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Prepared For BASED ON: KINDER MORGAN CANADA INC MARCH 2014 TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT PROJECT #7894 9.0 TRAVEL CORRIDORS A key element tied to the Stó:lō seasonal round of activities are the network of travel corridors that link Stó:lō communities with family, services, work and harvesting areas throughout S’ólh Téméxw. 9.1 Historic Context for Travel Corridors Transportation routes, trade and communication networks were maintained and delineated through canoe travel and other means (Schaepe, 1999, 2001). The Stó:lō population was supported by the Fraser River and tributary systems, as corridors of travel and transportation both overland and along waterways as shown in A Stó:lō –Coast Salish Historical Atlas (Thiusolac and his Father, plate 42 (c.1859) (Boxberger and Schaepe 2001); Khhalserten (Bill Sepass), plate 43 (c. 1918) (Boxberger and Schaepe 2001). The riverine and montane structures of the land were used as modes of travelling and communicating supporting wide-ranging socio-economic connections and factoring into identity (Carlson 2010; Carlson 2001 = plate 8; Carlson et al 2001; J. Miller 1999; Schaepe 2007). As Figure 9-1 illustrates, use of historic travel corridors instilled most core cultural values. INTEGRATED CULTURAL ASSESSMENT SECTION 9 – PAGE 1 BASED ON: KINDER MORGAN CANADA INC MARCH 2014 TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT PROJECT #7894 Strong direct link to value Still common activity, but there are fewer places to carry out activity or fewer people carry out the activity Only very few people carry out activity or very few places to carry out this activity FIGURE 9-1: CULTURAL VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH HISTORIC TRAVEL CORRIDORS INTEGRATED CULTURAL ASSESSMENT SECTION 9 – PAGE 2 BASED ON: KINDER MORGAN CANADA INC MARCH 2014 TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT PROJECT #7894 9.2 Contemporary Context for Travel Corridors Stó:lō people rely on travel corridors today to travel to and from work, school, and activities related to sports, education, and community. Contemporary travel corridors, roads and highways, do not reflect the traditional ways of canoeing between seasonal camps and the winter villages, to different Coast Salish communities such as Lummi and Nooksack, or for trade purposes. Contemporary travel relies on cars or transit (when available) and road networks, and sometimes alternative transportation such as biking, walking, or other. Travel has also changed to something that is necessary to do on a daily basis, to get groceries, visit other Stó:lō communities, and for reasons listed above, and is no longer based on a rhythm of nature. Travel along traditional corridors to participate in spiritual and ceremonial activities, for gathering, hunting, and fishing, as well as seasonal travel for wind drying activities does occur today, but is much less common. Reduced use of waterways for travel or recreations is not a lack of interest or want for such things, but is a result of increased time restraints on daily lives, such as employment, activities, and family responsibility; reduced access to sites; limitations along the river by speed boats; tourist development; diversion of creeks, streams, and rivers which has reduced the connectivity between communities. The construction and development of roads within S’ólh Téméxw continues to be a major reason for the changes in travel corridors and even the changes of pathways on reserve. On reserve gravel and paved roads are developed to create access and egress and connection to roads off reserve, thereby disconnecting non-linear pathways. Oftentimes, in investigating pathways and travel corridors, the most neglected cohort of the population is youth. Children and youth rarely take the linear pathways of roads, not just for convenience, but also for safety and to create a pattern of mobility that is suitable for youth and that builds their confidence and independence. As Figure 9-2 illustrates, contemporary use of travel corridors instils fewer core cultural values INTEGRATED CULTURAL ASSESSMENT SECTION 9 – PAGE 3 BASED ON: KINDER MORGAN CANADA INC MARCH 2014 TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT PROJECT #7894 Strong direct link to value Still common activity, but there are fewer places to carry out activity or fewer people carry out the activity Only very few people carry out activity or very few places to carry out this activity FIGURE 9-2: CULTURAL VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH CONTEMPORARY ROADS AND TRAVEL CORRIDORS INTEGRATED CULTURAL ASSESSMENT SECTION 9 – PAGE 4 BASED ON: KINDER MORGAN CANADA INC MARCH 2014 TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT PROJECT #7894 9.3 Indictors for the ICA Travel Corridors The network of travel corridors throughout S’ólh Téméxw include roads, waterways and a network of historic trails. Travel between communities and important harvesting locations and contemporary economic ventures continue to be integral to the way Stó:lō people carry out daily activities. When considering how travel corridors could be affected by TMEP, two sub-activities were separated out to allow the ICA to select an appropriate range of indicators. The sub activities include: Historical trails, and Contemporary roads and infrastructure TABLE 9-1: TRAVEL CORRIDORS CONCERNS AND TMEP STRESSORS Travel Corridors Concern TMEP Stressor * 1. Historical Trails Tree clearing (new R/W and R/W widening) a. TMEP will either disrupt or limit access to historical Grubbing, trenching trails Blasting Soil stripping, soil mixing, erosion, sedimentation Overburden storage Changes in access Alteration of water flows/water quality & quantity Removal or riparian and wetland vegetation Land use restrictions 2. Contemporary Roads and Land use restrictions Infrastructure a. Delays and closure of roads Introduction of the non-aboriginal work force will interfere with regular Traffic travel b. Limited number of key Dust routes into and out of First Nation Reserves and TMEP Noise will increase travel times. *Stressor: external forces that affect the way key cultural activities are carried out. INTEGRATED CULTURAL ASSESSMENT SECTION 9 – PAGE 5 BASED ON: KINDER MORGAN CANADA INC MARCH 2014 TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT PROJECT #7894 For the purposes of the ICA, the travel assessment will consider potential TMEP impacts to each of these areas of concern and discuss how TMEP stressors (elements causing project effects) could affect Stó:lō values associated with travel. In order to measure potential effects to cultural value linkages as a result of the TMEP, a series of cultural inputs and outputs were identified. Inputs are the necessary cultural characteristics and cultural tools required to appropriately perform an activity. For example, by considering the question “What do you need (i.e. what skills, knowledge, cultural tools) to successfully travel throughout S’ólh Téméxw”; the ICA was able to develop a list of cultural characteristics and cultural tools associated with travel. How these characteristics/cultural tools (or “inputs”) are applied to an activity like travel is affected by values. By considering the question: “What do you get out of travel throughout S’ólh Téméxw, another list of cultural outputs was developed. Outputs affect values. Once inputs/ outputs were identified, indicators were selected to help track changes in cultural inputs/outputs over time. Changes in the inputs and outputs are used as indicators of the cultural values themselves. The Indicator report prepared for the ICA of the TransMountain Project (TTML, SRRMC, HEG 2013) (Appendix A), provides more background on how contemporary cultural inputs and outputs affect linkages to cultural values. Table 9-2 lists the indicators that will be considered to measure potential impacts to the cultural inputs and outputs associated with travel corridors. The state of contemporary value linkages shown in Figure 9-2 are also listed below in Table 9-2; downward arrows represent linkages that have been weakened over time due to various outside stressors and as such, are vulnerable to additional developmental pressures. TABLE 9-2: TRAVEL CORRIDORS INPUT AND OUTPUTS AND INDICATORS Contemporary Value Linkage Input/output Indicator for Travel Corridors Historical Trails Knowledge of Place What access routes do Stó:lō people rely on the most? Tradition Traditional skills What do Stó:lō people feel is the Rootedness/sense of place Strength main cause in traffic delays Self Reliance Intergenerational What are the main “bottle neck” transfer of Cohesion/bonding areas most susceptible to knowledge delays? Respect Health Do Stó:lō people feel the traffic infrastructure has capacity to handle increase traffic volumes, both average daily traffic and peak hour traffic INTEGRATED CULTURAL ASSESSMENT SECTION 9 – PAGE 6 BASED ON: KINDER MORGAN CANADA INC MARCH 2014 TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT PROJECT #7894 Contemporary Value Linkage Input/output Indicator for Travel Corridors Road and Infrastructure Knowledge of Place # of main access corridor/travel routes between communities and Tradition Health service areas within S’ólh Téméxw Rootedness/sense of place Self Reliance # of main access corridor/travel routes between communities and Cohesion/bonding service areas crossed by existing pipeline RW Respect 9.4 Baseline – Travel Corridors To describe baseline conditions related to important travel corridors, this section has been separated into two sections. The first section discusses historic trails. The following section presents baseline conditions related to contemporary roads and infrastructure. 9.4.1 Baseline – Historical
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