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Conflict and Chronicle in Twelfth-Century León-Castile: a Literary Study of the First Crónica Anónima of Sahagún

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Conflict and Chronicle in Twelfth-Century León-Castile: a Literary Study of the First Crónica Anónima of Sahagún 0 Conflict and Chronicle in Twelfth-Century León-Castile: a literary study of the first Crónica anónima of Sahagún Submitted by Ryan Evan Schwarzrock to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History December 2012 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 Abstract This thesis argues that the first Crónica anónima of Sahagún was written for two primary historiographical purposes: (1) to address the problematic nature of the events with which the conflict between the monastery and the burghers of Sahagún comes to an end in order to construe these as a legitimate victory of the monastery over the burghers; and (2) to capitalise on this victory by presenting within the dramatic story of conflict and chaos the chronicle tells a novel version of the monastery’s lordship over the burghers. We approach this argument by way of five chapters. The first three of these chapters provide close readings of the narrative according to a three-part scheme which we have identified. Thus, chapter one covers part one, ‘the history of the monastery’, part two, ‘the outbreak of conflict’, and part three, ‘the resolution of the conflict’. We show in the course of these how the strict political and narrative order of the monastery’s history gives way to a complex narrative disorder which dramatises competition in the narrative among various political and ecclesiastical actors, and various social groups, at both the local and regional levels. This complex story of political, religious, social, and narrative disorder, we argue, is intended to frame the burghers in their challenge against the monastery’s authority as treacherous and intriguing, and thus illegitimate, strivers. In the final two chapters we return to the narrative for a closer look at two defining features of the narrative: the role of the first-person narrator, and the role of documents. In our chapter on authorship we consider the way that the author, both as narrator and as participant in the story, intervenes between reader in text in order to point to a communal and subjective version of truth. In the chapter on documents we look more closely at the way that the chronicle uses its dramatised story of conflict to reinterpret the monastery’s cornerstone political and ecclesiastical privileges, the fuero of Alfonso VI and the libertas Romana, in terms of each other, in terms of a series of privileges granted by the archbishop of Toledo and the papacy during the conflict, and, finally, in terms of a charter produced by the burghers that would have undone some of the monastery’s powers over that social group. 2 Table of Contents Introduction 5 Aims and methodology 5 Political, religious and cultural context 7 Literary context 13 Manuscript tradition 24 Scholarly tradition 26 Date of first Crónica anónima 31 Authorship 33 The philology of the chronicle 34 Second Crónica anónima 40 Reception of the first Crónica 46 Chapter One: the history of the monastery 55 Chapter Two: the outbreak of conflict 77 Medieval conflict theory 84 The breakdown of narrative order 87 Emergence of burghers as narrative agents 100 Conclusion 111 Chapter Three: the ecclesiastical strategy 113 Tortures 114 The burghers’ threat 126 Persuasion 133 Ecclesiastical censure 136 Divine intervention 156 Resolution 162 Conclusion 178 Chapter Four: the author in the story 181 The author in the narrative 184 Chapter twenty-six 185 Chapter seventy-three 193 The author in the monastery 200 Author and abbot 209 Conclusion 220 Chapter Five: the use of documents 221 Documents in the monastery’s royal past 224 The libertas Romana 227 The fuero of Alfonso VI 234 Raising the question and a new strategy 243 The archbishop’s interdict 249 Journey to Rome and papal excommunication 251 Two letters of excommunication 254 The Queen’s speeches 255 3 The meaning of land 258 The burghers’ ‘cursed’ charter 261 Conclusion 266 Conclusion 269 Bibliography 277 4 5 Introduction The first Crónica anónima of Sahagún provides an account of the conflict that erupted between the monastery and the burghers of Sahagún from 1109 to 1117. This study presents a close reading of the rhetorical, thematic, and narrative strategies which the Crónica uses to construct this account of local conflict. Our reading of these literary strategies allows us to propose a new argument for the purpose of this chronicle: that the Crónica was primarily intended to rewrite the social and legal basis for the abbot of Sahagún’s lordship over the town’s burgher class. It was not, however, the Crónica’s intention to present this novel rewriting of local authority as such. Thus, our focus will be on the way that the Crónica was able to use its account of conflict and the literary conventions of the chronicle genre to present its rewriting as a reassertion of the traditional terms of the monastery’s authority. While many studies have used this chronicle as an historical source, the Crónica has been largely neglected as a piece of historical writing. However, a deeper understanding of the complexities of its literary and socio-legal designs suggest that the importance of the Crónica as an example of twelfth-century Spanish historiography be re-evaluated. Aims and methodology This thesis seeks to understand the first Crónica anónima according to its historiographical and literary strategies. Our aim is to show how the Crónica manipulated the jumbled and fluid nature of the cartulary-chronicle genre to convey a particular message, which we will argue was to rewrite the nature of the abbot of Sahagún’s lordship over the burghers. We use the term ‘literary’ here in both a loose and a specific sense. In brief, we mean first to suggest loosely that this is not a study which uses the Crónica simply to glean historical data. As we will shortly see, the majority of previous studies that have made use of the Crónica have used it as a source for various historical topics: the history of the monastery or town of Sahagún, the burgher or peasant revolts of the 1110s, or the reign of Queen Urraca. This is a study of the Crónica for its own sake according to the strategies of narrative, theme, and rhetoric by which this text creates meaning within a certain generic mode. But, in the second place, we must specify that this is not a literary study per se. We do not engage 6 fully in any particular literary theory or method. Our aim is to show how this chronicle makes use of its historiographical and literary medium to convey its message. The first three chapters of this study will consider the narrative structure of the chronicle in a comprehensive sense, and especially according to the three part structure that we have identified. The first chapter will pay close attention to the way that the Leonese monarchy’s patronage of the monastery establishes an ordered narrative structure at the chronicle’s beginning. In the second chapter we will consider how this order is disrupted by the breakdown of political order in the civil war that follows the divorce of King Alfonso I of Aragón and Queen Urraca. We will see here how the narrative itself becomes more confused to reflect the story of political, social, and religious chaos it relates. This narrative chaos can be read as a crisis of authority, with the place previously held by the Leonese monarchy as the strong protagonists of the story, giving way to multiple powers and interests (Queen Urraca, King Alfonso I, Archbishop Bernard of Toledo, and various nobles) competing at both the regional and local levels. The relationship between the regional and local is especially relevant here, as the confusion of power at the regional level allows the chronicler to frame the burghers’ rebellion as an inevitable consequence of the breakdown of the larger world outside of Sahagún. In this way the burghers’ motives and complaints against the monastery are skipped over. In chapter three we move to the third part of the chronicle which ends with the resolution of the conflict. As with the transition into the second part which came with the death of Alfonso VI, this section of the narrative is also prompted by a crisis that charges the story with the need for a response. Chapters forty-four through fifty-three describe horrific tortures inflict upon local peasants by the burghers. These chapters provide the chronicle an opportunity to once more reconfigure the narrative structure based around the various political, ecclesiastical, and local actors of the story. The political storyline of the civil war is minimised. This permits the chronicle to focus on the role of ecclesiastical powers, Archbishop Bernard, Pope Paschal II, and Abbot Domingo of Sahagún, to correct the evil deeds of the burghers and reassert control over them. Crucially, the Aragonese also disappear in these chapters as aggressors against the monastery of Sahagún and in this way the burghers are made the sole antagonists of the narrative. 7 In chapters four and five we will move into discussions based around two features of the narrative at the heart of the chronicle’s literary and legal strategies. These are the appearance of the author as narrator and as participant in the events of his story and the use of documents in the chronicle.
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