Iroquois Population History and Settlement Ecology, Ad 1500-1700

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Iroquois Population History and Settlement Ecology, Ad 1500-1700 The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts IROQUOIS POPULATION HISTORY AND SETTLEMENT ECOLOGY, AD 1500-1700 A Dissertation in Anthropology by Eric E. Jones Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2008 The dissertation of Eric E. Jones was reviewed and approved* by the following: Nina G. Jablonski Professor of Biological Anthropology Department Head Dean R. Snow Professor of Archaeological Anthropology Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee George R. Milner Professor of Archaeological Anthropology Kenneth G. Hirth Professor of Archaeological Anthropology James W. Wood Professor of Biological Anthropology and Demography Timothy M. Murtha Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT Anthropological research into the population and settlement of Northern Iroquoian Native American societies has the potential to further our knowledge of cultural development and population change in pre-contact North America, the impacts of European contact on Native American societies, and the development and organization of middle range and swidden agricultural societies. This dissertation is composed of two research components. The first is an examination of Haudenosaunee population trends from AD 1500 to AD 1700. In this research, I map the boundaries of all known Haudenosaunee villages occupied during this period. The combination of settlement size and ratios of site area-per-person generate population estimates for each village. With existing chronological data, I combine these estimates to create population curves for the Haudenosaunee nations. The analysis of associated archaeological and ethnohistoric data provides explanations for the observed trends. The second is an analysis of the natural and sociopolitical factors that influenced Haudenosaunee settlement locations and abandonment. In this research, I analyze the spatial correlation of Haudenosaunee village locations with various natural and sociopolitical landscape features in a geographic information system. When compared to a control group, the deviations of the village locations from the control locations reveal features that attracted settlements. Finally, I employ event history analysis to examine the factors that most strongly influenced the decision to abandon Haudenosaunee villages. iii The results of the population research reveal significant diversity in trends across the five nations. They also support the proposition that European-introduced diseases did not affect Native American populations in the Northeast and Great Lakes until the mid- seventeenth century and the idea that diseases spread irregularly through regions populated by geographically and socially buffered middle-range societies. There also appear to have been frequent migration events in this region that help to explain highly variable pre-contact population changes, shifts in settlement distribution, and sociopolitical development in the region. The identification of these events may help the development of population curves in other regions. This research also highlights effective methods for using archaeological settlement remains to study population sizes and trends in North America and elsewhere. The settlement ecology research takes a new approach to studying the factors behind Haudenosaunee settlement locations. In the past, research has focused on finding primary factors. This dissertation argues, following recent settlement ecology theory, that settlement distribution and location should be viewed as the result of a complex system of relationships between settlement, subsistence, and sociopolitical organization. The results show that the interaction of agricultural needs, ease of transportation, and sociopolitical factors like political alliances, communication, and warfare significantly influenced Haudenosaunee settlement location choices. Further, population size and agricultural resources were factors in the abandonment rate of villages. These results have interesting implications for our understanding of Haudenosaunee population and culture, the development of Native American societies in iv the eastern Great Lakes and Northeast, and the swidden agricultural adaptation in temperate climates. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures……...……………………………………………………………………viii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………...x Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………….xii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..1 Organization of the Dissertation…………………………………………………..6 Chapter 2: HAUDENOSAUNEE POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT………………..9 Relationship Between Haudenosaunee Settlement and Population……………...14 Population Research…………...………………………………………………...18 Northern Iroquoian Population Research………………………………………..22 Data Available for Demographic Research……………………………………...25 Methodological Considerations………………….………………………………30 Chapter 3: POPULATION TRENDS OF THE HAUDENOSAUNEE, AD 1500-1700...39 Methods…………………………………………………………………………..39 Results……………………………………………………………………………42 Explanation of Individual Population Trends……………..……………………..72 Discussion………………………………………………………………………..87 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..92 Chapter 4: SETTLEMENT ECOLOGY AND THE HAUDENOSAUNEE ………..…..94 Haudenosaunee Settlement Ecology………………………………………….….97 Data Available for Settlement Ecology Research………………………………106 Previous Settlement Ecology Research………………………………………...107 Methodological Considerations…………………………………….………..…110 Chapter 5: FACTORS INFLUENCING HAUDENOSAUNEE SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS…………………………………………………………………..……….119 Methods…………………………………………………………………………119 Results…………………………………………………………………………..140 Discussion………………………………………………………………………159 Conclusion……….……………………………………………………………..169 Chapter 6: EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENT ABANDONMENT..172 Event History Analysis in Anthropology……………………………………….173 Covariates………………………………………………………………………175 Iroquoian Settlement Abandonment and Abandonment Rates…………………177 Methods…………………………………………………………………………180 Results…………………………………………………………………………..182 Discussion………………………………………………………………………187 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………192 vi Chapter 7: CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………195 Future Directions……………………………………………………………….200 References………………………………………………………………………………203 Appendix A: Description of Haudenosaunee Sites……………………………………..223 Mohawk Sites…………………………………………………………………...223 Oneida Sites…………………………………………………………………….264 Onondaga Sites…………………………………………………………………295 Cayuga Sites……………………………………………………………………319 Seneca Sites…………………………………………………………………….332 Appendix B: Ecological Factor Data for Villages and Random Points………………...379 Appendix C: Viewshed Results………………………………………………………...419 Appendix D: Discriminant Function Analysis Results…………………………………438 Appendix E: Cox Proportional Hazards Analysis Results……………………………...443 vii LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 The 125 Haudenosaunee sites and their relative occupation times……………....11 2.2 Extent of Haudenosaunee occupation across modern New York State from AD 1500 to 1700…………………………………………………………………......12 3.1 The changes in population for all of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca nations. …………………...……………………………………………………...43 3.2 Changes in Mohawk site area over time…………………………………………44 3.3 Changes in Mohawk population over time………………………………………44 3.4 Changes in Oneida site area over time…………………………………………...47 3.5 Changes in Oneida population over time………………………………………...47 3.6 Changes in Onondaga site area over time………………………………………..53 3.7 Changes in Onondaga population over time……………………………………..54 3.8 Changes in Seneca site area over time…………………………………………...61 3.9 Changes in Seneca population over time………………………………………...61 3.10 Changes in Western Seneca site area over time………………………………….69 3.11 Changes in Eastern Seneca site area over time…………………………………..69 3.12 Changes in Western Seneca population over time……………………………….71 3.13 Changes in Eastern Seneca population over time………………………………..71 4.1 Map of the topographic zones referred to in this chapter and the distribution of Haudenosaunee village sites occupied between AD 1500 and 1700……………..98 5.1 The spatial distribution of Mohawk settlements………………………………..122 5.2 Spatial distribution of Haudenosaunee settlements occupied between AD 1500 and 1700……………………………………………………………………………..124 5.3 Portions of the viewsheds of the Onondaga Temperance House and Atwell village sites……………………………………………………………………………..127 viii 5.4 The Seneca Kanedesaga village site and a portion of its viewshed…………….128 5.5 The Seneca Kanedesaga village site and a portion of its viewshed…………….129 5.6 Slope classes in a portion of the Oneida region………………………………...131 5.7 Aspect in a portion of the Western Seneca region……………………………...132 5.8 Example of spatial correlation of settlement locations with soil features: soil texture and hardwood growth…………………………………………....……..133 5.9 Example of spatial correlation of settlement locations with soil features: frost action and soil drainage………………………………………………………...134 5.10 Canoe navigable waterways located closest to the Haudenosaunee village locations………………………………………………………………………...136 5.11 Straight-line distance between the Seneca Menzis village and the nearest canoe navigable waterway…………………………………………………………….137 5.12 Straight-line distance between the Seneca Menzis village and the nearest overland trail.……………………………………………………………………………..138 6.1 The intersection of catchments of the Cayuga Indian Fort Road, Parker Farm, and Carman sites and two soil properties, soil drainage and hardwood
Recommended publications
  • Oneida Nation Cultural Symbols in and Around Oneida Reservation
    Oneida Cultural Heritage Department By: Judith L. Jourdan, Genealogist, Cultural Heritage Department Edit, Revision, and Layout: Tiffany Schultz (09/13) Oneida Nation Cultural Symbols: In and Around the Oneida Reservation Drawing by: Judith L. Jourdan © INTRODUCTION The use of symbolism within the THE IROQUOIS CREATION STORY Iroquois culture dates back to the time of Creation. Among the Iroquois, the power of their Every group of people has its own story symbolism is profound because they used the of creation, an explanation of how the earth and symbols as a means to feed their minds and to human beings came to exist. The guide their actions. Like the stars and stripes and Haudenosaunee people, later renamed the the symbols on the back of a dollar bill to Iroquois by early French explorers, are no Americans, so are there many sites in and different. Being a nation of oral tradition, the around the Oneida Reservation that depict following story and variations of it have been symbols of Oneida. passed down from generation to generation. Today Iroquois people can be found all over the eastern, northeastern and the Midwestern United States. Many of them continue the ancient ways, The sea animals plunged down into the preserving the language and ceremonies. water looking for some earth. Muskrat succeeded and came up with a large handful of The creation story, as well as other earth, which he placed in Turtle’s back and the stories about Haudensaunee life, is still told to earth began to grow. Thus we call Mother the children. From this story can be derived Earth, “Turtle Island”.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of PCB Contamination on the Environment and the Cultural Integrity of the St
    University of Vermont UVM ScholarWorks Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2015 Effects of PCB Contamination on the Environment and the Cultural Integrity of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe in the Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne Kim Ellen McRae University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Part of the Environmental Studies Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons Recommended Citation McRae, Kim Ellen, "Effects of PCB Contamination on the Environment and the Cultural Integrity of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe in the Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne" (2015). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 522. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/522 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at UVM ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of UVM ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFECTS OF PCB CONTAMINATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE CULTURAL INTEGRITY OF THE ST. REGIS MOHAWK TRIBE IN THE MOHAWK NATION OF AKWESASNE A Dissertation Presented by Kim McRae to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Specializing in Natural Resources May, 2015 Defense Date: May, 2015 Thesis Committee: Saleem Ali, Ph.D., Advisor Cecilia Danks, Ph.D., Co-Advisor Susan Comerford, Ph.D., Chair Glenn McRae, Ph.D. Cynthia J. Forehand, Ph.D., Dean of Graduate College ABSTRACT The following research project examines the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the environment and the cultural integrity of the St.
    [Show full text]
  • Genesee Valley Glacial and Postglacial Geology from 50000
    Genesee Valley Glacial and Postglacial Geology from 50,000 Years Ago to the Present: A Selective Annotated Review Richard A. Young, Department of Geological Sciences, SUNY, Geneseo, NY 14454 Introduction The global chronology for The Pleistocene Epoch, or “ice age,” has been significantly revised during the last three decades (Alley and Clark, 1999) as a result of the extended and more accurate data provided by deep sea drilling projects, ice core studies from Greenland and Antarctica (Andersen et al. 2006; Svensson et al. 2008), oxygen isotope studies of marine sediments, and climatic proxy data from lake cores, peat bogs, and cave stalactites. These new data have improved our ability to match the Earth’s Milankovitch orbital cycles to the improved ice core and radiometric chronologies (ages based on radiocarbon, U-Th, U-Pb). However, the Milankovitch theory has recently been the subject of renewed controversy, and not all cyclical climatic phenomena are directly reconcilable with Milankovitch’s original ideas (Ridgwell et al., 1999; Ruddiman, 2006). Overall, it is evident that there must have been as many as 20 or more glacial cycles in the last 2.5 million years, not all of which necessarily resulted in the expansion of large ice sheets as far south as the United States-Canadian border. The International Union of Geological Sciences recently adopted a change for the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, extending the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch back from 1.8 to 2.588 million years Before Present (BP). The average length of the most recent glacial- interglacial cycles (also known as “Stages”) is on the order of 100,000 years, with 10,000 to 15,000 years being the approximate length of the interglacial warm episodes between the longer cold cycles (also known as cold stadials and warm interstadials).
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Affiliation Statement for Buffalo National River
    CULTURAL AFFILIATION STATEMENT BUFFALO NATIONAL RIVER, ARKANSAS Final Report Prepared by María Nieves Zedeño Nicholas Laluk Prepared for National Park Service Midwest Region Under Contract Agreement CA 1248-00-02 Task Agreement J6068050087 UAZ-176 Bureau of Applied Research In Anthropology The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85711 June 1, 2008 Table of Contents and Figures Summary of Findings...........................................................................................................2 Chapter One: Study Overview.............................................................................................5 Chapter Two: Cultural History of Buffalo National River ................................................15 Chapter Three: Protohistoric Ethnic Groups......................................................................41 Chapter Four: The Aboriginal Group ................................................................................64 Chapter Five: Emigrant Tribes...........................................................................................93 References Cited ..............................................................................................................109 Selected Annotations .......................................................................................................137 Figure 1. Buffalo National River, Arkansas ........................................................................6 Figure 2. Sixteenth Century Polities and Ethnic Groups (after Sabo 2001) ......................47
    [Show full text]
  • Official Guide to Native American Communities in Wisconsin
    Official Guide to Native American Communities in Wisconsin www.NativeWisconsin.com Shekoli (Hello), elcome to Native Wisconsin! We are pleased to once again provide you with our much anticipated NATIVE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE! WAs always, you will find key information regarding the 11 sovereign tribes in the great State of Wisconsin. From history and culture to current events and new amenities, Native Wisconsin is the unique experience visitors are always looking for. As our tribal communities across WI continue to expand and improve, we want to keep you informed on what’s going on and what’s in store for the future. With a new vision in place, we plan to assist each and every beautiful reservation to both improve what is there, and to create new ideas to work toward. Beyond their current amenities, which continue to expand, we must diversify tribal tourism and provide new things to see, smell, touch, taste, and hear. Festivals, culinary arts, song and dance, storytelling, Lacrosse, new tribal visitor centers, even a true hands on Native Wisconsin experience! These are just a few of the elements we want to provide to not only give current visitors what they’ve been waiting for, but to entice new visitors to come see us. We are always looking to our visitors for input, so please let us know how you would like to experience NATIVE WISCONSIN in the future, and we will make it happen for you. We are looking forward to 2015 and beyond. With the return of this magazine, a new website, our annual conference in Mole Lake, and a new online TV show in development, things are getting exciting for all of us.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division Environmental Assessment Form Project Name: St. Regis River Water Main Crossing P
    Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division Environmental Assessment Form Project Name: St. Regis River Water Main Crossing Project Developer: Colleen Thomas, Director, Planning & Infrastructure Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Project Coordinator: Rob Henhawk, Field Superintendant Brent Herne, Construction Manager Address: 2817 State Route 95 Akwesasne NY 13655 Phone Number: 1-518-358-4205 FAX Number: 1-518-358-5919 Other Contacts: Shawn Martin Manager, Public Works Aaron Jarvis, Tisdel Associates, Project Engineer 1 © Copyright 2007 St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, or its Licensors. All rights reserved. Introduction It is the tradition of the Mohawk People to look seven generations ahead in making decisions that affect the community. It is in this spirit that the Environmental Review Process has been developed. The resources available on the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation are limited and dwindling with each year that passes. It is the intention of this process to increase awareness of available resources and ensure that all consideration of these resources is taken when initiating a project. Focus and vigilance are required to make sure the seventh generation will have all that is necessary to maintain and continue our way of life. This community is unique and consists of cultural resources that have survived countless efforts to eliminate them and they are deserving of our protection and care. Development can proceed and remain in harmony with the cultural values passed on to us by our ancestors, but it requires forethought and effort. The land and resources should be considered as a gift to pass down to future generations, and as such it should remain as whole, intact, and healthy as it was received so that it may sustain them.
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Management Plan for Honeoye Creek Wildlife Management Area 2017 ‐ 2026
    Habitat Management Plan for Honeoye Creek Wildlife Management Area 2017 ‐ 2026 Photo: Mike Palermo Division of Fish and Wildlife Bureau of Wildlife 6274 East Avon‐Lima Road, Avon, New York 14414 October 16, 2017 Prepared by: Michael Palermo, Biologist I (Wildlife) Emily Bonk, Forester 1 John Mahoney, Forestry Technician 1 Young Forest Initiative Dana Hilderbrant, Fish & Wildlife Technician 3 Honeoye Creek WMA Management Heidi Kennedy, Biologist 1 (Wildlife) Land Management & Habitat Conservation Team Reviewed and approved by: !(}/! 7/~d/7 Michael Wasilco, Regional Wildlife Manager Date Bureaµ of Wildlife 1 7 James F. Farquh III, Chief Date Bureau of Wildlife ny Wilkinson, Director vision of Fish and Wildlife Financial support for development ofthis Habitat Management Plan was provided by the Federal Aid in Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program and non-federal funds administered by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation including Habitat & Access Stamp funds. llPage TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 3 I. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 4 PURPOSE OF HABITAT MANAGEMENT PLANS ............................................................................ 4 WMA OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 5 LANDSCAPE
    [Show full text]
  • Groundwater Contour Plan 13 December 1990
    File on «>nnna X Vn» -'••=-. * Nn , SiteNamfl ^>t>V. ~Q ^flC^^.rr-" ->r».---! Site No. 0X6(3 // *- •/...• - County, L,\s,\,.rh/\ _ - •• - •• Town U/JirA '•• • •• "•• tollable £____„Yes - No Fiie Mama ' r<>f> *sf?k ^ 8J6o (I. (<t1? -/I- ./y. Scanned&fiDCfc p-&~~ WKpf**%\fi&&> M &:A ®:S IMlH:te^m m •tox kfc-J £V afl* * ST* *^J^*sa*^r ad ^J^p^^'^T^^'^^^F^^ •WS*.«Hrt .->>^-, ^y... --^,-^P->-,-^..^^Ov*.- ..w-^ J^'>."KMV-,^^ ^;^ ! : " *•*>•" - - '^-—-'•••--*'• ' FINAL REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION WORK PLAN ENARC-O MACHINE PRODUCTS, INC. NYSDEC REGISTRY SITE NO. 8-26-011 LIMA, NEW YORK Prepared for: Kaddis Manufacturing Corp. 1100 Beahan Road Rochester, New York By: H&A of New York 189 N. Water Street Rochester, New York JAN 7/994 "SSr File No. 70372-40 December 1993 A9A Gaotachnlcil Englno«r« A Letter of Transmittal Environmontal Consultants To NYSDEC - Bureau of Western Remedial"Action 4 January 1994 50 Wolf Road Fil°Number 70372-40 Albany, New York 12233-7010 Subiect Enarc-O Machine Attention David Chiusano Site #826011 Copies Date Descri ption 6 12/30/93 Final RI Work Plan Enarc-O Machine Corp. Revised pages 23, 24 and Table 2 Remarks In accordance with our phone conversation and your verbal approval of the work plan, enclosed are copies as indicated above. The revised pages 23, 24 and Table 2 are for you to insert in the work plan copy we sent you last week. The six full copies already have the revisions on these pages that you had requested. Distribution of the plan with your requested revisions has been done as shown below.
    [Show full text]
  • Town of Seneca
    TOWN OF BRISTOL Inventory of Land Use and Land Cover Prepared for: Ontario County Water Resources Council 20 Ontario Street, 3rd Floor Canandaigua, New York 14424 and Town of Bristol 6740 County Road 32 Canandaigua, New York 14424 Prepared by: Dr. Bruce Gilman Department of Environmental Conservation and Horticulture Finger Lakes Community College 3325 Marvin Sands Drive Canandaigua, New York 14424-8395 2020 Cover image: Ground level view of a perched swamp white oak forest community (S1S2) surrounding a shrub swamp that was discovered and documented on Johnson Hill north of Dugway Road. This forest community type is rare statewide and extremely rare locally, and harbors a unique assemblage of uncommon plant species. (Image by the Bruce Gilman). Acknowledgments: For over a decade, the Ontario County Planning Department has supported a working partnership between local towns and the Department of Environmental Conservation and Horticulture at Finger Lakes Community College that involves field research, ground truthing and digital mapping of natural land cover and cultural land use patterns. Previous studies have been completed for the Canandaigua Lake watershed, the southern Honeoye Valley, the Honeoye Lake watershed, the complete Towns of Canandaigua, Gorham, Richmond and Victor, and the woodlots, wetlands and riparian corridors in the Towns of Seneca, Phelps and Geneva. This report summarizes the latest land use/land cover study conducted in the Town of Bristol. The final report would not have been completed without the vital assistance of Terry Saxby of the Ontario County Planning Department. He is gratefully thanked for his assistance with landowner information, his patience as the fieldwork was slowly completed, and his noteworthy help transcribing the field maps to geographic information system (GIS) shape files.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a References 12-20-02
    Appendix A: References Adams, C.C. and T.L. Hankinson. 1928. The Ecology and Economics of Oneida Lake Fish. Roosevelt Wild Life Annals of the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station. Volume 1, Numbers 3 and 4. November 1928. A bulletin of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Adams, C.C., and T.L. Hankinson. 1916. Notes on Oneida Lake fish and fisheries. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 45: 155-169. Alerich, C. L. and D. A. Drake. 1995. Forest Statistic for New York: 1980 and 1993. Forest Inventory and Analysis Unit Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Radnor, PA. Baird, G. 1996. Biological Assessment and Survey of the East Branch of Fish Creek, Tug Hill, Lewis County, New York. New York Rivers United, Rome, New York. August 1996. Baker, F.C. 1918. The productivity of invertebrate fish food, on the bottom of Oneida Lake, with reference to mollusks. N.Y. State Coll. For, Tech. Pub. 9: 1-264. Baker, F.C. 1916. The freshwater mollusks of Oneida Lake, New York. Nautilus 30: 5-9. Bode, R., M. Novak, and L. Abele. 1993. Twenty Year Trends in Water Quality of Rivers and Streams in New York State Based on Macroinvertebrate Data 1972-1992. Stream Biomonitoring Unit, Bureau of Monitoring and Assessment, Division of Water, NYS Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York. Breidenbach, M. February 17, 2000. Foreclosure papers served on Oneidas. The Syracuse Post- Standard, Madison County Edition, page B1. Breidenbach, M. December 5, 1998. Oneida Nation buys marina at lake.
    [Show full text]
  • Oriskany:Aplace of Great Sadness Amohawk Valley Battelfield Ethnography
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Ethnography Program Northeast Region ORISKANY:APLACE OF GREAT SADNESS AMOHAWK VALLEY BATTELFIELD ETHNOGRAPHY FORT STANWIX NATIONAL MONUMENT SPECIAL ETHNOGRAPHIC REPORT ORISKANY: A PLACE OF GREAT SADNESS A Mohawk Valley Battlefield Ethnography by Joy Bilharz, Ph.D. With assistance from Trish Rae Fort Stanwix National Monument Special Ethnographic Report Northeast Region Ethnography Program National Park Service Boston, MA February 2009 The title of this report was provided by a Mohawk elder during an interview conducted for this project. It is used because it so eloquently summarizes the feelings of all the Indians consulted. Cover Photo: View of Oriskany Battlefield with the 1884 monument to the rebels and their allies. 1996. Photograph by Joy Bilharz. ExEcuTivE SuMMARy The Mohawk Valley Battlefield Ethnography Project was designed to document the relationships between contemporary Indian peoples and the events that occurred in central New York during the mid to late eighteenth century. The particular focus was Fort Stanwix, located near the Oneida Carry, which linked the Mohawk and St. Lawrence Rivers via Wood Creek, and the Oriskany Battlefield. Because of its strategic location, Fort Stanwix was the site of several critical treaties between the British and the Iroquois and, following the American Revolution, between the latter and the United States. This region was the homeland of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy whose neutrality or military support was desired by both the British and the rebels during the Revolution. The Battle of Oriskany, 6 August 1777, occurred as the Tryon County militia, aided by Oneida warriors, was marching to relieve the British siege of Ft.
    [Show full text]
  • Before Albany
    Before Albany THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University ROBERT M. BENNETT, Chancellor, B.A., M.S. ...................................................... Tonawanda MERRYL H. TISCH, Vice Chancellor, B.A., M.A. Ed.D. ........................................ New York SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ................................................................... New Rochelle JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. ....................................................... Peru ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. ......................................................................... Syracuse GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. ......................................................... Belle Harbor ARNOLD B. GARDNER, B.A., LL.B. ...................................................................... Buffalo HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. ................................................................... Hartsdale JOSEPH E. BOWMAN,JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D. ................................ Albany JAMES R. TALLON,JR., B.A., M.A. ...................................................................... Binghamton MILTON L. COFIELD, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D. ........................................................... Rochester ROGER B. TILLES, B.A., J.D. ............................................................................... Great Neck KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS, B.A., M.F.A. ............................................................... Brooklyn NATALIE M. GOMEZ-VELEZ, B.A., J.D. ...............................................................
    [Show full text]