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Studies in Ibadhism STUDIES IN IBADHISM by Dr. Amr K. al-Nami Open Mind First in Open-Books Paperback 2007 published by Open Mind http://open-books.blogspot.com/ to contact: [email protected] ©2007 by Open Mind. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Formatted using Open Office.org 3 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS Sincere thanks are extended to Professor R.B. Sergeant for many helpful suggestions, discussions and criticism, which he constantly rendered throughout the period in which he supervised the writing of this research. Special thanks are due to many Ibadhi friends and scholars in the Ibadhi communities of North Africa for their hospitality and unrestrained help. I am extremely grateful to the owners of private collections of Mss. for free access to their valuable libraries without which this work would have been impossible. Thanks are also due to Sheikh Muhammad al-Salimi, and Salim al-Harithi of Oman for lending me many valuable manuscripts, as well as all other friends who have helped me in one way of another. I would also like to thank the Libyan Ministry of Education for providing me with a grant for the duration of this research, and the Faculty of Arts, University of Libya, for granting me a study leave in which to undertake this work. My thanks are also due to Pr. Omar Shaibani, the president of the Libyan Unv, Dr. Mansur Kikhya, Dean of the faculty of Arts and Mr. Abd al- Rahman al-Sharidi, head of printing and publication dep. to whom I owe the publication of this work in this excellent form. 4 GENERAL NOTES "This work was originally the English part of a thesis submitted to Cambridge University in 1971 for the Ph.D. D. degree" The publication is made without any alteration. The Arabic texts of that thesis will be published separate in due course. The translation adapted the previous work is the Middle East Center of Cambridge University. The definite article, al- is given always the small letters i.e. al-Wahab al-Shammakhi, etc., unless it is the beginning of a sentence. For the title of books, only the first letter of the title is given except when the title contains names of more than one word; i.e. the original work and a commentary, or summary of two works, i.e. al-Wad wa al-hayah. The footnotes are given at then end of each chapter. As most of the Mss. I used for this study have not been numbered before, I numbered them in pages; therefore the references are made accordingly, except where the Mss were already numbered in folics, the reference in this case being made to folios distinguished by letters a and b. For the Qur'anic verses quoted in this work, the author used the translation of the late Professor Arberry, unless otherwise stated. The reference was made to the original text of the Qur'an, the number of the Surah, and the number of the 'Ayah and not to the translation. For the Abbreviation of the Periodicals, the author adopted the abbreviations given in Index Islamicas (pp. xxix; - xxx; 11, xxii – iii; xxiv-xxv). 5 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEGEMENTS..................................................................................3 GENERAL NOTES...........................................................................................4 PREFACE..........................................................................................................7 CHAPTER I.....................................................................................................13 THE FOUNDATION OF THE IBADHIAH, AND THE IBADHI VIEWS ON THE KHARIJITES...................................................................................13 "ABDULLAH B. IBADH".............................................................................13 IBADHI VIEWS ON THE KHARIJITES:.....................................................16 CHAPTER II....................................................................................................36 JABIR B. ZAID AL-'AZDI............................................................................36 CHAPTER III..................................................................................................53 ABU 'UBAIDAH MUSLIM B. ABI KARIMAH..........................................53 The expansion of the Ibadhiyah in North Africa............................................61 The Bears of Learning (Hamalat al-'ilm)........................................................63 CHAPTER III..................................................................................................71 IBADHI JURISPRUDENCE..........................................................................71 IBADHI CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD OF HADITH:.........................75 AL-JAMI AL-SAHIH:..............................................................................................76 I) Al-Mudawwanah by Abu Ghanim Bishr b. Ghanim al Khurasani:.......................79 II) Al-Diwan al-ma'rud 'ala 'Ulama' al-Ibadhiyah:....................................................81 III) K. Nikah al-Shighar by Abu Sa'id 'Abdullah b. 'Abd al-'Aziz:...........................83 SOME EXAMPLES For THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IBADHI SCHOOL AND OTHER ISLAMIC SCHOOLS IN LEGAL AND RELIGIOUS OPINIONS:...............................................................................88 I) WIPING OVER SHOES AS PART FO "WUDU".............................................89 II) PRAYERS (AL-SALAT)...................................................................................90 II) FASTING (AL-SAWM):....................................................................................91 IV) ZAKAT.............................................................................................................92 II) MARRIAGE .....................................................................................................93 II) INHERITANCE.................................................................................................93 II) PENAL LAW.....................................................................................................93 CHAPTER IV................................................................................................102 IBADHI THEOLOGY..................................................................................102 The vision (al-Ru'yah):............................................................................................104 The Qur’an:...................................................................................................114 The Imamate:................................................................................................117 THE STATUS OF THE IBADHI THEOLOGY IN RELATION TO THE MAIN ISLAMIC SCHISMS.........................................................................118 THE SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE IBADHI SECT........................................122 1. Al-Wahbiyah...................................................................................................123 AL-DIYANAT .............................................................................................124 6 1. Unity:..................................................................................................................124 2. Justice:............................................................................................................125 3. Divine decree:...................................................................................................125 4. The states of walayah and enmity:..............................................................125 5. Command and prohibition:.................................................................................126 6. Promise and threat:...........................................................................................126 7. The intermediate position:................................................................................127 8. No intermediate position:..................................................................................127 9. The names and statutes:....................................................................................127 11. al Nukkar:....................................................................................................128 III Khalafiyah....................................................................................................132 IV al-Naffathiyah..............................................................................................133 V, VI Husainiyah and Umairiyah............................................................................135 VII al-Sakkakiyah...................................................................................................137 VII al-Farthiyah.................................................................................................137 IBADHI WORKS ON THEOLOGY............................................................138 CHAPTER V..................................................................................................162 THE SYSTEM OF AL-WALAYAH AND AL-BARAAH..........................162 THE RULES OF AL-WALAYAH...............................................................164 THE RULES OF AL-BARRAH:..................................................................170 RESERVATION (AL-WUQUF)..................................................................172 THE ORIGINS OF THE SYSTEM OF AL-WALAYAH AND AL- BARAAH......................................................................................................174
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