.It is on the main affords the natural highway line of four railways, the Great Northern, for roads be- Oregon-Washington Ry. & Nay. Co., the Mil- tween the Columbia River andPuget Sound. waukee and the Northern Pacific.Kelso's KELSO resources are lumbering, agriculture, dairy- Kelso is a prosperous cityof about 2,300 ing and fisheries.In the vast forests at situated on the east and westbanks of thehand logging is carried on onan immense

A FINE DAIRY HERD. IN THE COWUTZVALLEY. NEAR KELSO "It is safe to say that no class of men is making larger or more continuous profits fromKelso lands than the dairynien." Pu gel Sound and Western Washington 169

scale.In or near Kelso are six lumbermills and six shingle mills.The crops grown on Kelso lands include grain, hay,vegetables, fruits and berries.Poultry raising is highly profitable.The town is the center of the smelt fishing industry on thePacific Coast, while salmon, trout and otherfish are taken

. in season.There is a fine city water sys- tern, fire protection andelectric lights.The with a . educational facilities are complete, full high school course. Therearesix churches and fraternalorganizations are In the town are a mini- 0well represented. U WV her of substantialbusiness blocks, and tile I residences of the citizens areattractive and comlortable.There are two banks, good hotels and thirty-two blocksof the principal streets are now paved withbitulithic pave- ment.Everywhere about the town arethe evidences of thrift andenterprise. CASTLE ROCK Castle Rock is one of the mostthrivinir towns of Cowlltz County.It is an important station on the railroad and isthe head of commercial navigation on theCowlitz River. The present populationis approximately 1,100. and about one-thirdof this number are interested in loggingand shingle mak- U ing, Ihe leading industriesof the district. I The future of the townis fully assured by F-' i-- a its proximity to the Mt. St.Helens mining z district, where large copperdeposits have de- o been developed.There are also large I o-posits of high grade softcoal.The logged- off lands of the district havebeen found to be some of the mosthighly productive and Z The city oi-°profitable fruit lands of the state. o is eleciric lighted, has a gravitywater sys- N totern and is thoroughlysewered. o KALAMA U o Kalama, the county seat, islocated on four railroad lines usingthe track from Portland to the Sound cities,and also on H Fishing, .0 the bank of the ColumbiaRiver. logging and the manufacture oflumber are V the chief Industries.There are good pubUc 0 schools, four churches, avolunteer fire de- gravity wat- 0 partment, a public lighting and er system and anelectric power plant ICal- ama is well located uponthe river bank, a-nd 0 Is growing in number ofInhabitants. Paved streets are being laid andthe citizens are awakening to the realizationof the great opportunities afforded by favorablelocation and abundant agriculturalresources. Ostrander is a village of about300 popu- 170 Puget Sound and Western Washington

THE HIGH BRIDGE, CASTLE ROCK Cautle Rock, is upon the Cowl itz as well as being an importantRiver, railroad a tributary of the Columbia, andthereby has water transportation to the great markets, town, and the business center of a fine lumber andagricultural seclion, lation, located in the fertilevalley of thesurrounding the town are extremely fertile Cowljtz River and on the lineof the rail- roads. and produce fine crops of vegetables and There are logging camps,saw and choice fruits.Dairyjng is becoming an im- shingle mills in the vicinityand there are portant industry. broad areas of fine grazingand farming lands.In addition to the railroad, steam- Ariel is a village of about 200 people, 10- ers ply on the Cowlitz River. cated on the Lewis River andenjoying steamer transportation facilities.Logging Carrolton is a village locatedon the Co-and lumbering are the chief industries, with lumbia River, and having also railroadtrans- some stock raising in the district. portation.It is surrounded by a loggingand Lexington is a community of about 300 farming community. Onsome of the nearbypeople located on the Cowlitz River, a few ranches the finest of fruits are produced. miles from Ostrander, the nearest railroad Catlin is located in the southern point.Steamers running on the river afford part ofthe principal means of transportation. Log- the county a few miles westof Kelso, the nearest railroad station. ging, lumbering and farming are the chief The valley landsindustries.

A Group of Southwestern Washington StrawberryPickers side.'southern The part mountain of Paget is lO,HO Sound feet and h t"St. Helens. in most respects, is he igh.Coluniba' typiaI Rh'ervolcano (e it wa named xtinct)by Va Most neouvervisitors forand leave Lord it zttThrds the St. train Helens. an at eeeIlentCastle of England. Rock opportunity and go t" ee MT. ST. HELENS. FROM SPIRIT LAKE to aand camp study at Spiritvulcanism. Lake, at thc foot of the mountain on the north It is vsible from many points between the I 172 Puge! SoundandWeslernWashington

South Bend. the county seat of Pacific Cnunty, k "ThE BALTIMORE OF THE PAcIFIC. aasth Pacific oystermanyndusffleRendkiver. peoplewith industry.nearCut connected thecityIts as mouth,City tuidtCnSouth withof yearsseaport. BendRaymondfrom forest ago. whichis frequentlyiaproducts furthertich it getscity, uphas calledthe having the prevented name Willaper the strong ot' S'otlt banks, ',d uponpoverty. \Villaper andRiver.Baltimore thereHarbor. Jrom Is no theeighteen of poor factthe class. Paz'lfl''that miles it hut is a from headquartersdillerentvehl thedeservedBend, Pacificdeg (or eesfor title. four of proaperPy The miles, This distance is now traversed by enterprising marchants and an increasing number of manufactories, a great number of oystermen and for a widegreat district returis from the fisheries about Villaper Ocean. Thea new City electric stretches street along car lila, witich u10 prevailing. South Bend, with nearly tet- anti is rapidly coming to the f. a bend in tile \V Farbor givenconnects ma \V thInlyillaper theDntSouth totimes as PACIFIC COUNTY COURT HOUSE. SOUTH BEND The new County Court House is a handsome modern structure, grand in its simplicity of architecture.It may be said of its icierior aud furnis.iiugs thst they are elaborate in finish, yet ol most solid and substantial character. CHAPTER THIRTEEN.

PACIFIC AND WAHKIAKUM COUNTIES: SOUTH BEND, RAYMOND, ILWACO, CATHLAMET, &c.

Pacific County was named for the Ocean, its west boundary. Wahkaikum County was named for a chief and tribe formerly inhabiting the north bank of the ColumbiaRiver

Pacific County is the extreme southernraising, dairying, fruit-growing and general county, which borders on the ocean at thefarming are constantly growing in import- mouth of the Columbia River.It has 900ance.The county probably has eleven bil- square miles, with about 100 miles of salt-lion feet of standing timber.Both native water frontage. Willapa harbor,at theand cultivated oysters are largely marketed, northwest, is a natural harbor, while Shoal-as are also clams, crabs, shrimp and fish. water bay, a body of water 20 miles long and A splendid market for all farm products is separated from the ocean by a long slimafforded by the mills and lumber camps and peninsula, furnishes probably the best breed-summer campers on the beach. The North- ing ground in the state for oyster culture.ern Pacific railway reaches Willapa harbor, The county at large is an immense forest,cutting the county centrally east and west. in the center of which is a range of hillsOn the long ocean beach from the mouth of dividing the watershed so that some of thethe Columbia River northward is a railroad streams flow into the Columbia River at theabout 20 miles long, made profitable by the south, some west into Willapa harbor, andextensive patronage of the summer camp- others, through the Chehalis River, reach ers.Added to these are the water crafts Grays harbor. As already indicated, its tim-which frequent the harbor and the Columbia ber and its fisheries are the great sourcesRiver, and altogether make access to all of wealth for the county, although stock-parts of the county easy. ii i Puget Sound and Western Washington

GRAZING YOUNG STOCK AND GOATS UPON LOGGED-OFF LAND In this way hundreds of small ranchers are able to cover the ground between the stumps when the brushtake is cropped immediate advantage of the fertile soil, for sweet grasses soon wh are getting together foundations of beef types of down. Here and there are to be found far-seeing men can graze, where the tracts are extensive, nearly all thecattle to be raised on these lands, in addition to dairy herds. Stock the landis becoming immensely more valuable for year. A few roots help the stock through the winter. Meantime money value. pasturage, and more available for cropshence greatly enhanced in SOUTHBEND South Bend, the county seat of Pacificthe last nine or ten years.The oyster out- County, is situated near the mouth of theput has increased from $75,000 in 1902 to Willapa River, at the head of Willapa Har- $240,000 in 1911.Salmon values increased bor.It has between 3,500 and 4,000 popula-from $75,000 in 1902 to $210,000in1911. tion, and is rapidly growing. The harbor isClams and crabs caught in 1911 were valued capacious, well protected and has fine an-at five times more than the season's catch in chorage. Being the oldest city with its loca- 1909, or from $12,000 to $60,000.There were tion nearest the ocean, South Bend natur- 40,000 crabs caught in one month, or 20 tons, ally leads in many industries,All the townsin 1912.There are seven rivers entering and villages, however, of the great water-Willapa bays, along which are some of the shed known as the Willapa Harbor countrymost fertile tide lands in the state.Condi- share in the benefits of the natural resourcestions are most favorable for raising vege- with which the Harbor country is bounti-tables, for stock-raising, dairying and gen- fully favored.In this way the towns must, eral farming. The Harbor cities offer a good many times, be considered collectively whenmarket for all eggs, poultry, etc., that can the wonderful resources of the country arebe raised. The county is building highways considered.Thus, the daily cut of lumberand good roads leading to the fertile lands. mills of the Harbor for 1912 has been an Thirty miles are now under construction by average of 1,125,000feet of lumber, andthe county and 1912 road building will cost 1,100,000 shingles have been produced daily. $200,000. Long Beach, Tokelancl, Klipsan The greater part has gone to either foreignand Ocean Park beaches are all situated a countries or to domestic ports via Willapashort and delightful sailing distance from Harbor. The balance has gone east by rail,South Bend.The fame of these beaches is to points as far as the Atlantic coast cities. spreading, and many people from the inland The fisheries have had a great expansion in cities are building homes at various points. Puget Sound and Western Washington 175

NEW HOME OF THE SOUTH BEND COMMERCIAL CLUB This new spacious Ctub House, owned by inegibers, was opened on Jan. 1st, 1912.It cost $15,000, and was built to answer every requirement for social and exhibit purposes. There are two hundred and twenty-five members.

SCENES ABOUT SOUTH BEND 1 Grading Water Street,2 Steamer Herm leaving South Bend with 3.200.000 feet of lumber, for Buenos Ayres. 3 Steam lumber schooner entering Willapa River.4 Picturesque old road to Raymond, now being superseded by a new modern bculevard 176

THE NEW HOTEL RAYMOND AND NEW BANKING ROOMS OF THE RAYMOND TRUST COMPANY These fine new buildings are late additions to the substantial new business center of the vigorous young City of Raymond. Boats leave South Bend and Raymond every U. S. customs house, ten secret and benevo- day, and twice a day during the summerlent societies, a new court house which cost months.Visitors at the beaches find a di- $175,000, a new Commercial Club house cost- versity of pleasures; sea bathing, clam dig- ing $15,000, and important public street and ging and motoring, and its fishing rocks ap- sewer improvements are now going on.A peal especially to the angler.The city ofprogressive spirit is animating the citizens South Bend itself is picturesquely situated,of South Bend, and the city is being made and forms a pleasing picture, following theready to move forward with the opening of crescent of the river.The court house andthe Panama Canal, an event from which other buildings are set well back upon themuch is anticipated; or to push forward de- hill.The city is the terminus of the North-velopment of the Willapa Harbor resources, ern Pacific railroad, has six fine churches,which are not dependent upon any one event five schools, a free public library, electricfor their advancement. cars and lights, mountain spring water, the RAYMOND Raymond, "the city that does things," isoyster lands, twenty-five thousand acres of seven years old and has the distinction ofexcellent tide lands and five thousand acres having grown faster than any other city inof cranberry lands.Regular steamers oper- the State of Washington.It is located atate from this port; in addition the Northern the head of navigation on Willapa Harbor,Pacific railway connects the city with all in Pacific County, twenty miles distant fromeastern lumber marketsRaymond has not the ocean.Willapa Harbor, with twenty-overlooked the needs of the men, women and five feet of water over the bar at low tide,children who make up her population. Every is one of the few natural harbors in theconvenience and comfort common to largest United States.There is thirty billion feetcities are found:city water, salt water fire of standing timber tributary to the towns ofmains, telephones, electric lights and street this section, two hundred thousand acres ofrailway, excellent schools and churches, up- agricultural lands of the logged-off variety,to-date mercantile establishments, splendid twenty-five thousand acres each of clam andhotels, theatres and beautiful streets and res- LUMBER SI-uPPING SCENES AT THE MILLS ALONG THE WILLAPER RIVER AT RAYMOND 178 Puget SoundandWesternWashington RAYMOND ROD AND u TOKELAND IN tinued growth. rounds thetown,whichis bering, farmingandstock-raising districtsur- fl the NorthernPacificrailway. toria. has regularsteamboatconnectionwithAs- low pricessurroundthetown. gaining afoothold. chief industries,whiledairyingisrapidly bia River. of thecountynearmouthColum- surrounds thetown. quantities. Aloggingandfarmingcountry oysters aresuccessfullycultivatedinlarge fishing point. Harbor, isanimportantoysterraisingand ployment tomanypeople. rounding thetown,whilefishinggivesem- is agoodfarmingandloggingcountrysur- toria, andastagelinerunstoliwaco.There has regularsteamboatconnectionwithAs- near themouthofColumbiaRiver. termini oftheI.R.&N.railway. plus isshippedout. than thelocalmarketdemandsandsur- fruit andproduceareraisedinthevicinity waco isanattractivesummerresort.More industry isfishingandoystershipping. about ninehundredinhabitants. about fortymilesfromSouthBendand-has at themouthofColumbiaRiver. country. of Raymond,andtheentireWillapaHarbor a continuationofthegrowthandprosperity present time,andeveryindicationpointsto right-of-way throughthisterritoryatthe Two transcontinentalrailwaysareacquiring ments nowunderwayareencouragingthe fi tr '.hkh the p Vitdiint'n in'H coming ofadditionalmanufacturingplants. about 5,000atthistime. 2,000 peoplesincethelastU.S.censusor the city'sinhabitantsshowsanincreaseof dence here,andthelatestenumerationof families haverecentlytakenuptheirresi- in shape. available whilegettingthehomeorranch tions inthemillsandloggingcampsare and termscanbehadonpropertyposi- are withinreachofall. well-edited newspaper.Homesandranches idences, strongbankinginstitutionsanda

Lebam isavillagelocatedon thelineof ch e,ome the famfi Knappton islocatedinthesouthernpart Bay Center,locatedonanarmofWillapa Ute tenter of the Chinook isaconsiderabletownlocated liwaco isanincorporatedtownonabay More thanonehundredandfifty Lumbering andfishingarethe Both thenativeandeastern ILWACO Good landsforsaleat The townisoneofthe Reasonable prices Harbor improve- enjoying con- A finelum- Knappton Its chief It is Il- It Puget Sound and Western Washington 179

SCENES ON LONG BEACH UPON THE PACIFIC OCEAN, PACIFIC COUNTY 1 One of the groups of bathers, to be seen along the twenty-six miles of continuous level sand beach.2 A monster of the deep cast upon the shore by the rolling waves a Black Fish, a species of small whale, about forty feet long. Some- thing of the great width of the beach may be seen by this view.3 "No clams today," shows, incidentally, the safety of the beach as a play-ground, as well as the little clam digger with his pail.Long Beach is one othe finest in the world, destined to draw great multitudes of summer resilents and visitors.Already people from Eastern Washington. Idaho. Montana. Eastern Oregon, and elsewhere, are securing summer homes here and occupying them each year. The O.-W. & N. Railroad run trains from liwaco north to Narcotta, and in July and August ten thousand people may be found along this magnificent beach, in the litt1settlements, the hotels, at summer homes, or in tents. 180 Puget SoundandWesternWashington

> 0 LOOKING TOWARDS OYSTERVILLE AND NAHCOTTA

VIEW OF WILLAPER HARBOR LOOKING TOWARDS THE ENTRANCE AND TI IL PACIFIC OCEAN PacificandstraightwithPalix, deepchnnel great Hear. Coast, and shoals Nemadeep giving three channeland and a mud Cedarmilesflame to flats. therIvers.elevenwide. mouthwhich Many Withinfeet '.Eare high, sailingthe parthe seenWiilpa, icutarlyweStern vessels a distance on adaptedportion which enter of ofundertoarefifteen Pacilicand South their aremiles C(,untyBendoccupied own over and canvass.withouttug isthe en'losedbyRaymond. ocean, oyster Wfflaprhas beds. The recently harborThe Hay, orpilot. northbeen withentrance andplacedarm a water sailof between atthe toarea the theirbay, entrance headlands intoberths f at is dock. about The six largest Wiliripa Hay is clnrposed of two great arms, one estendifl f 1(10 to the eastward,square miles. and the Into other which and flow larger seven being tidal to streams, the south the of Willaper, the entrance. North, Nasal, which empties the WHisper River, carriesthe a harbor. miles wide, with a straight gas buy Pu get Sound and Western Washington 181

NORTH HEAD LIGHT HOUSE North Head Light House occupies the high bluff projecting into the Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of the Columbia River, in the exlreme southwestern corner of the State of Washington. near liwaco and Fort Canby, in Pacific County.

BREAKERS NEAR NORTH HEAD LIGHT HOUSE The photograph of this view was taken during the only lull in a storm lasting forty-eight hours, when the brave com- mander of a steam tug boat ventured into most perilous waters and towed out a heavily laden schooner which was being driven ashore. The successful outcome of the battle with wind and wave resulted in rescuing forty sailors, a good ship and her cargo, and relieving a multitude of onlookers on shore from their exciting anxiety. 182 Puget Sound and Western Washington

WAHKIAKUM COUNTY Wahkiakurn County, having 275square cipal industries of the town and of the sur- miles of territory, is located on the Columbia rounding district.Churches and schools are River in the southwestern corner of themaintained, and a weekly paper is published. state, near the ocean.Itspopulationis Many farmers spend their winters clearing about 3,500.The county is heavily timbered and improving their land and in summer and well watered.In many parts of thefish for salmon in the river. county the soil is exceptionally fertile.In Rosburg is a small community located in the northern part are low mountains, fromthe valley of the Grays River.Fishing, lum- which the drainage is south through thebering, fruit growing and dairying are the county tothe Columbia River. The re-chief industries. The natural conditions sur- sources of the county consist of its timber,rounding thelocality make dairying spe- its fertile soil, and the fish in the river andcially remunerative. ocean.Logging, saw.milling, and industries Deep River is a considerable community growing out of these; agriculture, dairying,located in the center of a large logging and and fishing are the chief occupation of its farming country.It has direct steamer con- people.There are several logging concernsnection with Astoria, receiving daily mails. in the county and large saw-mills.Fish can- The town has good schools and churches. neries dot its river shore; several cream- Brookfield is a small village located on eries and dairies are manufacturing butter,the Columbia River and is a shipping point while its farms produce hay, potatoes, fruits,for steamers plying on the river.Salmon cattle, hogs, poultry, eggs, and other pro-canning, the manufacture of barrels, and ducts, go chiefly to the Portland market.dairying are the chief industries that engage Many of its citizens are fishermen and somethe people. make considerable sums trapping fur ani- Altoona is located on the shore of the Co- mals in the winters.The Columbia River lumbia River in the southern portion of the is the great highway of the county, all thecounty. The river boats furnish transporta- people having access to the river wharves.tion facilities.Logging, lumbering and sal- mon fishing are the chief industries.There CATHLAMET is a salmon cannery and cold storage plant Cathlamet, on the Columbia, is the countylocated in the town. seat, with about 800 people, and is the chief Skamokawa is a village of about 150 peo- distributing center of the county.It is lo- ple.It lies on the river a few miles north- cated on the Columbia River and dependswest of Cathlamet, and is a sawmill and upon river steamers for its transportationshipping point.A creamery, supplied from facilities.Logging, farming, fishing,trap- the surrounding farming district, is an im- ping, and the cannery business are the prin-portant enterprise- Pu gelSoundandWeslernWashington

A TYPICAL SCENE UPON CLEARED LOGGED-OFF lAND IN SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON a ptece of land, the heat plan Is to clear as soon as possible a liberal amount of it of everything hut the StUT1IPS. I isccompljslung ofis land, rough this. lookingIse but is full getting of poslbilities. it all completely Into the cleared proseprous and readyp'oductive for the ranches plow. similar"The ambitious to those plvtured farmer will in thIs esprienc With afair amount of it cleared to this stage. cows and chickens, as well as some garden truck raise! a great dellgis .'sd much satisfaction in Sre -o'e found hogs and g puhttcation."j-j, F. Giles seen the stumps, wiU g 183 184 Puget Sound and Western Washington

tFl _: - - $ f 5 V I -

r

THE VANCOUVER BARRACKS 1 Soldiers' Quarters and Infantry Parade Grounds.2 Mountain Battery during Review in front of Commanding Officer's Quarters.3 infantry during General Inspection on Artillery Grounds, Vancouver was the first continuous white settlement in the Northwest, having been established by the Hudson Bay Company in 1824.It is headquarters for the Department of the Columbia. Bonneville, Grant. Sheridan, Kearney, Wright and other great military men spent a part of their early careers at Vancouver. There are 634 acres in the Reservation, and while the number of troops varies, there was one regiment of Infantry, three batteries of Field Artillery, one company of Engineers, with 52 officers, and a total of 1578 men stationed here during the early part of 1912. THE SHIPPING ALONG THE DOCKS OF VANCOUVER, ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER CHAPTER FOURTEEN.

CLARKE AND SKAMANIA COUNTIES: VANCOUVER,CAMAS, STEVENSON, &c. Clarke County was named in honor of Captain William Clarke of Lewis & Clarke fame Skamania is an Indian word meaning swift waters. Clarke County lies on the north shore ofnects its various towns with both Portland the Columbia River, opposite Portland, Ore-and Seattle, and the North Bank and Ore- gon.It has 600 square miles of territory.gon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Co. It was one of the earliest settled parts ofparallel the Northern Pacific, add greatly to the states, and its timber, yet uncut, is large.the facility and cheapness of its transpor- It is extremely well watered. The Columbiatation.Much of the southern part of the and Lewis Rivers border it on three sides county is devoted to fruit-raising, prunes be- with navigable waters.It has a mild clim-ing a very prominent factor in the county's ate, very fertile soil, and splendid markets output.General agriculture, with dairying, at its doors, abundant rainfall, and agricul- are profitable, and to these are to be added ture is successfully carried on without irri- fishing, lumbering and mining. gation.The Northern Pacific Railway con- VANCOUVER A few short years ago, say at the time ofington Metropolis of the Columbia River the Portland Exposition, Vancouver seemed section of the state.The building of the like a little, easy-going country village, withNorth Bank railroad, the opening of the a few stores, unpaved streets, with electric Great Bridge, and the great development in cars connecting with Portland occasionally. territory surrounding the city are, today, Today everything is changed. Vancouver all reflected in Vancouver's life.Although has become a trim, well-ordered and strictly Portland is a great city, old, rich and pro- modern city.There aremilesofwell- gressive, she has in Vancouver, a neighbor- graded and paved streetsFine buildings ing town, which is to be a lively competitor abound, and there is everywhere an air of in the division of Columbia River business. active life.The city has become the Wash- Vancouver is thecounty seatof Clarke al- It is center. Among the Among the Surrounding steel bridge She is becoming a Vancouver. The business men, centering It is served by the Northern It is served at Grasses are green throughout the Many religious denominations are Crossing the river from Vancouver is Crossing the river from located Camas is a town of about 1,700 population The United States military headquarters ple of the city. about the Commercial Club, look sharply after the city and county interests. located on the Columbia River and on the to the front ranks are: great railroad center, her great water ship- ping facilities, the centering of agricultural interest, fruit growing and dairying indus- tries, and her development of home manu- facturers. A highway bridge across the Co- lumbia River, at Vancouver, for public use is a new feature of great interest to the peo- for the Department of the Columbia, includ- beat- ing Washington, Oregon and Alaska is are ed here, and the army post and barracks considered among the finest in the country. is The state school for the deaf and blind also business lines which are pushing Vancouver represented by the churches. There is a free represented by the churches. There is and library, a large number of substantial de- modern business structures, a paid fire partment, public lighting and water systems, car first class hotels, newspapers, electric lines and electric service to Portland. has been stimulated by the building of an has been stimulated by the building river. immense packing plant just across the by Because of its transportation facilities electric power Vancouver is rapidly build- ing up as a manufacturing city. active works there are saw mills, planing mills, flour mill, foundries, machine shops, iron works, brick yards and an ice plant. The city has a thorough system of public schools. The harbor extends for miles up and down The harbor extends vessels load at the the river and ocean-going docks. the immense double-tracked road. built by the North Bank growing stock, dairy, the city is a large and for which Vancouv- fruit and lumber country, distributing er is the supply and on account of the Stock raising here thrives and the fertility of mildness of the climate the soil. year and the yields are heavy. The industry water and rail and the abundance of cheap County, and has 12,000 inhabitants. County, and of Clarke the southeastern portion located in and is the Columbia River, County on deep-water railway and ready an important shipping port. Railroad & Nay- Pacific, Oregon-Washington North Bank Railroad. igation Co. and the ' , U - 8 > F-' o z ']X118U )NVfl cq pn ! Pu get Sound and Western Washington Western Sound and Pu get Pugct Sound and Western Washington 187

PROMINENT BUILDINGS IN VANCOUVER I Clarke County Court House.2 B. P. 0. Elks Hall, 10th and Main streets.3 The Masonic Temple, 8th and Main streets.

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MAIN STREET, VANCOUVER This view of Main Street is looking north from Second Street, in the oldest busines section of the City. New main arteries of travel and broad Streets, on comprehensive scale, are being developed for business, especially towards the Union station. 188 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

THE NEW ST. JOSEPHS HOSPITAL VANCOUVER The new St. Joseph's Hospital of the Sisters of Charity of the House of Providence, hascapacity for caring f or ninety patients.It is a handsome brick structure, and cost, with furnishings, $150,000. North Bank Railroad.The principal indus-steamer connection with the outside world. try is a large paper mill, employing nearlyLogging and lumbering are the chief indus- 450 men. There is a good fruit and dairy dis-tries, while fruit growing and general farm- trict adjacent to the town.There are sev-ing on the logged-off lands are proving at- eral churches, schools, public water supply,tractive occupations to many.Good lands a number of stores and the town is growing.are to be had at reasonable prices, and ex- Washougal, a town of 750 people, is finelycellent market facilities are afforded by the located in the southeastern part of the coun- cities of Vancouver and Portland. ty, on the Columbia River, and the North Yacolt, on a branch line of the Northern Bank Railroad.It is the center of a fertilePacific Railway, has about 300 inhabitants country, where prunes, apples and pearsThe chief industry of the surrounding coun- flourish and a diversified line or agriculturaltry is logging and lumbering. As the timber crops are raised.Thereis an extensiveis cleared off, settlers are coming in and milk condenser for the milk from surround-finding abundant opportunities for dairying, ing dairies. There are good schools, churches,fruit raising and similar pursuits.Yacolt a fire department and other modern utilities.has good schools, churches and commercial The river steamers call at the docks sev-enterprises commensurate with the size of eral times daily. the place. LaCenter has a population of about 300. A Amboy isa small place located in the prosperous dairy and mixed farming countrynortheastern part of the county and a few surrounds the place, while lumbering andmiles distant from Yacolt. Lumbering, dairy- logging are extensively carried on in theing and stock raising are the chief indus- vicinity. Eight saw mills employing an aver-tries, although considerable fruit is grown in age of forty men each are located within a the near vicinity. radius of five miles of LaCenier.LaCenter Brush Pralne is located on a branch line has water communication wilh the outside of the Northsm Pacific Railway and is the world and also has stage connection withcenter of amilling and farming district. the Northern Pacific Railroadat Ridgefleld. There is a Birge rural population surround- Etna is a small place located on the north tilling the fertile lands. fork of the Lewis River.Ithas stage andlag the town. Pu get Sound and Western Washington 189

TWIN FALLS. CLARKE COUNTY This pair of beautiful waterfalls, located near Yacolt, in the northeast part of Clarke County, are about 100 feet high. They have nearly an equal volume of water descending over the precipice, making theirname especially suitable on account of their similar general appearance as well as expressing their number. The almost innumerable number of waterfalls formed by the rushing mountain rivers in Western Washington, show something of the vast amount of avail- able power awaiting development, 190 Puget Sound and Western Washington

MT. MARGARET TRIANGULATiON STATION Eleliotroper reflecting the sun to a distant oberver. in connection with carrying a triangulation, by the U. S. Coast and Geo detic Survey along the Northwest Coast.Mt. Margaret is north of Spirit Lake, near Mt. St. Helens, in Skamania County. SKAMANIA COUNTY Skamania County has its southern boun-Columbia River.The climate is very mild dary on the Columbia River, with Lewisand salubrious.The soil of the valleys in County to the north.It is chiefly within thethe region of the Columbia River is very forest reserve, and includes Mount St. Hel-fertile.The chief resource of the county is ens on the west and Mount Adams on itsin its timber and lumber, yet its agricultural eastern border. Altogether it has an area ofwealth is becoming better known and culti- 1,636 square miles, chiefly mountainous, and vated yearly.The fruit raised in its valleys about 3,000 people.The north fork of theis of excellent flavor, early in season, and Lewis river drains the most of the moun- the soil is generous in its yield.Splendid tainous region, while many small streamspasturage in the foothills encourages stock- drain the southern part, emptying into theraising, and fishing in the Columbia River is

FORDING A MOUNTAINSTREAM IN WESTERN WASHINGTON Pu gelSoundandWeslernWashinglon 191 U ADAMS 00 e wonderfulk'the e!Iormnua beautifulMt. Adams ('ITCUh. Klickitat i probably Glueier fifty descends, miles at a the mile thnber wide, line, and there four areto ten it the fartheat eaat of any of the peaks of the Cascade Range. a lung.extinctThe For volcano,eastern etern and side and awful of e','und the grandeur m'untaln in height itis onlyi.s a stupendousthe to sceneMt. RainIer. of precipice the mountdhaving almost an a d 192 Pu get Sound and Western Washington

profitably followed by some of the citizens.mineral deposits.One paper is published. Boats on the Columbia River and a railroad Carson is a village of about 100 people lo- on each side of it are the means of transpor-cated a few miles north of the Columbia. tation. The building of the North Bank Rail-General farming, fruit growing and lumber- road gave a decided stimulus to the growthing are the chief industries.Conditions for of the county.Its minerals, well known tofruit growing are particularly advantageous, be valuable, are attracting the attention ofand drouth and crop failures are unknown. prospectors, while the forests, fisheries and Butler is a town of about 300 people locat- farming lands are furnishing an occupationed on the Columbia River and on the line to hundreds of new families.The scenery, of the North Bank Railway.Steamers ply- combined with the fishing and hunting af-ing the Columbia call at the landing for the forded, are attractions that prove alluringfarming and timber products of the adjacent to many newcomers. district. Cape Horn is a small river station with a STEVENSON considerable farming and logging country adjacent to it.It has steamer connection Stevenson, the county seat, is a town ofwith Portland, and is on the North Bank about 850 inhabitants.It is located on the railway. Columbia River and is an important point on Mount Pleasant is a considerable settle- the line of the North Bank Railway.Tribu- ment on the river and has a fertile farming tary to Stevenson there is a considerabledistrict surrounding it.It markets butter, farming, stock raising and dairying country; prunes, onions and potatoes. while fruit growing is also rapidly develop- Bear Prairie lies back of Mount Pleasant ing.In the mountainous districts to thein the valley of the Washougal.Itis a north there is much valuable timber and small, though lively farming community.

THE COLUMBIA RIVER The Rapids below the Cascade Locks, on the grand Old River which divides Western Washington from Oregon: WHERE ROLLS THE OREGON.' Washington. Oregon.